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Safety of the LHC
2026-05-22T17:33:28Z
<p>Vigen: </p>
<hr />
<div>The [[Large Hadron Collider]] (LHC) can achieve an energy that no other particle accelerators have reached before, but Nature routinely produces higher energies in cosmic-ray collisions. Concerns about the safety of whatever may be created in such high-energy particle collisions have been addressed for many years. In the light of new experimental data and theoretical understanding, the LHC Safety Assessment Group ([[LSAG]]) has updated a review of the analysis made in 2003 by the LHC Safety Study Group, a group of independent scientists.<br />
<br />
LSAG reaffirms and extends the conclusions of the 2003 report that LHC collisions present no danger and that there are no reasons for concern. Whatever the LHC will do, Nature has already done many times over during the lifetime of the Earth and other astronomical bodies. The LSAG report has been reviewed and endorsed by CERN’s Scientific Policy Committee, a group of external scientists that advises CERN’s governing body, its Council.<br />
<br />
''The following summarises the main arguments given in the'' LSAG report''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ellis |first=John R. |last2=Giudice |first2=Gian |last3=Mangano |first3=Michelangelo L. |last4=Tkachev |first4=Igor |last5=Wiedemann |first5=Urs |date=2008 |title=Review of the Safety of LHC Collisions |url=https://cds.cern.ch/record/1111112 |journal=J. Phys. G |volume=35 |issue=11 |pages=115004 |doi=10.1088/0954-3899/35/11/115004}}</ref> Anyone interested in more details is encouraged to consult it directly, and the technical scientific papers to which it refers.''<br />
<br />
== Cosmic rays ==<br />
The LHC, like other particle accelerators, recreates the natural phenomena of cosmic rays<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cosmic rays: particles from outer space |url=https://home.web.cern.ch/science/physics/cosmic-rays-particles-outer-space |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250930155540/https://home.web.cern.ch/science/physics/cosmic-rays-particles-outer-space |archive-date=2025-09-30 |access-date=2026-05-22 |website=CERN |language=en}}</ref> under controlled laboratory conditions, enabling them to be studied in more detail. Cosmic rays are particles produced in outer space, some of which are accelerated to energies far exceeding those of the LHC. The energy and the rate at which they reach the Earth’s atmosphere have been measured in experiments for some 70 years. Over the past billions of years, Nature has already generated on Earth as many collisions as about a million LHC experiments – and the planet still exists. Astronomers observe an enormous number of larger astronomical bodies throughout the Universe, all of which are also struck by cosmic rays. The Universe as a whole conducts more than 10 million million LHC-like experiments per second. The possibility of any dangerous consequences contradicts what astronomers see—stars and galaxies still exist.<br />
<br />
== Microscopic black holes ==<br />
Nature forms black holes when certain stars, much larger than our Sun, collapse on themselves at the end of their lives. They concentrate a very large amount of matter in a very small space. Speculations about microscopic black holes at the LHC refer to particles produced in the collisions of pairs of protons, each of which has an energy comparable to that of a mosquito in flight. Astronomical black holes are much heavier than anything that could be produced at the LHC.<br />
<br />
According to the well-established properties of gravity, described by Einstein’s relativity, it is impossible for microscopic black holes to be produced at the LHC. There are, however, some speculative theories that predict the production of such particles at the LHC. All these theories predict that these particles would disintegrate immediately. Black holes, therefore, would have no time to start accreting matter and to cause macroscopic effects.<br />
<br />
Although theory predicts that microscopic black holes decay rapidly, even hypothetical stable black holes can be shown to be harmless by studying the consequences of their production by cosmic rays. Whilst collisions at the LHC differ from cosmic-ray collisions with astronomical bodies like the Earth in that new particles produced in LHC collisions tend to move more slowly than those produced by cosmic rays, one can still demonstrate their safety. The specific reasons for this depend whether the black holes are electrically charged, or neutral. Many stable black holes would be expected to be electrically charged, since they are created by charged particles. In this case they would interact with ordinary matter and be stopped while traversing the Earth or Sun, whether produced by cosmic rays or the LHC. The fact that the Earth and Sun are still here rules out the possibility that cosmic rays or the LHC could produce dangerous charged microscopic black holes. If stable microscopic black holes had no electric charge, their interactions with the Earth would be very weak. Those produced by cosmic rays would pass harmlessly through the Earth into space, whereas those produced by the LHC could remain on Earth. However, there are much larger and denser astronomical bodies than the Earth in the Universe. Black holes produced in cosmic-ray collisions with bodies such as neutron stars and white dwarf stars would be brought to rest. The continued existence of such dense bodies, as well as the Earth, rules out the possibility of the LHC producing any dangerous black holes.<br />
<br />
== Strangelets ==<br />
Strangelet is the term given to a hypothetical microscopic lump of ‘strange matter’ containing almost equal numbers of particles called up, down and strange quarks. According to most theoretical work, strangelets should change to ordinary matter within a thousand-millionth of a second. But could strangelets coalesce with ordinary matter and change it to strange matter? This question was first raised before the start up of the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider, RHIC, in 2000 in the United States. A study at the time showed that there was no cause for concern, and RHIC has now run for eight years, searching for strangelets without detecting any. At times, the LHC will run with beams of heavy nuclei, just as RHIC does. The LHC’s beams will have more energy than RHIC, but this makes it even less likely that strangelets could form. It is difficult for strange matter to stick together in the high temperatures produced by such colliders, rather as ice does not form in hot water. In addition, quarks will be more dilute at the LHC than at RHIC, making it more difficult to assemble strange matter. Strangelet production at the LHC is therefore less likely than at RHIC, and experience there has already validated the arguments that strangelets cannot be produced.<br />
<br />
The analysis of the first LHC data from heavy ion collisions has now confirmed the key ingredients used in the LSAG report to evaluate the upper limit on the production of hypothetical strangelets. For more details see this addendum to the LSAG report: ''Implications of LHC heavy ion data for multi-strange baryon production'' (2011).<ref>{{Citation |title=Implications of LHC heavy ion data for multi-strange baryon production |date=2011 |url=https://cds.cern.ch/record/2959318 |access-date=2026-05-22 |doi=10.17181/CERN.T914.LBN1}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Vacuum bubbles ==<br />
There have been speculations that the Universe is not in its most stable configuration, and that perturbations caused by the LHC could tip it into a more stable state, called a vacuum bubble, in which we could not exist. If the LHC could do this, then so could cosmic-ray collisions. Since such vacuum bubbles have not been produced anywhere in the visible Universe, they will not be made by the LHC.<br />
<br />
== Magnetic monopoles ==<br />
Magnetic monopoles are hypothetical particles with a single magnetic charge, either a north pole or a south pole. Some speculative theories suggest that, if they do exist, magnetic monopoles could cause protons to decay. These theories also say that such monopoles would be too heavy to be produced at the LHC. Nevertheless, if the magnetic monopoles were light enough to appear at the LHC, cosmic rays striking the Earth’s atmosphere would already be making them, and the Earth would very effectively stop and trap them. The continued existence of the Earth and other astronomical bodies therefore rules out dangerous proton-eating magnetic monopoles light enough to be produced at the LHC.<br />
<br />
== Other aspects of LHC safety ==<br />
Concern has recently been expressed that a 'runaway fusion reaction' might be created in the LHC carbon beam dump. The safety of the LHC beam dump had previously been reviewed by the relevant regulatory authorities of the CERN host states, France and Switzerland. The specific concerns expressed more recently have been addressed in a technical memorandum by Assmann ''et al.''<ref>{{Citation |last=Assmann |first=R |title=Interaction of the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) beam with the beam dump block |date=2008 |url=https://cds.cern.ch/record/2959319 |access-date=2026-05-22 |doi=10.17181/CERN.1WMJ.6HQR |last2=Ferrari |first2=A |last3=Goddard |first3=B |last4=Schmidt |first4=R |last5=Tahir |first5=N A}}</ref> As they point out, fusion reactions can be maintained only in material compressed by some external pressure, such as that provided by gravity inside a star, a fission explosion in a thermonuclear device, a magnetic field in a Tokamak, or by continuing isotropic laser or particle beams in the case of inertial fusion. In the case of the LHC beam dump, it is struck once by the beam coming from a single direction. There is no countervailing pressure, so the dump material is not compressed, and no fusion is possible.<br />
<br />
{{blockquote<br />
|text=''To think that LHC particle collisions at high energies can lead to dangerous black holes is rubbish. Such rumors were spread by unqualified people seeking sensation or publicity.''<br />
|author=[[wikipedia:Vitaly Ginzburg|Vitaly Ginzburg]]<br />
|source=Nobel Laureate in Physics, Lebedev Physical Institute, Moscow, and the Russian Academy of Sciences<br />
}}Concern has been expressed that a 'runaway fusion reaction' might be created in a nitrogen tank inside the LHC tunnel. There are no such nitrogen tanks. Moreover, the arguments in the previous paragraph prove that no fusion would be possible even if there were.<br />
<br />
Finally, concern has also been expressed that the LHC beam might somehow trigger a "Bose-Nova" in the liquid helium used to cool the LHC magnets. A study by Fairbairn and McElrath has clearly shown there is no possibility of the LHC beam triggering a fusion reaction in helium.<ref>{{Citation |last=Fairbairn |first=Malcolm |title=There is no explosion risk associated with superfluid Helium in the LHC cooling system |date=2008-09-23 |url=http://arxiv.org/abs/0809.4004 |access-date=2026-05-22 |publisher=arXiv |doi=10.48550/arXiv.0809.4004 |id=arXiv:0809.4004 |last2=McElrath |first2=Bob}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{blockquote<br />
|text=''The operation of the LHC is safe, not only in the old sense of that word, but in the more general sense that our most qualified scientists have thoroughly considered and analyzed the risks involved in the operation of the LHC. [Any concerns] are merely hypothetical and speculative, and contradicted by much evidence and scientific analysis.''<br />
|author=[[wikipedia:Sheldon Glashow|Sheldon Glashow]] (Nobel Laureate in Physics, Boston U.), [[wikipedia:Frank Wilczek|Frank Wilczek]] (Nobel Laureate in Physics, MIT), and [[wikipedia:Richard Wilson (physicist)|Richard Wilson]] (Mallinckrodt Professor of Physics, Harvard U.)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==== Comments on the papers by Giddings and Mangano, and by LSAG ====<br />
The papers by Giddings and Mangano<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Giddings |first=Steven B. |last2=Mangano |first2=Michelangelo M. |date=2008-08-18 |title=Astrophysical implications of hypothetical stable TeV-scale black holes |url=http://arxiv.org/abs/0806.3381 |journal=Physical Review D |volume=78 |issue=3 |pages=035009 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.78.035009 |issn=1550-7998}}</ref> and LSAG<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Ellis |first=John R. |last2=Giudice |first2=Gian |last3=Mangano |first3=Michelangelo L. |last4=Tkachev |first4=Igor |last5=Wiedemann |first5=Urs |date=2008 |title=Review of the Safety of LHC Collisions |url=https://cds.cern.ch/record/1111112 |journal=J. Phys. G |volume=35 |issue=11 |pages=115004 |doi=10.1088/0954-3899/35/11/115004}}</ref> demonstrating the safety of the LHC have been studied, reviewed and endorsed by leading experts from the CERN Member States, Japan, Russia and the United States, working in astrophysics, cosmology, general relativity, mathematics, particle physics and risk analysis, including several Nobel Laureates in Physics. They all agree that the LHC is safe.<br />
<br />
The paper by Giddings and Mangano<ref name=":0" /> has been peer-reviewed by anonymous experts in astrophysics and particle physics and published in the professional scientific journal ''[[wikipedia:Physical Review#Journals|Physical Review D]]''. The American Physical Society chose to highlight this as one of the most significant papers it has published recently, commissioning a commentary<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Peskin |first=Michael |date=2008-08-18 |title=The end of the world at the Large Hadron Collider? |url=https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/Physics.1.14 |journal=Physics |language=en |volume=1 |doi=10.1103/Physics.1.14 |issn=1943-2879}}</ref> by Prof. Peskin from the Stanford Linear Accelerator Laboratory in which he endorses its conclusions. The Executive Committee of the Division of Particles and Fields of the American Physical Society has issued a statement endorsing the LSAG report.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement by the Executive Committee of the DPF on the Safety of Collisions at the Large Hadron Collider |url=http://www.aps.org/units/dpf/governance/reports/upload/lhc_saftey_statement.pdf |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20081001161427/http://www.aps.org/units/dpf/governance/reports/upload/lhc_saftey_statement.pdf |archive-date=2008-10-01 |access-date=2026-05-22 |website=www.aps.org}}</ref><br />
<br />
The LSAG report has been published by the UK Institute of Physics in its publication ''Journal of Physics G''.<ref name=":1" /> The conclusions of the LSAG report were endorsed in a press release that announced this publication.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Physics |first=Institute of |title=LHC switch-on fears are completely unfounded |url=https://www.iop.org/news/archive/page_64087.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20160403154528/https://www.iop.org/news/archive/page_64087.html |archive-date=2016-04-03 |access-date=2026-05-22 |website=www.iop.org |language=en-GB}}</ref><br />
<br />
The conclusions of LSAG have also been endorsed by the Particle and Nuclear Physics Section (KET) of the German Physical Society.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Experten bestätigen: Der LHC ist sicher KET veröffentlicht Stellungnahme zu Schwarzen Löchern am LHC |url=http://www.ketweb.de/oeffentlichkeitsarbeit/e204014/20080801_PM_Der_LHC_ist_sicher.pdf |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20140422201438/http://www.ketweb.de/oeffentlichkeitsarbeit/e204014/20080801_PM_Der_LHC_ist_sicher.pdf |archive-date=2014-04-22 |access-date=2026-05-22 |website=www.ketweb.de |language=DE}}</ref> A translation into German of the complete LSAG report may be found on the KET website.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bewertung der Sicherheit von Teilchenkollisionen am LHC |url=https://lsag.web.cern.ch/LSAG-Report-German.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241212105929/https://lsag.web.cern.ch/LSAG-Report-German.pdf |archive-date=2024-12-12 |access-date=2026-05-22 |website=lsag.web.cern.ch |language=DE}}</ref> (A translation into French of the complete LSAG report is also available.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rapport sur la sûreté des collisions au LHC |url=https://lsag.web.cern.ch/LSAG-Report-French.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213000602/https://lsag.web.cern.ch/LSAG-Report-French.pdf |archive-date=2024-12-13 |access-date=2026-05-22 |website=lsag.web.cern.ch |language=FR}}</ref>)<br />
<br />
Thus, the conclusion that LHC collisions are completely safe has been endorsed by the three respected professional societies of physicists that have reviewed it, which rank among the most highly respected professional societies in the world.<br />
<br />
World-renowned experts in astrophysics, cosmology, general relativity, mathematics, particle physics and risk analysis, including several Nobel Laureates in Physics, have also expressed clear individual opinions that LHC collisions are not dangerous, as you can read on the right. <br />
<br />
The overwhelming majority of physicists agree that microscopic black holes would be unstable, as predicted by basic principles of quantum mechanics. As discussed in the LSAG report,<ref name=":1" /> if microscopic black holes can be produced by the collisions of quarks and/or gluons inside protons, they must also be able to decay back into quarks and/or gluons. Moreover, quantum mechanics predicts specifically that they should decay via Hawking radiation.<br />
<br />
Nevertheless, a few papers have suggested that microscopic black holes might be stable. The paper by Giddings and Mangano<ref name=":0" /> and the LSAG report<ref name=":1" /> analyzed very conservatively the hypothetical case of stable microscopic black holes and concluded that even in this case there would be no conceivable danger. Another analysis with similar conclusions has been documented by Dr. Koch, Prof. Bleicher and Prof. Stoecker of Frankfurt University and GSI, Darmstadt,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Koch |first=Benjamin |last2=Bleicher |first2=Marcus |last3=Stoecker |first3=Horst |date=2009-02 |title=Exclusion of black hole disaster scenarios at the LHC |url=http://arxiv.org/abs/0807.3349 |journal=Physics Letters B |volume=672 |issue=1 |pages=71–76 |doi=10.1016/j.physletb.2009.01.003}}</ref> who conclude:<br />
{{blockquote<br />
|text="''We discussed the logically possible black hole evolution paths. Then we discussed every single outcome of those paths and showed that none of the physically sensible paths can lead to a black hole disaster at the LHC.''"}}<br />
<br />
Professor Roessler (who has a medical degree and was formerly a chaos theorist in Tuebingen) also raised doubts on the existence of Hawking radiation. His ideas have been refuted by Profs. Nicolai (Director at the Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics - Albert-Einstein-Institut - in Potsdam) and Giulini, whose report<ref>{{Citation |last=Giulini |first=Domenico |title=Zu den Ausführungen O.E. Rösslers |date=2008-07-30 |url=https://zenodo.org/doi/10.5281/zenodo.19660591 |access-date=2026-05-22 |publisher=Zenodo |language=de |doi=10.5281/ZENODO.19660591 |last2=Nicolai |first2=Hermann}}</ref> (English translation,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Comments from Prof. Dr. Hermann Nicolai, Director, Max Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik (Albert-Einstein-Institut) Potsdam, Germany on speculations raised by Professor Otto Roessler about the production of black holes at the LHC |url=http://environmental-impact.web.cern.ch/environmental-impact/Objects/LHCSafety/NicolaiComment-en.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811132334/http://environmental-impact.web.cern.ch/environmental-impact/Objects/LHCSafety/NicolaiComment-en.pdf |archive-date=2019-08-11 |access-date=2026-05-22 |website=environmental-impact.web.cern.ch}}</ref> and further statements<ref>{{Citation |last=Giulini |first=Domenico |title=On the arguments of O.E. Rössler |date=2008-07-30 |url=https://zenodo.org/doi/10.5281/zenodo.19661044 |access-date=2026-05-22 |publisher=Zenodo |language=en |doi=10.5281/ZENODO.19661044 |last2=Nicolai |first2=Hermann}}</ref>) point to his failure to understand general relativity and the Schwarzschild metric, and his reliance on an alternative theory of gravity that was disproven in 1915. Their verdict:<br />
{{blockquote<br />
|text=<br />
"[Roessler's] argument is not valid; the argument is not self-consistent."}}<br />
The paper of Prof. Roessler has also been criticised by Prof. Bruhn<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://zenodo.org/doi/10.5281/zenodo.20345328 |title=Commentary on two papers by O.E. Roessler on black holes |last=Bruhn |first=Gerhard W. |date=2008-08-07 |publisher=Zenodo |doi=10.5281/zenodo.20345328 |language=en}}</ref> of the Darmstadt University of Technology, who concludes that:<br />
{{blockquote<br />
|text=<br />
"Roessler's misinterpretation of the Schwarzschild metric [renders] his further considerations ... null and void. These are not papers that could be taken into account when problems of black holes are discussed."}}<br />
<br />
A hypothetical scenario for possibly dangerous metastable black holes has recently been proposed by Dr. Plaga.<ref>{{Citation |last=Plaga |first=R. |title=On the potential catastrophic risk from metastable quantum-black holes produced at particle colliders |date=2009-08-09 |url=http://arxiv.org/abs/0808.1415 |access-date=2026-05-22 |publisher=arXiv |doi=10.48550/arXiv.0808.1415 |id=arXiv:0808.1415}}</ref> The conclusions of this work have been shown to be inconsistent in a second paper by Giddings and Mangano,<ref>{{Citation |last=Giddings |first=Steven B. |title=Comments on claimed risk from metastable black holes |date=2008-08-29 |url=http://arxiv.org/abs/0808.4087 |access-date=2026-05-22 |publisher=arXiv |doi=10.48550/arXiv.0808.4087 |id=arXiv:0808.4087 |last2=Mangano |first2=Michelangelo L.}}</ref> where it is also stated that the safety of this class of metastable black hole scenarios is already established by their original work.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
<br />
* Summary of the LSAG report. Translations are available in the following languages : fr de el es it jp no pl ru.<br />
* Specialist report published in Europe (2003): [http://dx.doi.org/10.5170/CERN-2003-001 Study of potentially dangerous events during heavy-ion collisions at the LHC : report of the LHC safety study group].<br />
* [https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/9910333 Specialist report published in the United States (1999): Review of speculative "disaster scenarios" at RHIC].<br />
* Wikipedia: [[Wikipedia:Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments|Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
[[Category:LHC]]</div>
Vigen
https://wiki.cern.ch/index.php?title=Safety_of_the_LHC&diff=12686
Safety of the LHC
2026-05-22T17:31:11Z
<p>Vigen: </p>
<hr />
<div>The [[Large Hadron Collider]] (LHC) can achieve an energy that no other particle accelerators have reached before, but Nature routinely produces higher energies in cosmic-ray collisions. Concerns about the safety of whatever may be created in such high-energy particle collisions have been addressed for many years. In the light of new experimental data and theoretical understanding, the LHC Safety Assessment Group ([[LSAG]]) has updated a review of the analysis made in 2003 by the LHC Safety Study Group, a group of independent scientists.<br />
<br />
LSAG reaffirms and extends the conclusions of the 2003 report that LHC collisions present no danger and that there are no reasons for concern. Whatever the LHC will do, Nature has already done many times over during the lifetime of the Earth and other astronomical bodies. The LSAG report has been reviewed and endorsed by CERN’s Scientific Policy Committee, a group of external scientists that advises CERN’s governing body, its Council.<br />
<br />
''The following summarises the main arguments given in the'' LSAG report''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ellis |first=John R. |last2=Giudice |first2=Gian |last3=Mangano |first3=Michelangelo L. |last4=Tkachev |first4=Igor |last5=Wiedemann |first5=Urs |date=2008 |title=Review of the Safety of LHC Collisions |url=https://cds.cern.ch/record/1111112 |journal=J. Phys. G |volume=35 |issue=11 |pages=115004 |doi=10.1088/0954-3899/35/11/115004}}</ref> Anyone interested in more details is encouraged to consult it directly, and the technical scientific papers to which it refers.''<br />
<br />
== Cosmic rays ==<br />
The LHC, like other particle accelerators, recreates the natural phenomena of cosmic rays<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cosmic rays: particles from outer space |url=https://home.web.cern.ch/science/physics/cosmic-rays-particles-outer-space |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250930155540/https://home.web.cern.ch/science/physics/cosmic-rays-particles-outer-space |archive-date=2025-09-30 |access-date=2026-05-22 |website=CERN |language=en}}</ref> under controlled laboratory conditions, enabling them to be studied in more detail. Cosmic rays are particles produced in outer space, some of which are accelerated to energies far exceeding those of the LHC. The energy and the rate at which they reach the Earth’s atmosphere have been measured in experiments for some 70 years. Over the past billions of years, Nature has already generated on Earth as many collisions as about a million LHC experiments – and the planet still exists. Astronomers observe an enormous number of larger astronomical bodies throughout the Universe, all of which are also struck by cosmic rays. The Universe as a whole conducts more than 10 million million LHC-like experiments per second. The possibility of any dangerous consequences contradicts what astronomers see—stars and galaxies still exist.<br />
<br />
== Microscopic black holes ==<br />
Nature forms black holes when certain stars, much larger than our Sun, collapse on themselves at the end of their lives. They concentrate a very large amount of matter in a very small space. Speculations about microscopic black holes at the LHC refer to particles produced in the collisions of pairs of protons, each of which has an energy comparable to that of a mosquito in flight. Astronomical black holes are much heavier than anything that could be produced at the LHC.<br />
<br />
According to the well-established properties of gravity, described by Einstein’s relativity, it is impossible for microscopic black holes to be produced at the LHC. There are, however, some speculative theories that predict the production of such particles at the LHC. All these theories predict that these particles would disintegrate immediately. Black holes, therefore, would have no time to start accreting matter and to cause macroscopic effects.<br />
<br />
Although theory predicts that microscopic black holes decay rapidly, even hypothetical stable black holes can be shown to be harmless by studying the consequences of their production by cosmic rays. Whilst collisions at the LHC differ from cosmic-ray collisions with astronomical bodies like the Earth in that new particles produced in LHC collisions tend to move more slowly than those produced by cosmic rays, one can still demonstrate their safety. The specific reasons for this depend whether the black holes are electrically charged, or neutral. Many stable black holes would be expected to be electrically charged, since they are created by charged particles. In this case they would interact with ordinary matter and be stopped while traversing the Earth or Sun, whether produced by cosmic rays or the LHC. The fact that the Earth and Sun are still here rules out the possibility that cosmic rays or the LHC could produce dangerous charged microscopic black holes. If stable microscopic black holes had no electric charge, their interactions with the Earth would be very weak. Those produced by cosmic rays would pass harmlessly through the Earth into space, whereas those produced by the LHC could remain on Earth. However, there are much larger and denser astronomical bodies than the Earth in the Universe. Black holes produced in cosmic-ray collisions with bodies such as neutron stars and white dwarf stars would be brought to rest. The continued existence of such dense bodies, as well as the Earth, rules out the possibility of the LHC producing any dangerous black holes.<br />
<br />
== Strangelets ==<br />
Strangelet is the term given to a hypothetical microscopic lump of ‘strange matter’ containing almost equal numbers of particles called up, down and strange quarks. According to most theoretical work, strangelets should change to ordinary matter within a thousand-millionth of a second. But could strangelets coalesce with ordinary matter and change it to strange matter? This question was first raised before the start up of the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider, RHIC, in 2000 in the United States. A study at the time showed that there was no cause for concern, and RHIC has now run for eight years, searching for strangelets without detecting any. At times, the LHC will run with beams of heavy nuclei, just as RHIC does. The LHC’s beams will have more energy than RHIC, but this makes it even less likely that strangelets could form. It is difficult for strange matter to stick together in the high temperatures produced by such colliders, rather as ice does not form in hot water. In addition, quarks will be more dilute at the LHC than at RHIC, making it more difficult to assemble strange matter. Strangelet production at the LHC is therefore less likely than at RHIC, and experience there has already validated the arguments that strangelets cannot be produced.<br />
<br />
The analysis of the first LHC data from heavy ion collisions has now confirmed the key ingredients used in the LSAG report to evaluate the upper limit on the production of hypothetical strangelets. For more details see this addendum to the LSAG report: ''Implications of LHC heavy ion data for multi-strange baryon production'' (2011).<ref>{{Citation |title=Implications of LHC heavy ion data for multi-strange baryon production |date=2011 |url=https://cds.cern.ch/record/2959318 |access-date=2026-05-22 |doi=10.17181/CERN.T914.LBN1}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Vacuum bubbles ==<br />
There have been speculations that the Universe is not in its most stable configuration, and that perturbations caused by the LHC could tip it into a more stable state, called a vacuum bubble, in which we could not exist. If the LHC could do this, then so could cosmic-ray collisions. Since such vacuum bubbles have not been produced anywhere in the visible Universe, they will not be made by the LHC.<br />
<br />
== Magnetic monopoles ==<br />
Magnetic monopoles are hypothetical particles with a single magnetic charge, either a north pole or a south pole. Some speculative theories suggest that, if they do exist, magnetic monopoles could cause protons to decay. These theories also say that such monopoles would be too heavy to be produced at the LHC. Nevertheless, if the magnetic monopoles were light enough to appear at the LHC, cosmic rays striking the Earth’s atmosphere would already be making them, and the Earth would very effectively stop and trap them. The continued existence of the Earth and other astronomical bodies therefore rules out dangerous proton-eating magnetic monopoles light enough to be produced at the LHC.<br />
<br />
== Other aspects of LHC safety ==<br />
Concern has recently been expressed that a 'runaway fusion reaction' might be created in the LHC carbon beam dump. The safety of the LHC beam dump had previously been reviewed by the relevant regulatory authorities of the CERN host states, France and Switzerland. The specific concerns expressed more recently have been addressed in a technical memorandum by Assmann ''et al.''<ref>{{Citation |last=Assmann |first=R |title=Interaction of the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) beam with the beam dump block |date=2008 |url=https://cds.cern.ch/record/2959319 |access-date=2026-05-22 |doi=10.17181/CERN.1WMJ.6HQR |last2=Ferrari |first2=A |last3=Goddard |first3=B |last4=Schmidt |first4=R |last5=Tahir |first5=N A}}</ref> As they point out, fusion reactions can be maintained only in material compressed by some external pressure, such as that provided by gravity inside a star, a fission explosion in a thermonuclear device, a magnetic field in a Tokamak, or by continuing isotropic laser or particle beams in the case of inertial fusion. In the case of the LHC beam dump, it is struck once by the beam coming from a single direction. There is no countervailing pressure, so the dump material is not compressed, and no fusion is possible.<br />
<br />
{{blockquote<br />
|text=''To think that LHC particle collisions at high energies can lead to dangerous black holes is rubbish. Such rumors were spread by unqualified people seeking sensation or publicity.''<br />
|author=[[wikipedia:Vitaly Ginzburg|Vitaly Ginzburg]]<br />
|source=Nobel Laureate in Physics, Lebedev Physical Institute, Moscow, and the Russian Academy of Sciences<br />
}}Concern has been expressed that a 'runaway fusion reaction' might be created in a nitrogen tank inside the LHC tunnel. There are no such nitrogen tanks. Moreover, the arguments in the previous paragraph prove that no fusion would be possible even if there were.<br />
<br />
Finally, concern has also been expressed that the LHC beam might somehow trigger a "Bose-Nova" in the liquid helium used to cool the LHC magnets. A study by Fairbairn and McElrath has clearly shown there is no possibility of the LHC beam triggering a fusion reaction in helium.<ref>{{Citation |last=Fairbairn |first=Malcolm |title=There is no explosion risk associated with superfluid Helium in the LHC cooling system |date=2008-09-23 |url=http://arxiv.org/abs/0809.4004 |access-date=2026-05-22 |publisher=arXiv |doi=10.48550/arXiv.0809.4004 |id=arXiv:0809.4004 |last2=McElrath |first2=Bob}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{blockquote<br />
|text=''The operation of the LHC is safe, not only in the old sense of that word, but in the more general sense that our most qualified scientists have thoroughly considered and analyzed the risks involved in the operation of the LHC. [Any concerns] are merely hypothetical and speculative, and contradicted by much evidence and scientific analysis.''<br />
|author=[[wikipedia:Sheldon Glashow|Sheldon Glashow]] (Nobel Laureate in Physics, Boston U.), [[wikipedia:Frank Wilczek|Frank Wilczek]] (Nobel Laureate in Physics, MIT), and [[wikipedia:Richard Wilson (physicist)|Richard Wilson]] (Mallinckrodt Professor of Physics, Harvard U.)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==== Comments on the papers by Giddings and Mangano, and by LSAG ====<br />
The papers by Giddings and Mangano<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Giddings |first=Steven B. |last2=Mangano |first2=Michelangelo M. |date=2008-08-18 |title=Astrophysical implications of hypothetical stable TeV-scale black holes |url=http://arxiv.org/abs/0806.3381 |journal=Physical Review D |volume=78 |issue=3 |pages=035009 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.78.035009 |issn=1550-7998}}</ref> and LSAG<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Ellis |first=John R. |last2=Giudice |first2=Gian |last3=Mangano |first3=Michelangelo L. |last4=Tkachev |first4=Igor |last5=Wiedemann |first5=Urs |date=2008 |title=Review of the Safety of LHC Collisions |url=https://cds.cern.ch/record/1111112 |journal=J. Phys. G |volume=35 |issue=11 |pages=115004 |doi=10.1088/0954-3899/35/11/115004}}</ref> demonstrating the safety of the LHC have been studied, reviewed and endorsed by leading experts from the CERN Member States, Japan, Russia and the United States, working in astrophysics, cosmology, general relativity, mathematics, particle physics and risk analysis, including several Nobel Laureates in Physics. They all agree that the LHC is safe.<br />
<br />
The paper by Giddings and Mangano<ref name=":0" /> has been peer-reviewed by anonymous experts in astrophysics and particle physics and published in the professional scientific journal ''[[wikipedia:Physical Review#Journals|Physical Review D]]''. The American Physical Society chose to highlight this as one of the most significant papers it has published recently, commissioning a commentary<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Peskin |first=Michael |date=2008-08-18 |title=The end of the world at the Large Hadron Collider? |url=https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/Physics.1.14 |journal=Physics |language=en |volume=1 |doi=10.1103/Physics.1.14 |issn=1943-2879}}</ref> by Prof. Peskin from the Stanford Linear Accelerator Laboratory in which he endorses its conclusions. The Executive Committee of the Division of Particles and Fields of the American Physical Society has issued a statement endorsing the LSAG report.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement by the Executive Committee of the DPF on the Safety of Collisions at the Large Hadron Collider |url=http://www.aps.org/units/dpf/governance/reports/upload/lhc_saftey_statement.pdf |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20081001161427/http://www.aps.org/units/dpf/governance/reports/upload/lhc_saftey_statement.pdf |archive-date=2008-10-01 |access-date=2026-05-22 |website=www.aps.org}}</ref><br />
<br />
The LSAG report has been published by the UK Institute of Physics in its publication Journal of Physics G.<ref name=":1" /> The conclusions of the LSAG report were endorsed in a press release that announced this publication.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Physics |first=Institute of |title=LHC switch-on fears are completely unfounded |url=https://www.iop.org/news/archive/page_64087.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20160403154528/https://www.iop.org/news/archive/page_64087.html |archive-date=2016-04-03 |access-date=2026-05-22 |website=www.iop.org |language=en-GB}}</ref><br />
<br />
The conclusions of LSAG have also been endorsed by the Particle and Nuclear Physics Section (KET) of the German Physical Society.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Experten bestätigen: Der LHC ist sicher KET veröffentlicht Stellungnahme zu Schwarzen Löchern am LHC |url=http://www.ketweb.de/oeffentlichkeitsarbeit/e204014/20080801_PM_Der_LHC_ist_sicher.pdf |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20140422201438/http://www.ketweb.de/oeffentlichkeitsarbeit/e204014/20080801_PM_Der_LHC_ist_sicher.pdf |archive-date=2014-04-22 |access-date=2026-05-22 |website=www.ketweb.de |language=DE}}</ref> A translation into German of the complete LSAG report may be found on the KET website.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bewertung der Sicherheit von Teilchenkollisionen am LHC |url=https://lsag.web.cern.ch/LSAG-Report-German.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241212105929/https://lsag.web.cern.ch/LSAG-Report-German.pdf |archive-date=2024-12-12 |access-date=2026-05-22 |website=lsag.web.cern.ch |language=DE}}</ref> (A translation into French of the complete LSAG report is also available.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rapport sur la sûreté des collisions au LHC |url=https://lsag.web.cern.ch/LSAG-Report-French.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213000602/https://lsag.web.cern.ch/LSAG-Report-French.pdf |archive-date=2024-12-13 |access-date=2026-05-22 |website=lsag.web.cern.ch |language=FR}}</ref>)<br />
<br />
Thus, the conclusion that LHC collisions are completely safe has been endorsed by the three respected professional societies of physicists that have reviewed it, which rank among the most highly respected professional societies in the world.<br />
<br />
World-renowned experts in astrophysics, cosmology, general relativity, mathematics, particle physics and risk analysis, including several Nobel Laureates in Physics, have also expressed clear individual opinions that LHC collisions are not dangerous, as you can read on the right. <br />
<br />
The overwhelming majority of physicists agree that microscopic black holes would be unstable, as predicted by basic principles of quantum mechanics. As discussed in the LSAG report,<ref name=":1" /> if microscopic black holes can be produced by the collisions of quarks and/or gluons inside protons, they must also be able to decay back into quarks and/or gluons. Moreover, quantum mechanics predicts specifically that they should decay via Hawking radiation.<br />
<br />
Nevertheless, a few papers have suggested that microscopic black holes might be stable. The paper by Giddings and Mangano<ref name=":0" /> and the LSAG report<ref name=":1" /> analyzed very conservatively the hypothetical case of stable microscopic black holes and concluded that even in this case there would be no conceivable danger. Another analysis with similar conclusions has been documented by Dr. Koch, Prof. Bleicher and Prof. Stoecker of Frankfurt University and GSI, Darmstadt,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Koch |first=Benjamin |last2=Bleicher |first2=Marcus |last3=Stoecker |first3=Horst |date=2009-02 |title=Exclusion of black hole disaster scenarios at the LHC |url=http://arxiv.org/abs/0807.3349 |journal=Physics Letters B |volume=672 |issue=1 |pages=71–76 |doi=10.1016/j.physletb.2009.01.003}}</ref> who conclude:<br />
{{blockquote<br />
|text="''We discussed the logically possible black hole evolution paths. Then we discussed every single outcome of those paths and showed that none of the physically sensible paths can lead to a black hole disaster at the LHC.''"}}<br />
<br />
Professor Roessler (who has a medical degree and was formerly a chaos theorist in Tuebingen) also raised doubts on the existence of Hawking radiation. His ideas have been refuted by Profs. Nicolai (Director at the Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics - Albert-Einstein-Institut - in Potsdam) and Giulini, whose report<ref>{{Citation |last=Giulini |first=Domenico |title=Zu den Ausführungen O.E. Rösslers |date=2008-07-30 |url=https://zenodo.org/doi/10.5281/zenodo.19660591 |access-date=2026-05-22 |publisher=Zenodo |language=de |doi=10.5281/ZENODO.19660591 |last2=Nicolai |first2=Hermann}}</ref> (English translation,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Comments from Prof. Dr. Hermann Nicolai, Director, Max Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik (Albert-Einstein-Institut) Potsdam, Germany on speculations raised by Professor Otto Roessler about the production of black holes at the LHC |url=http://environmental-impact.web.cern.ch/environmental-impact/Objects/LHCSafety/NicolaiComment-en.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811132334/http://environmental-impact.web.cern.ch/environmental-impact/Objects/LHCSafety/NicolaiComment-en.pdf |archive-date=2019-08-11 |access-date=2026-05-22 |website=environmental-impact.web.cern.ch}}</ref> and further statements<ref>{{Citation |last=Giulini |first=Domenico |title=On the arguments of O.E. Rössler |date=2008-07-30 |url=https://zenodo.org/doi/10.5281/zenodo.19661044 |access-date=2026-05-22 |publisher=Zenodo |language=en |doi=10.5281/ZENODO.19661044 |last2=Nicolai |first2=Hermann}}</ref>) point to his failure to understand general relativity and the Schwarzschild metric, and his reliance on an alternative theory of gravity that was disproven in 1915. Their verdict:<br />
{{blockquote<br />
|text=<br />
"[Roessler's] argument is not valid; the argument is not self-consistent."}}<br />
The paper of Prof. Roessler has also been criticised by Prof. Bruhn<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://zenodo.org/doi/10.5281/zenodo.20345328 |title=Commentary on two papers by O.E. Roessler on black holes |last=Bruhn |first=Gerhard W. |date=2008-08-07 |publisher=Zenodo |doi=10.5281/zenodo.20345328 |language=en}}</ref> of the Darmstadt University of Technology, who concludes that:<br />
{{blockquote<br />
|text=<br />
"Roessler's misinterpretation of the Schwarzschild metric [renders] his further considerations ... null and void. These are not papers that could be taken into account when problems of black holes are discussed."}}<br />
<br />
A hypothetical scenario for possibly dangerous metastable black holes has recently been proposed by Dr. Plaga.<ref>{{Citation |last=Plaga |first=R. |title=On the potential catastrophic risk from metastable quantum-black holes produced at particle colliders |date=2009-08-09 |url=http://arxiv.org/abs/0808.1415 |access-date=2026-05-22 |publisher=arXiv |doi=10.48550/arXiv.0808.1415 |id=arXiv:0808.1415}}</ref> The conclusions of this work have been shown to be inconsistent in a second paper by Giddings and Mangano,<ref>{{Citation |last=Giddings |first=Steven B. |title=Comments on claimed risk from metastable black holes |date=2008-08-29 |url=http://arxiv.org/abs/0808.4087 |access-date=2026-05-22 |publisher=arXiv |doi=10.48550/arXiv.0808.4087 |id=arXiv:0808.4087 |last2=Mangano |first2=Michelangelo L.}}</ref> where it is also stated that the safety of this class of metastable black hole scenarios is already established by their original work.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
<br />
* Summary of the LSAG report. Translations are available in the following languages : fr de el es it jp no pl ru.<br />
* Specialist report published in Europe (2003): [http://dx.doi.org/10.5170/CERN-2003-001 Study of potentially dangerous events during heavy-ion collisions at the LHC : report of the LHC safety study group].<br />
* [https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/9910333 Specialist report published in the United States (1999): Review of speculative "disaster scenarios" at RHIC].<br />
* Wikipedia: [[Wikipedia:Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments|Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
[[Category:LHC]]</div>
Vigen
https://wiki.cern.ch/index.php?title=Large_Hadron_Collider&diff=12685
Large Hadron Collider
2026-05-22T17:27:35Z
<p>Vigen: </p>
<hr />
<div>The '''Large Hadron Collider''' ('''LHC''') is the world's largest and highest-energy particle accelerator.<ref name="TheLHC">{{cite web |url=https://home.cern/topics/large-hadron-collider |title=The Large Hadron Collider |date=28 June 2023 |publisher=CERN}}</ref><ref name="Harman">{{cite journal|author=Joel Achenbach|date=March 2012|title=The God Particle|url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/03/god-particle/achenbach-text|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225104327/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/03/god-particle/achenbach-text|archive-date=25 February 2008|journal=[[National Geographic Magazine]]|access-date=25 February 2008}}</ref> It was built by the [[CERN|European Organization for Nuclear Research]] (CERN) between 1998 and 2008, in collaboration with over 10,000 scientists, and hundreds of universities and laboratories across more than 100 countries.<ref>{{cite news |first=Roger |last=Highfield |date=16 September 2008 |title=Large Hadron Collider: Thirteen ways to change the world |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/large-hadron-collider/3351899/Large-Hadron-Collider-thirteen-ways-to-change-the-world.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090924011335/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/large-hadron-collider/3351899/Large-Hadron-Collider-thirteen-ways-to-change-the-world.html |archive-date=24 September 2009 |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |access-date=10 October 2008 |location=London}}</ref> It lies in a tunnel 27 kilometres in circumference and as deep as 175 metres beneath the France–Switzerland border near Geneva.<br />
<br />
The first collisions were achieved in 2010 at an energy of 3.5&nbsp;tera-electronvolts (TeV) per beam, about four times the previous world record.<ref name=bbc20100330>{{cite news |work=BBC News |date=30 March 2010 |title=CERN LHC sees high-energy success |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/8593780.stm|access-date=30 March 2010}}</ref> The discovery of the Higgs boson at the LHC was announced in 2012. Between 2013 and 2015, the LHC was shut down and upgraded; after those upgrades it reached 6.5&nbsp;TeV per beam (13.0&nbsp;TeV total collision energy).<ref>{{cite web |last1=O'Luanaigh|first1=Cian|title=Proton beams are back in the LHC|url=http://home.web.cern.ch/about/updates/2015/04/proton-beams-are-back-lhc |publisher=CERN |access-date=24 April 2015}}</ref><ref name="2015restart">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-32976838|title=Large Hadron Collider turns on 'data tap'|access-date=28 August 2015|date=3 June 2015|last1=Rincon|first1=Paul}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-32809636 |title=LHC smashes energy record with test collisions|access-date=28 August 2015|date=21 May 2015|last1=Webb|first1=Jonathan}}</ref> At the end of 2018, it was shut down for maintenance and further upgrades, and reopened over three years later in April 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-07 |title=2022 Digital Media Kit: Higgs10, LHC Run 3 and restart |url=https://home.cern/press/2022 |access-date=2023-10-10 |website=CERN |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
The collider has four crossing points where the accelerated particles collide. [[#Detectors|Nine detectors]],<ref name="FactsFiguresAnoutLHC">{{cite web |title=Facts and figures about the LHC |url=https://home.cern/resources/faqs/facts-and-figures-about-lhc |publisher=CERN |access-date=17 April 2023}}</ref> each designed to detect different phenomena, are positioned around the crossing points. The LHC primarily collides proton beams, but it can also accelerate beams of heavy ions, such as in lead–lead collisions and [[proton]]–lead collisions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-07 |title=Time for lead collisions in the LHC |url=https://home.cern/news/news/accelerators/time-lead-collisions-lhc |access-date=2023-10-10 |website=CERN |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
The LHC's goal is to allow physicists to test the predictions of different theories of particle physics, including measuring the properties of the Higgs boson,<ref>{{cite web |year=2008 |title=Missing Higgs |url=http://public.web.cern.ch/public/en/Science/Higgs-en.html |publisher=CERN |access-date=10 October 2008 |archive-date=18 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218020035/http://public.web.cern.ch/public/en/science/higgs-en.html }}</ref> searching for the large family of new particles predicted by supersymmetric theories,<ref>{{cite web |year=2008 |title=Towards a superforce |url=http://public.web.cern.ch/public/en/Science/Superforce-en.html |publisher=CERN |access-date=10 October 2008 |archive-date=18 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218015509/http://public.web.cern.ch/public/en/science/Superforce-en.html }}</ref> and studying other unresolved questions in particle physics.<br />
<br />
For more information see [[wikipedia:Large_Hadron_Collider|Wikipedia]].<br />
[[Category:CERN particle accelerators]]<br />
<references /><br />
[[Category:LHC]]</div>
Vigen
https://wiki.cern.ch/index.php?title=Safety_of_the_LHC&diff=12684
Safety of the LHC
2026-05-22T17:25:50Z
<p>Vigen: </p>
<hr />
<div>The [[Large Hadron Collider]] (LHC) can achieve an energy that no other particle accelerators have reached before, but Nature routinely produces higher energies in cosmic-ray collisions. Concerns about the safety of whatever may be created in such high-energy particle collisions have been addressed for many years. In the light of new experimental data and theoretical understanding, the LHC Safety Assessment Group ([[LSAG]]) has updated a review of the analysis made in 2003 by the LHC Safety Study Group, a group of independent scientists.<br />
<br />
LSAG reaffirms and extends the conclusions of the 2003 report that LHC collisions present no danger and that there are no reasons for concern. Whatever the LHC will do, Nature has already done many times over during the lifetime of the Earth and other astronomical bodies. The LSAG report has been reviewed and endorsed by CERN’s Scientific Policy Committee, a group of external scientists that advises CERN’s governing body, its Council.<br />
<br />
''The following summarises the main arguments given in the'' LSAG report''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ellis |first=John R. |last2=Giudice |first2=Gian |last3=Mangano |first3=Michelangelo L. |last4=Tkachev |first4=Igor |last5=Wiedemann |first5=Urs |date=2008 |title=Review of the Safety of LHC Collisions |url=https://cds.cern.ch/record/1111112 |journal=J. Phys. G |volume=35 |issue=11 |pages=115004 |doi=10.1088/0954-3899/35/11/115004}}</ref> Anyone interested in more details is encouraged to consult it directly, and the technical scientific papers to which it refers.''<br />
<br />
== Cosmic rays ==<br />
The LHC, like other particle accelerators, recreates the natural phenomena of cosmic rays<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cosmic rays: particles from outer space |url=https://home.web.cern.ch/science/physics/cosmic-rays-particles-outer-space |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250930155540/https://home.web.cern.ch/science/physics/cosmic-rays-particles-outer-space |archive-date=2025-09-30 |access-date=2026-05-22 |website=CERN |language=en}}</ref> under controlled laboratory conditions, enabling them to be studied in more detail. Cosmic rays are particles produced in outer space, some of which are accelerated to energies far exceeding those of the LHC. The energy and the rate at which they reach the Earth’s atmosphere have been measured in experiments for some 70 years. Over the past billions of years, Nature has already generated on Earth as many collisions as about a million LHC experiments – and the planet still exists. Astronomers observe an enormous number of larger astronomical bodies throughout the Universe, all of which are also struck by cosmic rays. The Universe as a whole conducts more than 10 million million LHC-like experiments per second. The possibility of any dangerous consequences contradicts what astronomers see—stars and galaxies still exist.<br />
<br />
== Microscopic black holes ==<br />
Nature forms black holes when certain stars, much larger than our Sun, collapse on themselves at the end of their lives. They concentrate a very large amount of matter in a very small space. Speculations about microscopic black holes at the LHC refer to particles produced in the collisions of pairs of protons, each of which has an energy comparable to that of a mosquito in flight. Astronomical black holes are much heavier than anything that could be produced at the LHC.<br />
<br />
According to the well-established properties of gravity, described by Einstein’s relativity, it is impossible for microscopic black holes to be produced at the LHC. There are, however, some speculative theories that predict the production of such particles at the LHC. All these theories predict that these particles would disintegrate immediately. Black holes, therefore, would have no time to start accreting matter and to cause macroscopic effects.<br />
<br />
Although theory predicts that microscopic black holes decay rapidly, even hypothetical stable black holes can be shown to be harmless by studying the consequences of their production by cosmic rays. Whilst collisions at the LHC differ from cosmic-ray collisions with astronomical bodies like the Earth in that new particles produced in LHC collisions tend to move more slowly than those produced by cosmic rays, one can still demonstrate their safety. The specific reasons for this depend whether the black holes are electrically charged, or neutral. Many stable black holes would be expected to be electrically charged, since they are created by charged particles. In this case they would interact with ordinary matter and be stopped while traversing the Earth or Sun, whether produced by cosmic rays or the LHC. The fact that the Earth and Sun are still here rules out the possibility that cosmic rays or the LHC could produce dangerous charged microscopic black holes. If stable microscopic black holes had no electric charge, their interactions with the Earth would be very weak. Those produced by cosmic rays would pass harmlessly through the Earth into space, whereas those produced by the LHC could remain on Earth. However, there are much larger and denser astronomical bodies than the Earth in the Universe. Black holes produced in cosmic-ray collisions with bodies such as neutron stars and white dwarf stars would be brought to rest. The continued existence of such dense bodies, as well as the Earth, rules out the possibility of the LHC producing any dangerous black holes.<br />
<br />
== Strangelets ==<br />
Strangelet is the term given to a hypothetical microscopic lump of ‘strange matter’ containing almost equal numbers of particles called up, down and strange quarks. According to most theoretical work, strangelets should change to ordinary matter within a thousand-millionth of a second. But could strangelets coalesce with ordinary matter and change it to strange matter? This question was first raised before the start up of the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider, RHIC, in 2000 in the United States. A study at the time showed that there was no cause for concern, and RHIC has now run for eight years, searching for strangelets without detecting any. At times, the LHC will run with beams of heavy nuclei, just as RHIC does. The LHC’s beams will have more energy than RHIC, but this makes it even less likely that strangelets could form. It is difficult for strange matter to stick together in the high temperatures produced by such colliders, rather as ice does not form in hot water. In addition, quarks will be more dilute at the LHC than at RHIC, making it more difficult to assemble strange matter. Strangelet production at the LHC is therefore less likely than at RHIC, and experience there has already validated the arguments that strangelets cannot be produced.<br />
<br />
The analysis of the first LHC data from heavy ion collisions has now confirmed the key ingredients used in the LSAG report to evaluate the upper limit on the production of hypothetical strangelets. For more details see this addendum to the LSAG report: ''Implications of LHC heavy ion data for multi-strange baryon production'' (2011).<ref>{{Citation |title=Implications of LHC heavy ion data for multi-strange baryon production |date=2011 |url=https://cds.cern.ch/record/2959318 |access-date=2026-05-22 |doi=10.17181/CERN.T914.LBN1}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Vacuum bubbles ==<br />
There have been speculations that the Universe is not in its most stable configuration, and that perturbations caused by the LHC could tip it into a more stable state, called a vacuum bubble, in which we could not exist. If the LHC could do this, then so could cosmic-ray collisions. Since such vacuum bubbles have not been produced anywhere in the visible Universe, they will not be made by the LHC.<br />
<br />
== Magnetic monopoles ==<br />
Magnetic monopoles are hypothetical particles with a single magnetic charge, either a north pole or a south pole. Some speculative theories suggest that, if they do exist, magnetic monopoles could cause protons to decay. These theories also say that such monopoles would be too heavy to be produced at the LHC. Nevertheless, if the magnetic monopoles were light enough to appear at the LHC, cosmic rays striking the Earth’s atmosphere would already be making them, and the Earth would very effectively stop and trap them. The continued existence of the Earth and other astronomical bodies therefore rules out dangerous proton-eating magnetic monopoles light enough to be produced at the LHC.<br />
<br />
== Other aspects of LHC safety ==<br />
Concern has recently been expressed that a 'runaway fusion reaction' might be created in the LHC carbon beam dump. The safety of the LHC beam dump had previously been reviewed by the relevant regulatory authorities of the CERN host states, France and Switzerland. The specific concerns expressed more recently have been addressed in a technical memorandum by Assmann ''et al.''<ref>{{Citation |last=Assmann |first=R |title=Interaction of the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) beam with the beam dump block |date=2008 |url=https://cds.cern.ch/record/2959319 |access-date=2026-05-22 |doi=10.17181/CERN.1WMJ.6HQR |last2=Ferrari |first2=A |last3=Goddard |first3=B |last4=Schmidt |first4=R |last5=Tahir |first5=N A}}</ref> As they point out, fusion reactions can be maintained only in material compressed by some external pressure, such as that provided by gravity inside a star, a fission explosion in a thermonuclear device, a magnetic field in a Tokamak, or by continuing isotropic laser or particle beams in the case of inertial fusion. In the case of the LHC beam dump, it is struck once by the beam coming from a single direction. There is no countervailing pressure, so the dump material is not compressed, and no fusion is possible.<br />
<br />
{{blockquote<br />
|text=''To think that LHC particle collisions at high energies can lead to dangerous black holes is rubbish. Such rumors were spread by unqualified people seeking sensation or publicity.''<br />
|author=[[wikipedia:Vitaly Ginzburg|Vitaly Ginzburg]]<br />
|source=Nobel Laureate in Physics, Lebedev Physical Institute, Moscow, and the Russian Academy of Sciences<br />
}}Concern has been expressed that a 'runaway fusion reaction' might be created in a nitrogen tank inside the LHC tunnel. There are no such nitrogen tanks. Moreover, the arguments in the previous paragraph prove that no fusion would be possible even if there were.<br />
<br />
Finally, concern has also been expressed that the LHC beam might somehow trigger a "Bose-Nova" in the liquid helium used to cool the LHC magnets. A study by Fairbairn and McElrath has clearly shown there is no possibility of the LHC beam triggering a fusion reaction in helium.<ref>{{Citation |last=Fairbairn |first=Malcolm |title=There is no explosion risk associated with superfluid Helium in the LHC cooling system |date=2008-09-23 |url=http://arxiv.org/abs/0809.4004 |access-date=2026-05-22 |publisher=arXiv |doi=10.48550/arXiv.0809.4004 |id=arXiv:0809.4004 |last2=McElrath |first2=Bob}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{blockquote<br />
|text=''The operation of the LHC is safe, not only in the old sense of that word, but in the more general sense that our most qualified scientists have thoroughly considered and analyzed the risks involved in the operation of the LHC. [Any concerns] are merely hypothetical and speculative, and contradicted by much evidence and scientific analysis.''<br />
|author=[[wikipedia:Sheldon Glashow|Sheldon Glashow]] (Nobel Laureate in Physics, Boston U.), [[wikipedia:Frank Wilczek|Frank Wilczek]] (Nobel Laureate in Physics, MIT), and [[wikipedia:Richard Wilson|Richard Wilson]] (Mallinckrodt Professor of Physics, Harvard U.)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==== Comments on the papers by Giddings and Mangano, and by LSAG ====<br />
The papers by Giddings and Mangano<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Giddings |first=Steven B. |last2=Mangano |first2=Michelangelo M. |date=2008-08-18 |title=Astrophysical implications of hypothetical stable TeV-scale black holes |url=http://arxiv.org/abs/0806.3381 |journal=Physical Review D |volume=78 |issue=3 |pages=035009 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.78.035009 |issn=1550-7998}}</ref> and LSAG<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Ellis |first=John R. |last2=Giudice |first2=Gian |last3=Mangano |first3=Michelangelo L. |last4=Tkachev |first4=Igor |last5=Wiedemann |first5=Urs |date=2008 |title=Review of the Safety of LHC Collisions |url=https://cds.cern.ch/record/1111112 |journal=J. Phys. G |volume=35 |issue=11 |pages=115004 |doi=10.1088/0954-3899/35/11/115004}}</ref> demonstrating the safety of the LHC have been studied, reviewed and endorsed by leading experts from the CERN Member States, Japan, Russia and the United States, working in astrophysics, cosmology, general relativity, mathematics, particle physics and risk analysis, including several Nobel Laureates in Physics. They all agree that the LHC is safe.<br />
<br />
The paper by Giddings and Mangano<ref name=":0" /> has been peer-reviewed by anonymous experts in astrophysics and particle physics and published in the professional scientific journal ''[[wikipedia:Physical Review#Journals|Physical Review D]]''. The American Physical Society chose to highlight this as one of the most significant papers it has published recently, commissioning a commentary<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Peskin |first=Michael |date=2008-08-18 |title=The end of the world at the Large Hadron Collider? |url=https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/Physics.1.14 |journal=Physics |language=en |volume=1 |doi=10.1103/Physics.1.14 |issn=1943-2879}}</ref> by Prof. Peskin from the Stanford Linear Accelerator Laboratory in which he endorses its conclusions. The Executive Committee of the Division of Particles and Fields of the American Physical Society has issued a statement endorsing the LSAG report.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement by the Executive Committee of the DPF on the Safety of Collisions at the Large Hadron Collider |url=http://www.aps.org/units/dpf/governance/reports/upload/lhc_saftey_statement.pdf |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20081001161427/http://www.aps.org/units/dpf/governance/reports/upload/lhc_saftey_statement.pdf |archive-date=2008-10-01 |access-date=2026-05-22 |website=www.aps.org}}</ref><br />
<br />
The LSAG report has been published by the UK Institute of Physics in its publication Journal of Physics G.<ref name=":1" /> The conclusions of the LSAG report were endorsed in a press release that announced this publication.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Physics |first=Institute of |title=LHC switch-on fears are completely unfounded |url=https://www.iop.org/news/archive/page_64087.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20160403154528/https://www.iop.org/news/archive/page_64087.html |archive-date=2016-04-03 |access-date=2026-05-22 |website=www.iop.org |language=en-GB}}</ref><br />
<br />
The conclusions of LSAG have also been endorsed by the Particle and Nuclear Physics Section (KET) of the German Physical Society.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Experten bestätigen: Der LHC ist sicher KET veröffentlicht Stellungnahme zu Schwarzen Löchern am LHC |url=http://www.ketweb.de/oeffentlichkeitsarbeit/e204014/20080801_PM_Der_LHC_ist_sicher.pdf |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20140422201438/http://www.ketweb.de/oeffentlichkeitsarbeit/e204014/20080801_PM_Der_LHC_ist_sicher.pdf |archive-date=2014-04-22 |access-date=2026-05-22 |website=www.ketweb.de |language=DE}}</ref> A translation into German of the complete LSAG report may be found on the KET website.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bewertung der Sicherheit von Teilchenkollisionen am LHC |url=https://lsag.web.cern.ch/LSAG-Report-German.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241212105929/https://lsag.web.cern.ch/LSAG-Report-German.pdf |archive-date=2024-12-12 |access-date=2026-05-22 |website=lsag.web.cern.ch |language=DE}}</ref> (A translation into French of the complete LSAG report is also available.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rapport sur la sûreté des collisions au LHC |url=https://lsag.web.cern.ch/LSAG-Report-French.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213000602/https://lsag.web.cern.ch/LSAG-Report-French.pdf |archive-date=2024-12-13 |access-date=2026-05-22 |website=lsag.web.cern.ch |language=FR}}</ref>)<br />
<br />
Thus, the conclusion that LHC collisions are completely safe has been endorsed by the three respected professional societies of physicists that have reviewed it, which rank among the most highly respected professional societies in the world.<br />
<br />
World-renowned experts in astrophysics, cosmology, general relativity, mathematics, particle physics and risk analysis, including several Nobel Laureates in Physics, have also expressed clear individual opinions that LHC collisions are not dangerous, as you can read on the right. <br />
<br />
The overwhelming majority of physicists agree that microscopic black holes would be unstable, as predicted by basic principles of quantum mechanics. As discussed in the LSAG report,<ref name=":1" /> if microscopic black holes can be produced by the collisions of quarks and/or gluons inside protons, they must also be able to decay back into quarks and/or gluons. Moreover, quantum mechanics predicts specifically that they should decay via Hawking radiation.<br />
<br />
Nevertheless, a few papers have suggested that microscopic black holes might be stable. The paper by Giddings and Mangano<ref name=":0" /> and the LSAG report<ref name=":1" /> analyzed very conservatively the hypothetical case of stable microscopic black holes and concluded that even in this case there would be no conceivable danger. Another analysis with similar conclusions has been documented by Dr. Koch, Prof. Bleicher and Prof. Stoecker of Frankfurt University and GSI, Darmstadt,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Koch |first=Benjamin |last2=Bleicher |first2=Marcus |last3=Stoecker |first3=Horst |date=2009-02 |title=Exclusion of black hole disaster scenarios at the LHC |url=http://arxiv.org/abs/0807.3349 |journal=Physics Letters B |volume=672 |issue=1 |pages=71–76 |doi=10.1016/j.physletb.2009.01.003}}</ref> who conclude:<br />
{{blockquote<br />
|text="''We discussed the logically possible black hole evolution paths. Then we discussed every single outcome of those paths and showed that none of the physically sensible paths can lead to a black hole disaster at the LHC.''"}}<br />
<br />
Professor Roessler (who has a medical degree and was formerly a chaos theorist in Tuebingen) also raised doubts on the existence of Hawking radiation. His ideas have been refuted by Profs. Nicolai (Director at the Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics - Albert-Einstein-Institut - in Potsdam) and Giulini, whose report<ref>{{Citation |last=Giulini |first=Domenico |title=Zu den Ausführungen O.E. Rösslers |date=2008-07-30 |url=https://zenodo.org/doi/10.5281/zenodo.19660591 |access-date=2026-05-22 |publisher=Zenodo |language=de |doi=10.5281/ZENODO.19660591 |last2=Nicolai |first2=Hermann}}</ref> (English translation,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Comments from Prof. Dr. Hermann Nicolai, Director, Max Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik (Albert-Einstein-Institut) Potsdam, Germany on speculations raised by Professor Otto Roessler about the production of black holes at the LHC |url=http://environmental-impact.web.cern.ch/environmental-impact/Objects/LHCSafety/NicolaiComment-en.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811132334/http://environmental-impact.web.cern.ch/environmental-impact/Objects/LHCSafety/NicolaiComment-en.pdf |archive-date=2019-08-11 |access-date=2026-05-22 |website=environmental-impact.web.cern.ch}}</ref> and further statements<ref>{{Citation |last=Giulini |first=Domenico |title=On the arguments of O.E. Rössler |date=2008-07-30 |url=https://zenodo.org/doi/10.5281/zenodo.19661044 |access-date=2026-05-22 |publisher=Zenodo |language=en |doi=10.5281/ZENODO.19661044 |last2=Nicolai |first2=Hermann}}</ref>) point to his failure to understand general relativity and the Schwarzschild metric, and his reliance on an alternative theory of gravity that was disproven in 1915. Their verdict:<br />
{{blockquote<br />
|text=<br />
"[Roessler's] argument is not valid; the argument is not self-consistent."}}<br />
The paper of Prof. Roessler has also been criticised by Prof. Bruhn<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://zenodo.org/doi/10.5281/zenodo.20345328 |title=Commentary on two papers by O.E. Roessler on black holes |last=Bruhn |first=Gerhard W. |date=2008-08-07 |publisher=Zenodo |doi=10.5281/zenodo.20345328 |language=en}}</ref> of the Darmstadt University of Technology, who concludes that:<br />
{{blockquote<br />
|text=<br />
"Roessler's misinterpretation of the Schwarzschild metric [renders] his further considerations ... null and void. These are not papers that could be taken into account when problems of black holes are discussed."}}<br />
<br />
A hypothetical scenario for possibly dangerous metastable black holes has recently been proposed by Dr. Plaga.<ref>{{Citation |last=Plaga |first=R. |title=On the potential catastrophic risk from metastable quantum-black holes produced at particle colliders |date=2009-08-09 |url=http://arxiv.org/abs/0808.1415 |access-date=2026-05-22 |publisher=arXiv |doi=10.48550/arXiv.0808.1415 |id=arXiv:0808.1415}}</ref> The conclusions of this work have been shown to be inconsistent in a second paper by Giddings and Mangano,<ref>{{Citation |last=Giddings |first=Steven B. |title=Comments on claimed risk from metastable black holes |date=2008-08-29 |url=http://arxiv.org/abs/0808.4087 |access-date=2026-05-22 |publisher=arXiv |doi=10.48550/arXiv.0808.4087 |id=arXiv:0808.4087 |last2=Mangano |first2=Michelangelo L.}}</ref> where it is also stated that the safety of this class of metastable black hole scenarios is already established by their original work.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
<br />
* Summary of the LSAG report. Translations are available in the following languages : fr de el es it jp no pl ru.<br />
* Specialist report published in Europe (2003): [http://dx.doi.org/10.5170/CERN-2003-001 Study of potentially dangerous events during heavy-ion collisions at the LHC : report of the LHC safety study group].<br />
* [https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/9910333 Specialist report published in the United States (1999): Review of speculative "disaster scenarios" at RHIC].<br />
* Wikipedia: [[Wikipedia:Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments|Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
[[Category:LHC]]</div>
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Safety of the LHC
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<div>The [[Large Hadron Collider]] (LHC) can achieve an energy that no other particle accelerators have reached before, but Nature routinely produces higher energies in cosmic-ray collisions. Concerns about the safety of whatever may be created in such high-energy particle collisions have been addressed for many years. In the light of new experimental data and theoretical understanding, the LHC Safety Assessment Group ([[LSAG]]) has updated a review of the analysis made in 2003 by the LHC Safety Study Group, a group of independent scientists.<br />
<br />
LSAG reaffirms and extends the conclusions of the 2003 report that LHC collisions present no danger and that there are no reasons for concern. Whatever the LHC will do, Nature has already done many times over during the lifetime of the Earth and other astronomical bodies. The LSAG report has been reviewed and endorsed by CERN’s Scientific Policy Committee, a group of external scientists that advises CERN’s governing body, its Council.<br />
<br />
''The following summarises the main arguments given in the'' LSAG report''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ellis |first=John R. |last2=Giudice |first2=Gian |last3=Mangano |first3=Michelangelo L. |last4=Tkachev |first4=Igor |last5=Wiedemann |first5=Urs |date=2008 |title=Review of the Safety of LHC Collisions |url=https://cds.cern.ch/record/1111112 |journal=J. Phys. G |volume=35 |issue=11 |pages=115004 |doi=10.1088/0954-3899/35/11/115004}}</ref> Anyone interested in more details is encouraged to consult it directly, and the technical scientific papers to which it refers.''<br />
<br />
== Cosmic rays ==<br />
The LHC, like other particle accelerators, recreates the natural phenomena of cosmic rays<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cosmic rays: particles from outer space |url=https://home.web.cern.ch/science/physics/cosmic-rays-particles-outer-space |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250930155540/https://home.web.cern.ch/science/physics/cosmic-rays-particles-outer-space |archive-date=2025-09-30 |access-date=2026-05-22 |website=CERN |language=en}}</ref> under controlled laboratory conditions, enabling them to be studied in more detail. Cosmic rays are particles produced in outer space, some of which are accelerated to energies far exceeding those of the LHC. The energy and the rate at which they reach the Earth’s atmosphere have been measured in experiments for some 70 years. Over the past billions of years, Nature has already generated on Earth as many collisions as about a million LHC experiments – and the planet still exists. Astronomers observe an enormous number of larger astronomical bodies throughout the Universe, all of which are also struck by cosmic rays. The Universe as a whole conducts more than 10 million million LHC-like experiments per second. The possibility of any dangerous consequences contradicts what astronomers see—stars and galaxies still exist.<br />
<br />
== Microscopic black holes ==<br />
Nature forms black holes when certain stars, much larger than our Sun, collapse on themselves at the end of their lives. They concentrate a very large amount of matter in a very small space. Speculations about microscopic black holes at the LHC refer to particles produced in the collisions of pairs of protons, each of which has an energy comparable to that of a mosquito in flight. Astronomical black holes are much heavier than anything that could be produced at the LHC.<br />
<br />
According to the well-established properties of gravity, described by Einstein’s relativity, it is impossible for microscopic black holes to be produced at the LHC. There are, however, some speculative theories that predict the production of such particles at the LHC. All these theories predict that these particles would disintegrate immediately. Black holes, therefore, would have no time to start accreting matter and to cause macroscopic effects.<br />
<br />
Although theory predicts that microscopic black holes decay rapidly, even hypothetical stable black holes can be shown to be harmless by studying the consequences of their production by cosmic rays. Whilst collisions at the LHC differ from cosmic-ray collisions with astronomical bodies like the Earth in that new particles produced in LHC collisions tend to move more slowly than those produced by cosmic rays, one can still demonstrate their safety. The specific reasons for this depend whether the black holes are electrically charged, or neutral. Many stable black holes would be expected to be electrically charged, since they are created by charged particles. In this case they would interact with ordinary matter and be stopped while traversing the Earth or Sun, whether produced by cosmic rays or the LHC. The fact that the Earth and Sun are still here rules out the possibility that cosmic rays or the LHC could produce dangerous charged microscopic black holes. If stable microscopic black holes had no electric charge, their interactions with the Earth would be very weak. Those produced by cosmic rays would pass harmlessly through the Earth into space, whereas those produced by the LHC could remain on Earth. However, there are much larger and denser astronomical bodies than the Earth in the Universe. Black holes produced in cosmic-ray collisions with bodies such as neutron stars and white dwarf stars would be brought to rest. The continued existence of such dense bodies, as well as the Earth, rules out the possibility of the LHC producing any dangerous black holes.<br />
<br />
== Strangelets ==<br />
Strangelet is the term given to a hypothetical microscopic lump of ‘strange matter’ containing almost equal numbers of particles called up, down and strange quarks. According to most theoretical work, strangelets should change to ordinary matter within a thousand-millionth of a second. But could strangelets coalesce with ordinary matter and change it to strange matter? This question was first raised before the start up of the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider, RHIC, in 2000 in the United States. A study at the time showed that there was no cause for concern, and RHIC has now run for eight years, searching for strangelets without detecting any. At times, the LHC will run with beams of heavy nuclei, just as RHIC does. The LHC’s beams will have more energy than RHIC, but this makes it even less likely that strangelets could form. It is difficult for strange matter to stick together in the high temperatures produced by such colliders, rather as ice does not form in hot water. In addition, quarks will be more dilute at the LHC than at RHIC, making it more difficult to assemble strange matter. Strangelet production at the LHC is therefore less likely than at RHIC, and experience there has already validated the arguments that strangelets cannot be produced.<br />
<br />
The analysis of the first LHC data from heavy ion collisions has now confirmed the key ingredients used in the LSAG report to evaluate the upper limit on the production of hypothetical strangelets. For more details see this addendum to the LSAG report: ''Implications of LHC heavy ion data for multi-strange baryon production'' (2011).<ref>{{Citation |title=Implications of LHC heavy ion data for multi-strange baryon production |date=2011 |url=https://cds.cern.ch/record/2959318 |access-date=2026-05-22 |doi=10.17181/CERN.T914.LBN1}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Vacuum bubbles ==<br />
There have been speculations that the Universe is not in its most stable configuration, and that perturbations caused by the LHC could tip it into a more stable state, called a vacuum bubble, in which we could not exist. If the LHC could do this, then so could cosmic-ray collisions. Since such vacuum bubbles have not been produced anywhere in the visible Universe, they will not be made by the LHC.<br />
<br />
== Magnetic monopoles ==<br />
Magnetic monopoles are hypothetical particles with a single magnetic charge, either a north pole or a south pole. Some speculative theories suggest that, if they do exist, magnetic monopoles could cause protons to decay. These theories also say that such monopoles would be too heavy to be produced at the LHC. Nevertheless, if the magnetic monopoles were light enough to appear at the LHC, cosmic rays striking the Earth’s atmosphere would already be making them, and the Earth would very effectively stop and trap them. The continued existence of the Earth and other astronomical bodies therefore rules out dangerous proton-eating magnetic monopoles light enough to be produced at the LHC.<br />
<br />
== Other aspects of LHC safety ==<br />
Concern has recently been expressed that a 'runaway fusion reaction' might be created in the LHC carbon beam dump. The safety of the LHC beam dump had previously been reviewed by the relevant regulatory authorities of the CERN host states, France and Switzerland. The specific concerns expressed more recently have been addressed in a technical memorandum by Assmann ''et al.''<ref>{{Citation |last=Assmann |first=R |title=Interaction of the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) beam with the beam dump block |date=2008 |url=https://cds.cern.ch/record/2959319 |access-date=2026-05-22 |doi=10.17181/CERN.1WMJ.6HQR |last2=Ferrari |first2=A |last3=Goddard |first3=B |last4=Schmidt |first4=R |last5=Tahir |first5=N A}}</ref> As they point out, fusion reactions can be maintained only in material compressed by some external pressure, such as that provided by gravity inside a star, a fission explosion in a thermonuclear device, a magnetic field in a Tokamak, or by continuing isotropic laser or particle beams in the case of inertial fusion. In the case of the LHC beam dump, it is struck once by the beam coming from a single direction. There is no countervailing pressure, so the dump material is not compressed, and no fusion is possible.<br />
<br />
{{blockquote<br />
|text=''To think that LHC particle collisions at high energies can lead to dangerous black holes is rubbish. Such rumors were spread by unqualified people seeking sensation or publicity.''<br />
|author=[[wikipedia:Vitaly Ginzburg|Vitaly Ginzburg]]<br />
|source=Nobel Laureate in Physics, Lebedev Physical Institute, Moscow, and the Russian Academy of Sciences<br />
}}Concern has been expressed that a 'runaway fusion reaction' might be created in a nitrogen tank inside the LHC tunnel. There are no such nitrogen tanks. Moreover, the arguments in the previous paragraph prove that no fusion would be possible even if there were.<br />
<br />
Finally, concern has also been expressed that the LHC beam might somehow trigger a "Bose-Nova" in the liquid helium used to cool the LHC magnets. A study by Fairbairn and McElrath has clearly shown there is no possibility of the LHC beam triggering a fusion reaction in helium.<ref>{{Citation |last=Fairbairn |first=Malcolm |title=There is no explosion risk associated with superfluid Helium in the LHC cooling system |date=2008-09-23 |url=http://arxiv.org/abs/0809.4004 |access-date=2026-05-22 |publisher=arXiv |doi=10.48550/arXiv.0809.4004 |id=arXiv:0809.4004 |last2=McElrath |first2=Bob}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{blockquote<br />
|text=''The operation of the LHC is safe, not only in the old sense of that word, but in the more general sense that our most qualified scientists have thoroughly considered and analyzed the risks involved in the operation of the LHC. [Any concerns] are merely hypothetical and speculative, and contradicted by much evidence and scientific analysis.''<br />
|author=[[wikipedia:Sheldon Glashow|Sheldon Glashow]] (Nobel Laureate in Physics, Boston U.), [[wikipedia:Frank Wilczek|Frank Wilczek]] (Nobel Laureate in Physics, MIT), and [[wikipedia:Richard Wilson|Richard Wilson]] (Mallinckrodt Professor of Physics, Harvard U.)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==== Comments on the papers by Giddings and Mangano, and by LSAG ====<br />
The papers by Giddings and Mangano<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Giddings |first=Steven B. |last2=Mangano |first2=Michelangelo M. |date=2008-08-18 |title=Astrophysical implications of hypothetical stable TeV-scale black holes |url=http://arxiv.org/abs/0806.3381 |journal=Physical Review D |volume=78 |issue=3 |pages=035009 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.78.035009 |issn=1550-7998}}</ref> and LSAG<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Ellis |first=John R. |last2=Giudice |first2=Gian |last3=Mangano |first3=Michelangelo L. |last4=Tkachev |first4=Igor |last5=Wiedemann |first5=Urs |date=2008 |title=Review of the Safety of LHC Collisions |url=https://cds.cern.ch/record/1111112 |journal=J. Phys. G |volume=35 |issue=11 |pages=115004 |doi=10.1088/0954-3899/35/11/115004}}</ref> demonstrating the safety of the LHC have been studied, reviewed and endorsed by leading experts from the CERN Member States, Japan, Russia and the United States, working in astrophysics, cosmology, general relativity, mathematics, particle physics and risk analysis, including several Nobel Laureates in Physics. They all agree that the LHC is safe.<br />
<br />
The paper by Giddings and Mangano<ref name=":0" /> has been peer-reviewed by anonymous experts in astrophysics and particle physics and published in the professional scientific journal ''[[wikipedia:Physical Review#Journals|Physical Review D]]''. The American Physical Society chose to highlight this as one of the most significant papers it has published recently, commissioning a commentary<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Peskin |first=Michael |date=2008-08-18 |title=The end of the world at the Large Hadron Collider? |url=https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/Physics.1.14 |journal=Physics |language=en |volume=1 |doi=10.1103/Physics.1.14 |issn=1943-2879}}</ref> by Prof. Peskin from the Stanford Linear Accelerator Laboratory in which he endorses its conclusions. The Executive Committee of the Division of Particles and Fields of the American Physical Society has issued a statement endorsing the LSAG report.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement by the Executive Committee of the DPF on the Safety of Collisions at the Large Hadron Collider |url=http://www.aps.org/units/dpf/governance/reports/upload/lhc_saftey_statement.pdf |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20081001161427/http://www.aps.org/units/dpf/governance/reports/upload/lhc_saftey_statement.pdf |archive-date=2008-10-01 |access-date=2026-05-22 |website=www.aps.org}}</ref><br />
<br />
The LSAG report has been published by the UK Institute of Physics in its publication Journal of Physics G.<ref name=":1" /> The conclusions of the LSAG report were endorsed in a press release that announced this publication.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Physics |first=Institute of |title=LHC switch-on fears are completely unfounded |url=https://www.iop.org/news/archive/page_64087.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20160403154528/https://www.iop.org/news/archive/page_64087.html |archive-date=2016-04-03 |access-date=2026-05-22 |website=www.iop.org |language=en-GB}}</ref><br />
<br />
The conclusions of LSAG have also been endorsed by the Particle and Nuclear Physics Section (KET) of the German Physical Society.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Experten bestätigen: Der LHC ist sicher KET veröffentlicht Stellungnahme zu Schwarzen Löchern am LHC |url=http://www.ketweb.de/oeffentlichkeitsarbeit/e204014/20080801_PM_Der_LHC_ist_sicher.pdf |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20140422201438/http://www.ketweb.de/oeffentlichkeitsarbeit/e204014/20080801_PM_Der_LHC_ist_sicher.pdf |archive-date=2014-04-22 |access-date=2026-05-22 |website=www.ketweb.de |language=DE}}</ref> A translation into German of the complete LSAG report may be found on the KET website.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bewertung der Sicherheit von Teilchenkollisionen am LHC |url=https://lsag.web.cern.ch/LSAG-Report-German.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241212105929/https://lsag.web.cern.ch/LSAG-Report-German.pdf |archive-date=2024-12-12 |access-date=2026-05-22 |website=lsag.web.cern.ch |language=DE}}</ref> (A translation into French of the complete LSAG report is also available.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rapport sur la sûreté des collisions au LHC |url=https://lsag.web.cern.ch/LSAG-Report-French.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213000602/https://lsag.web.cern.ch/LSAG-Report-French.pdf |archive-date=2024-12-13 |access-date=2026-05-22 |website=lsag.web.cern.ch |language=FR}}</ref>)<br />
<br />
Thus, the conclusion that LHC collisions are completely safe has been endorsed by the three respected professional societies of physicists that have reviewed it, which rank among the most highly respected professional societies in the world.<br />
<br />
World-renowned experts in astrophysics, cosmology, general relativity, mathematics, particle physics and risk analysis, including several Nobel Laureates in Physics, have also expressed clear individual opinions that LHC collisions are not dangerous, as you can read on the right. <br />
<br />
The overwhelming majority of physicists agree that microscopic black holes would be unstable, as predicted by basic principles of quantum mechanics. As discussed in the LSAG report,<ref name=":1" /> if microscopic black holes can be produced by the collisions of quarks and/or gluons inside protons, they must also be able to decay back into quarks and/or gluons. Moreover, quantum mechanics predicts specifically that they should decay via Hawking radiation.<br />
<br />
Nevertheless, a few papers have suggested that microscopic black holes might be stable. The paper by Giddings and Mangano<ref name=":0" /> and the LSAG report<ref name=":1" /> analyzed very conservatively the hypothetical case of stable microscopic black holes and concluded that even in this case there would be no conceivable danger. Another analysis with similar conclusions has been documented by Dr. Koch, Prof. Bleicher and Prof. Stoecker of Frankfurt University and GSI, Darmstadt,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Koch |first=Benjamin |last2=Bleicher |first2=Marcus |last3=Stoecker |first3=Horst |date=2009-02 |title=Exclusion of black hole disaster scenarios at the LHC |url=http://arxiv.org/abs/0807.3349 |journal=Physics Letters B |volume=672 |issue=1 |pages=71–76 |doi=10.1016/j.physletb.2009.01.003}}</ref> who conclude:<br />
{{blockquote<br />
|text="''We discussed the logically possible black hole evolution paths. Then we discussed every single outcome of those paths and showed that none of the physically sensible paths can lead to a black hole disaster at the LHC.''"}}<br />
<br />
Professor Roessler (who has a medical degree and was formerly a chaos theorist in Tuebingen) also raised doubts on the existence of Hawking radiation. His ideas have been refuted by Profs. Nicolai (Director at the Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics - Albert-Einstein-Institut - in Potsdam) and Giulini, whose report<ref>{{Citation |last=Giulini |first=Domenico |title=Zu den Ausführungen O.E. Rösslers |date=2008-07-30 |url=https://zenodo.org/doi/10.5281/zenodo.19660591 |access-date=2026-05-22 |publisher=Zenodo |language=de |doi=10.5281/ZENODO.19660591 |last2=Nicolai |first2=Hermann}}</ref> (English translation,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Comments from Prof. Dr. Hermann Nicolai, Director, Max Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik (Albert-Einstein-Institut) Potsdam, Germany on speculations raised by Professor Otto Roessler about the production of black holes at the LHC |url=http://environmental-impact.web.cern.ch/environmental-impact/Objects/LHCSafety/NicolaiComment-en.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811132334/http://environmental-impact.web.cern.ch/environmental-impact/Objects/LHCSafety/NicolaiComment-en.pdf |archive-date=2019-08-11 |access-date=2026-05-22 |website=environmental-impact.web.cern.ch}}</ref> and further statements<ref>{{Citation |last=Giulini |first=Domenico |title=On the arguments of O.E. Rössler |date=2008-07-30 |url=https://zenodo.org/doi/10.5281/zenodo.19661044 |access-date=2026-05-22 |publisher=Zenodo |language=en |doi=10.5281/ZENODO.19661044 |last2=Nicolai |first2=Hermann}}</ref>) point to his failure to understand general relativity and the Schwarzschild metric, and his reliance on an alternative theory of gravity that was disproven in 1915. Their verdict:<br />
{{blockquote<br />
|text=<br />
"[Roessler's] argument is not valid; the argument is not self-consistent."}}<br />
The paper of Prof. Roessler has also been criticised by Prof. Bruhn<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://zenodo.org/doi/10.5281/zenodo.20345328 |title=Commentary on two papers by O.E. Roessler on black holes |last=Bruhn |first=Gerhard W. |date=2008-08-07 |publisher=Zenodo |doi=10.5281/zenodo.20345328 |language=en}}</ref> of the Darmstadt University of Technology, who concludes that:<br />
{{blockquote<br />
|text=<br />
"Roessler's misinterpretation of the Schwarzschild metric [renders] his further considerations ... null and void. These are not papers that could be taken into account when problems of black holes are discussed."}}<br />
<br />
A hypothetical scenario for possibly dangerous metastable black holes has recently been proposed by Dr. Plaga.<ref>{{Citation |last=Plaga |first=R. |title=On the potential catastrophic risk from metastable quantum-black holes produced at particle colliders |date=2009-08-09 |url=http://arxiv.org/abs/0808.1415 |access-date=2026-05-22 |publisher=arXiv |doi=10.48550/arXiv.0808.1415 |id=arXiv:0808.1415}}</ref> The conclusions of this work have been shown to be inconsistent in a second paper by Giddings and Mangano,<ref>{{Citation |last=Giddings |first=Steven B. |title=Comments on claimed risk from metastable black holes |date=2008-08-29 |url=http://arxiv.org/abs/0808.4087 |access-date=2026-05-22 |publisher=arXiv |doi=10.48550/arXiv.0808.4087 |id=arXiv:0808.4087 |last2=Mangano |first2=Michelangelo L.}}</ref> where it is also stated that the safety of this class of metastable black hole scenarios is already established by their original work.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
== Additional sources ==<br />
<br />
* Summary of the LSAG report. Translations are available in the following languages : fr de el es it jp no pl ru.<br />
* Specialist report published in Europe (2003): [http://dx.doi.org/10.5170/CERN-2003-001 Study of potentially dangerous events during heavy-ion collisions at the LHC : report of the LHC safety study group].<br />
* [https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/9910333 Specialist report published in the United States (1999): Review of speculative "disaster scenarios" at RHIC].<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /></div>
Vigen
https://wiki.cern.ch/index.php?title=Safety_of_the_LHC&diff=12680
Safety of the LHC
2026-05-22T14:53:49Z
<p>Vigen: </p>
<hr />
<div>The [[Large Hadron Collider]] (LHC) can achieve an energy that no other particle accelerators have reached before, but Nature routinely produces higher energies in cosmic-ray collisions. Concerns about the safety of whatever may be created in such high-energy particle collisions have been addressed for many years. In the light of new experimental data and theoretical understanding, the LHC Safety Assessment Group ([[LSAG]]) has updated a review of the analysis made in 2003 by the LHC Safety Study Group, a group of independent scientists.<br />
<br />
LSAG reaffirms and extends the conclusions of the 2003 report that LHC collisions present no danger and that there are no reasons for concern. Whatever the LHC will do, Nature has already done many times over during the lifetime of the Earth and other astronomical bodies. The LSAG report has been reviewed and endorsed by CERN’s Scientific Policy Committee, a group of external scientists that advises CERN’s governing body, its Council.<br />
<br />
''The following summarises the main arguments given in the'' LSAG report''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ellis |first=John R. |last2=Giudice |first2=Gian |last3=Mangano |first3=Michelangelo L. |last4=Tkachev |first4=Igor |last5=Wiedemann |first5=Urs |date=2008 |title=Review of the Safety of LHC Collisions |url=https://cds.cern.ch/record/1111112 |journal=J. Phys. G |volume=35 |issue=11 |pages=115004 |doi=10.1088/0954-3899/35/11/115004}}</ref> Anyone interested in more details is encouraged to consult it directly, and the technical scientific papers to which it refers.''<br />
<br />
== Cosmic rays ==<br />
The LHC, like other particle accelerators, recreates the natural phenomena of cosmic rays<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cosmic rays: particles from outer space |url=https://home.web.cern.ch/science/physics/cosmic-rays-particles-outer-space |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250930155540/https://home.web.cern.ch/science/physics/cosmic-rays-particles-outer-space |archive-date=2025-09-30 |access-date=2026-05-22 |website=CERN |language=en}}</ref> under controlled laboratory conditions, enabling them to be studied in more detail. Cosmic rays are particles produced in outer space, some of which are accelerated to energies far exceeding those of the LHC. The energy and the rate at which they reach the Earth’s atmosphere have been measured in experiments for some 70 years. Over the past billions of years, Nature has already generated on Earth as many collisions as about a million LHC experiments – and the planet still exists. Astronomers observe an enormous number of larger astronomical bodies throughout the Universe, all of which are also struck by cosmic rays. The Universe as a whole conducts more than 10 million million LHC-like experiments per second. The possibility of any dangerous consequences contradicts what astronomers see—stars and galaxies still exist.<br />
<br />
== Microscopic black holes ==<br />
Nature forms black holes when certain stars, much larger than our Sun, collapse on themselves at the end of their lives. They concentrate a very large amount of matter in a very small space. Speculations about microscopic black holes at the LHC refer to particles produced in the collisions of pairs of protons, each of which has an energy comparable to that of a mosquito in flight. Astronomical black holes are much heavier than anything that could be produced at the LHC.<br />
<br />
According to the well-established properties of gravity, described by Einstein’s relativity, it is impossible for microscopic black holes to be produced at the LHC. There are, however, some speculative theories that predict the production of such particles at the LHC. All these theories predict that these particles would disintegrate immediately. Black holes, therefore, would have no time to start accreting matter and to cause macroscopic effects.<br />
<br />
Although theory predicts that microscopic black holes decay rapidly, even hypothetical stable black holes can be shown to be harmless by studying the consequences of their production by cosmic rays. Whilst collisions at the LHC differ from cosmic-ray collisions with astronomical bodies like the Earth in that new particles produced in LHC collisions tend to move more slowly than those produced by cosmic rays, one can still demonstrate their safety. The specific reasons for this depend whether the black holes are electrically charged, or neutral. Many stable black holes would be expected to be electrically charged, since they are created by charged particles. In this case they would interact with ordinary matter and be stopped while traversing the Earth or Sun, whether produced by cosmic rays or the LHC. The fact that the Earth and Sun are still here rules out the possibility that cosmic rays or the LHC could produce dangerous charged microscopic black holes. If stable microscopic black holes had no electric charge, their interactions with the Earth would be very weak. Those produced by cosmic rays would pass harmlessly through the Earth into space, whereas those produced by the LHC could remain on Earth. However, there are much larger and denser astronomical bodies than the Earth in the Universe. Black holes produced in cosmic-ray collisions with bodies such as neutron stars and white dwarf stars would be brought to rest. The continued existence of such dense bodies, as well as the Earth, rules out the possibility of the LHC producing any dangerous black holes.<br />
<br />
== Strangelets ==<br />
Strangelet is the term given to a hypothetical microscopic lump of ‘strange matter’ containing almost equal numbers of particles called up, down and strange quarks. According to most theoretical work, strangelets should change to ordinary matter within a thousand-millionth of a second. But could strangelets coalesce with ordinary matter and change it to strange matter? This question was first raised before the start up of the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider, RHIC, in 2000 in the United States. A study at the time showed that there was no cause for concern, and RHIC has now run for eight years, searching for strangelets without detecting any. At times, the LHC will run with beams of heavy nuclei, just as RHIC does. The LHC’s beams will have more energy than RHIC, but this makes it even less likely that strangelets could form. It is difficult for strange matter to stick together in the high temperatures produced by such colliders, rather as ice does not form in hot water. In addition, quarks will be more dilute at the LHC than at RHIC, making it more difficult to assemble strange matter. Strangelet production at the LHC is therefore less likely than at RHIC, and experience there has already validated the arguments that strangelets cannot be produced.<br />
<br />
The analysis of the first LHC data from heavy ion collisions has now confirmed the key ingredients used in the LSAG report to evaluate the upper limit on the production of hypothetical strangelets. For more details see this addendum to the LSAG report: ''Implications of LHC heavy ion data for multi-strange baryon production'' (2011).<ref>{{Citation |title=Implications of LHC heavy ion data for multi-strange baryon production |date=2011 |url=https://cds.cern.ch/record/2959318 |access-date=2026-05-22 |doi=10.17181/CERN.T914.LBN1}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Vacuum bubbles ==<br />
There have been speculations that the Universe is not in its most stable configuration, and that perturbations caused by the LHC could tip it into a more stable state, called a vacuum bubble, in which we could not exist. If the LHC could do this, then so could cosmic-ray collisions. Since such vacuum bubbles have not been produced anywhere in the visible Universe, they will not be made by the LHC.<br />
<br />
== Magnetic monopoles ==<br />
Magnetic monopoles are hypothetical particles with a single magnetic charge, either a north pole or a south pole. Some speculative theories suggest that, if they do exist, magnetic monopoles could cause protons to decay. These theories also say that such monopoles would be too heavy to be produced at the LHC. Nevertheless, if the magnetic monopoles were light enough to appear at the LHC, cosmic rays striking the Earth’s atmosphere would already be making them, and the Earth would very effectively stop and trap them. The continued existence of the Earth and other astronomical bodies therefore rules out dangerous proton-eating magnetic monopoles light enough to be produced at the LHC.<br />
<br />
== Other aspects of LHC safety ==<br />
Concern has recently been expressed that a 'runaway fusion reaction' might be created in the LHC carbon beam dump. The safety of the LHC beam dump had previously been reviewed by the relevant regulatory authorities of the CERN host states, France and Switzerland. The specific concerns expressed more recently have been addressed in a technical memorandum by Assmann ''et al.''<ref>{{Citation |last=Assmann |first=R |title=Interaction of the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) beam with the beam dump block |date=2008 |url=https://cds.cern.ch/record/2959319 |access-date=2026-05-22 |doi=10.17181/CERN.1WMJ.6HQR |last2=Ferrari |first2=A |last3=Goddard |first3=B |last4=Schmidt |first4=R |last5=Tahir |first5=N A}}</ref> As they point out, fusion reactions can be maintained only in material compressed by some external pressure, such as that provided by gravity inside a star, a fission explosion in a thermonuclear device, a magnetic field in a Tokamak, or by continuing isotropic laser or particle beams in the case of inertial fusion. In the case of the LHC beam dump, it is struck once by the beam coming from a single direction. There is no countervailing pressure, so the dump material is not compressed, and no fusion is possible.<br />
<br />
{{blockquote<br />
|text=''To think that LHC particle collisions at high energies can lead to dangerous black holes is rubbish. Such rumors were spread by unqualified people seeking sensation or publicity.''<br />
|author=[[wikipedia:Vitaly Ginzburg|Vitaly Ginzburg]]<br />
|source=Nobel Laureate in Physics, Lebedev Physical Institute, Moscow, and the Russian Academy of Sciences<br />
}}Concern has been expressed that a 'runaway fusion reaction' might be created in a nitrogen tank inside the LHC tunnel. There are no such nitrogen tanks. Moreover, the arguments in the previous paragraph prove that no fusion would be possible even if there were.<br />
<br />
Finally, concern has also been expressed that the LHC beam might somehow trigger a "Bose-Nova" in the liquid helium used to cool the LHC magnets. A study by Fairbairn and McElrath has clearly shown there is no possibility of the LHC beam triggering a fusion reaction in helium.<ref>{{Citation |last=Fairbairn |first=Malcolm |title=There is no explosion risk associated with superfluid Helium in the LHC cooling system |date=2008-09-23 |url=http://arxiv.org/abs/0809.4004 |access-date=2026-05-22 |publisher=arXiv |doi=10.48550/arXiv.0809.4004 |id=arXiv:0809.4004 |last2=McElrath |first2=Bob}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{blockquote<br />
|text=''The operation of the LHC is safe, not only in the old sense of that word, but in the more general sense that our most qualified scientists have thoroughly considered and analyzed the risks involved in the operation of the LHC. [Any concerns] are merely hypothetical and speculative, and contradicted by much evidence and scientific analysis.''<br />
|author=[[wikipedia:Sheldon Glashow|Sheldon Glashow]] (Nobel Laureate in Physics, Boston U.), [[wikipedia:Frank Wilczek|Frank Wilczek]] (Nobel Laureate in Physics, MIT), and [[wikipedia:Richard Wilson|Richard Wilson]] (Mallinckrodt Professor of Physics, Harvard U.)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==== Comments on the papers by Giddings and Mangano, and by LSAG ====<br />
The papers by Giddings and Mangano<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Giddings |first=Steven B. |last2=Mangano |first2=Michelangelo M. |date=2008-08-18 |title=Astrophysical implications of hypothetical stable TeV-scale black holes |url=http://arxiv.org/abs/0806.3381 |journal=Physical Review D |volume=78 |issue=3 |pages=035009 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.78.035009 |issn=1550-7998}}</ref> and LSAG<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Ellis |first=John R. |last2=Giudice |first2=Gian |last3=Mangano |first3=Michelangelo L. |last4=Tkachev |first4=Igor |last5=Wiedemann |first5=Urs |date=2008 |title=Review of the Safety of LHC Collisions |url=https://cds.cern.ch/record/1111112 |journal=J. Phys. G |volume=35 |issue=11 |pages=115004 |doi=10.1088/0954-3899/35/11/115004}}</ref> demonstrating the safety of the LHC have been studied, reviewed and endorsed by leading experts from the CERN Member States, Japan, Russia and the United States, working in astrophysics, cosmology, general relativity, mathematics, particle physics and risk analysis, including several Nobel Laureates in Physics. They all agree that the LHC is safe.<br />
<br />
The paper by Giddings and Mangano<ref name=":0" /> has been peer-reviewed by anonymous experts in astrophysics and particle physics and published in the professional scientific journal ''[[wikipedia:Physical Review#Journals|Physical Review D]]''. The American Physical Society chose to highlight this as one of the most significant papers it has published recently, commissioning a commentary<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Peskin |first=Michael |date=2008-08-18 |title=The end of the world at the Large Hadron Collider? |url=https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/Physics.1.14 |journal=Physics |language=en |volume=1 |doi=10.1103/Physics.1.14 |issn=1943-2879}}</ref> by Prof. Peskin from the Stanford Linear Accelerator Laboratory in which he endorses its conclusions. The Executive Committee of the Division of Particles and Fields of the American Physical Society has issued a statement endorsing the LSAG report.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement by the Executive Committee of the DPF on the Safety of Collisions at the Large Hadron Collider |url=http://www.aps.org/units/dpf/governance/reports/upload/lhc_saftey_statement.pdf |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20081001161427/http://www.aps.org/units/dpf/governance/reports/upload/lhc_saftey_statement.pdf |archive-date=2008-10-01 |access-date=2026-05-22 |website=www.aps.org}}</ref><br />
<br />
The LSAG report has been published by the UK Institute of Physics in its publication Journal of Physics G.<ref name=":1" /> The conclusions of the LSAG report were endorsed in a press release that announced this publication.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Physics |first=Institute of |title=LHC switch-on fears are completely unfounded |url=https://www.iop.org/news/archive/page_64087.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20160403154528/https://www.iop.org/news/archive/page_64087.html |archive-date=2016-04-03 |access-date=2026-05-22 |website=www.iop.org |language=en-GB}}</ref><br />
<br />
The conclusions of LSAG have also been endorsed by the Particle and Nuclear Physics Section (KET) of the German Physical Society.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Experten bestätigen: Der LHC ist sicher KET veröffentlicht Stellungnahme zu Schwarzen Löchern am LHC |url=http://www.ketweb.de/oeffentlichkeitsarbeit/e204014/20080801_PM_Der_LHC_ist_sicher.pdf |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20140422201438/http://www.ketweb.de/oeffentlichkeitsarbeit/e204014/20080801_PM_Der_LHC_ist_sicher.pdf |archive-date=2014-04-22 |access-date=2026-05-22 |website=www.ketweb.de |language=DE}}</ref> A translation into German of the complete LSAG report may be found on the KET website.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bewertung der Sicherheit von Teilchenkollisionen am LHC |url=https://lsag.web.cern.ch/LSAG-Report-German.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241212105929/https://lsag.web.cern.ch/LSAG-Report-German.pdf |archive-date=2024-12-12 |access-date=2026-05-22 |website=lsag.web.cern.ch |language=DE}}</ref> (A translation into French of the complete LSAG report is also available.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rapport sur la sûreté des collisions au LHC |url=https://lsag.web.cern.ch/LSAG-Report-French.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213000602/https://lsag.web.cern.ch/LSAG-Report-French.pdf |archive-date=2024-12-13 |access-date=2026-05-22 |website=lsag.web.cern.ch |language=FR}}</ref>)<br />
<br />
Thus, the conclusion that LHC collisions are completely safe has been endorsed by the three respected professional societies of physicists that have reviewed it, which rank among the most highly respected professional societies in the world.<br />
<br />
World-renowned experts in astrophysics, cosmology, general relativity, mathematics, particle physics and risk analysis, including several Nobel Laureates in Physics, have also expressed clear individual opinions that LHC collisions are not dangerous, as you can read on the right. <br />
<br />
The overwhelming majority of physicists agree that microscopic black holes would be unstable, as predicted by basic principles of quantum mechanics. As discussed in the LSAG report,<ref name=":1" /> if microscopic black holes can be produced by the collisions of quarks and/or gluons inside protons, they must also be able to decay back into quarks and/or gluons. Moreover, quantum mechanics predicts specifically that they should decay via Hawking radiation.<br />
<br />
Nevertheless, a few papers have suggested that microscopic black holes might be stable. The paper by Giddings and Mangano<ref name=":0" /> and the LSAG report<ref name=":1" /> analyzed very conservatively the hypothetical case of stable microscopic black holes and concluded that even in this case there would be no conceivable danger. Another analysis with similar conclusions has been documented by Dr. Koch, Prof. Bleicher and Prof. Stoecker of Frankfurt University and GSI, Darmstadt,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Koch |first=Benjamin |last2=Bleicher |first2=Marcus |last3=Stoecker |first3=Horst |date=2009-02 |title=Exclusion of black hole disaster scenarios at the LHC |url=http://arxiv.org/abs/0807.3349 |journal=Physics Letters B |volume=672 |issue=1 |pages=71–76 |doi=10.1016/j.physletb.2009.01.003}}</ref> who conclude:<br />
{{blockquote<br />
|text="''We discussed the logically possible black hole evolution paths. Then we discussed every single outcome of those paths and showed that none of the physically sensible paths can lead to a black hole disaster at the LHC.''"}}<br />
<br />
Professor Roessler (who has a medical degree and was formerly a chaos theorist in Tuebingen) also raised doubts on the existence of Hawking radiation. His ideas have been refuted by Profs. Nicolai (Director at the Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics - Albert-Einstein-Institut - in Potsdam) and Giulini, whose report<ref>{{Citation |last=Giulini |first=Domenico |title=Zu den Ausführungen O.E. Rösslers |date=2008-07-30 |url=https://zenodo.org/doi/10.5281/zenodo.19660591 |access-date=2026-05-22 |publisher=Zenodo |language=de |doi=10.5281/ZENODO.19660591 |last2=Nicolai |first2=Hermann}}</ref> (English translation, and further statements<ref>{{Citation |last=Giulini |first=Domenico |title=On the arguments of O.E. Rössler |date=2008-07-30 |url=https://zenodo.org/doi/10.5281/zenodo.19661044 |access-date=2026-05-22 |publisher=Zenodo |language=en |doi=10.5281/ZENODO.19661044 |last2=Nicolai |first2=Hermann}}</ref>) point to his failure to understand general relativity and the Schwarzschild metric, and his reliance on an alternative theory of gravity that was disproven in 1915. Their verdict:<br />
{{blockquote<br />
|text=<br />
"[Roessler's] argument is not valid; the argument is not self-consistent."}}<br />
The paper of Prof. Roessler has also been criticised by Prof. Bruhn<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://zenodo.org/doi/10.5281/zenodo.20345328 |title=Commentary on two papers by O.E. Roessler on black holes |last=Bruhn |first=Gerhard W. |date=2008-08-07 |publisher=Zenodo |doi=10.5281/zenodo.20345328 |language=en}}</ref> of the Darmstadt University of Technology, who concludes that:<br />
{{blockquote<br />
|text=<br />
"Roessler's misinterpretation of the Schwarzschild metric [renders] his further considerations ... null and void. These are not papers that could be taken into account when problems of black holes are discussed."}}<br />
<br />
A hypothetical scenario for possibly dangerous metastable black holes has recently been proposed by Dr. Plaga.<ref>{{Citation |last=Plaga |first=R. |title=On the potential catastrophic risk from metastable quantum-black holes produced at particle colliders |date=2009-08-09 |url=http://arxiv.org/abs/0808.1415 |access-date=2026-05-22 |publisher=arXiv |doi=10.48550/arXiv.0808.1415 |id=arXiv:0808.1415}}</ref> The conclusions of this work have been shown to be inconsistent in a second paper by Giddings and Mangano,<ref>{{Citation |last=Giddings |first=Steven B. |title=Comments on claimed risk from metastable black holes |date=2008-08-29 |url=http://arxiv.org/abs/0808.4087 |access-date=2026-05-22 |publisher=arXiv |doi=10.48550/arXiv.0808.4087 |id=arXiv:0808.4087 |last2=Mangano |first2=Michelangelo L.}}</ref> where it is also stated that the safety of this class of metastable black hole scenarios is already established by their original work.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
== Additional sources ==<br />
<br />
* Summary of the LSAG report. Translations are available in the following languages : fr de el es it jp no pl ru.<br />
* Specialist report published in Europe (2003): [http://dx.doi.org/10.5170/CERN-2003-001 Study of potentially dangerous events during heavy-ion collisions at the LHC : report of the LHC safety study group].<br />
* [https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/9910333 Specialist report published in the United States (1999): Review of speculative "disaster scenarios" at RHIC].<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /></div>
Vigen
https://wiki.cern.ch/index.php?title=Safety_of_the_LHC&diff=12679
Safety of the LHC
2026-05-22T14:42:08Z
<p>Vigen: </p>
<hr />
<div>The [[Large Hadron Collider]] (LHC) can achieve an energy that no other particle accelerators have reached before, but Nature routinely produces higher energies in cosmic-ray collisions. Concerns about the safety of whatever may be created in such high-energy particle collisions have been addressed for many years. In the light of new experimental data and theoretical understanding, the LHC Safety Assessment Group ([[LSAG]]) has updated a review of the analysis made in 2003 by the LHC Safety Study Group, a group of independent scientists.<br />
<br />
LSAG reaffirms and extends the conclusions of the 2003 report that LHC collisions present no danger and that there are no reasons for concern. Whatever the LHC will do, Nature has already done many times over during the lifetime of the Earth and other astronomical bodies. The LSAG report has been reviewed and endorsed by CERN’s Scientific Policy Committee, a group of external scientists that advises CERN’s governing body, its Council.<br />
<br />
''The following summarises the main arguments given in the'' LSAG report''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ellis |first=John R. |last2=Giudice |first2=Gian |last3=Mangano |first3=Michelangelo L. |last4=Tkachev |first4=Igor |last5=Wiedemann |first5=Urs |date=2008 |title=Review of the Safety of LHC Collisions |url=https://cds.cern.ch/record/1111112 |journal=J. Phys. G |volume=35 |issue=11 |pages=115004 |doi=10.1088/0954-3899/35/11/115004}}</ref> Anyone interested in more details is encouraged to consult it directly, and the technical scientific papers to which it refers.''<br />
<br />
== Cosmic rays ==<br />
The LHC, like other particle accelerators, recreates the natural phenomena of cosmic rays<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cosmic rays: particles from outer space |url=https://home.web.cern.ch/science/physics/cosmic-rays-particles-outer-space |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250930155540/https://home.web.cern.ch/science/physics/cosmic-rays-particles-outer-space |archive-date=2025-09-30 |access-date=2026-05-22 |website=CERN |language=en}}</ref> under controlled laboratory conditions, enabling them to be studied in more detail. Cosmic rays are particles produced in outer space, some of which are accelerated to energies far exceeding those of the LHC. The energy and the rate at which they reach the Earth’s atmosphere have been measured in experiments for some 70 years. Over the past billions of years, Nature has already generated on Earth as many collisions as about a million LHC experiments – and the planet still exists. Astronomers observe an enormous number of larger astronomical bodies throughout the Universe, all of which are also struck by cosmic rays. The Universe as a whole conducts more than 10 million million LHC-like experiments per second. The possibility of any dangerous consequences contradicts what astronomers see—stars and galaxies still exist.<br />
<br />
== Microscopic black holes ==<br />
Nature forms black holes when certain stars, much larger than our Sun, collapse on themselves at the end of their lives. They concentrate a very large amount of matter in a very small space. Speculations about microscopic black holes at the LHC refer to particles produced in the collisions of pairs of protons, each of which has an energy comparable to that of a mosquito in flight. Astronomical black holes are much heavier than anything that could be produced at the LHC.<br />
<br />
According to the well-established properties of gravity, described by Einstein’s relativity, it is impossible for microscopic black holes to be produced at the LHC. There are, however, some speculative theories that predict the production of such particles at the LHC. All these theories predict that these particles would disintegrate immediately. Black holes, therefore, would have no time to start accreting matter and to cause macroscopic effects.<br />
<br />
Although theory predicts that microscopic black holes decay rapidly, even hypothetical stable black holes can be shown to be harmless by studying the consequences of their production by cosmic rays. Whilst collisions at the LHC differ from cosmic-ray collisions with astronomical bodies like the Earth in that new particles produced in LHC collisions tend to move more slowly than those produced by cosmic rays, one can still demonstrate their safety. The specific reasons for this depend whether the black holes are electrically charged, or neutral. Many stable black holes would be expected to be electrically charged, since they are created by charged particles. In this case they would interact with ordinary matter and be stopped while traversing the Earth or Sun, whether produced by cosmic rays or the LHC. The fact that the Earth and Sun are still here rules out the possibility that cosmic rays or the LHC could produce dangerous charged microscopic black holes. If stable microscopic black holes had no electric charge, their interactions with the Earth would be very weak. Those produced by cosmic rays would pass harmlessly through the Earth into space, whereas those produced by the LHC could remain on Earth. However, there are much larger and denser astronomical bodies than the Earth in the Universe. Black holes produced in cosmic-ray collisions with bodies such as neutron stars and white dwarf stars would be brought to rest. The continued existence of such dense bodies, as well as the Earth, rules out the possibility of the LHC producing any dangerous black holes.<br />
<br />
== Strangelets ==<br />
Strangelet is the term given to a hypothetical microscopic lump of ‘strange matter’ containing almost equal numbers of particles called up, down and strange quarks. According to most theoretical work, strangelets should change to ordinary matter within a thousand-millionth of a second. But could strangelets coalesce with ordinary matter and change it to strange matter? This question was first raised before the start up of the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider, RHIC, in 2000 in the United States. A study at the time showed that there was no cause for concern, and RHIC has now run for eight years, searching for strangelets without detecting any. At times, the LHC will run with beams of heavy nuclei, just as RHIC does. The LHC’s beams will have more energy than RHIC, but this makes it even less likely that strangelets could form. It is difficult for strange matter to stick together in the high temperatures produced by such colliders, rather as ice does not form in hot water. In addition, quarks will be more dilute at the LHC than at RHIC, making it more difficult to assemble strange matter. Strangelet production at the LHC is therefore less likely than at RHIC, and experience there has already validated the arguments that strangelets cannot be produced.<br />
<br />
The analysis of the first LHC data from heavy ion collisions has now confirmed the key ingredients used in the LSAG report to evaluate the upper limit on the production of hypothetical strangelets. For more details see this addendum to the LSAG report: ''Implications of LHC heavy ion data for multi-strange baryon production'' (2011).<ref>{{Citation |title=Implications of LHC heavy ion data for multi-strange baryon production |date=2011 |url=https://cds.cern.ch/record/2959318 |access-date=2026-05-22 |doi=10.17181/CERN.T914.LBN1}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Vacuum bubbles ==<br />
There have been speculations that the Universe is not in its most stable configuration, and that perturbations caused by the LHC could tip it into a more stable state, called a vacuum bubble, in which we could not exist. If the LHC could do this, then so could cosmic-ray collisions. Since such vacuum bubbles have not been produced anywhere in the visible Universe, they will not be made by the LHC.<br />
<br />
== Magnetic monopoles ==<br />
Magnetic monopoles are hypothetical particles with a single magnetic charge, either a north pole or a south pole. Some speculative theories suggest that, if they do exist, magnetic monopoles could cause protons to decay. These theories also say that such monopoles would be too heavy to be produced at the LHC. Nevertheless, if the magnetic monopoles were light enough to appear at the LHC, cosmic rays striking the Earth’s atmosphere would already be making them, and the Earth would very effectively stop and trap them. The continued existence of the Earth and other astronomical bodies therefore rules out dangerous proton-eating magnetic monopoles light enough to be produced at the LHC.<br />
<br />
== Other aspects of LHC safety ==<br />
Concern has recently been expressed that a 'runaway fusion reaction' might be created in the LHC carbon beam dump. The safety of the LHC beam dump had previously been reviewed by the relevant regulatory authorities of the CERN host states, France and Switzerland. The specific concerns expressed more recently have been addressed in a technical memorandum by Assmann ''et al.''<ref>{{Citation |last=Assmann |first=R |title=Interaction of the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) beam with the beam dump block |date=2008 |url=https://cds.cern.ch/record/2959319 |access-date=2026-05-22 |doi=10.17181/CERN.1WMJ.6HQR |last2=Ferrari |first2=A |last3=Goddard |first3=B |last4=Schmidt |first4=R |last5=Tahir |first5=N A}}</ref> As they point out, fusion reactions can be maintained only in material compressed by some external pressure, such as that provided by gravity inside a star, a fission explosion in a thermonuclear device, a magnetic field in a Tokamak, or by continuing isotropic laser or particle beams in the case of inertial fusion. In the case of the LHC beam dump, it is struck once by the beam coming from a single direction. There is no countervailing pressure, so the dump material is not compressed, and no fusion is possible.<br />
<br />
{{blockquote<br />
|text=''To think that LHC particle collisions at high energies can lead to dangerous black holes is rubbish. Such rumors were spread by unqualified people seeking sensation or publicity.''<br />
|author=[[wikipedia:Vitaly Ginzburg|Vitaly Ginzburg]]<br />
|source=Nobel Laureate in Physics, Lebedev Physical Institute, Moscow, and the Russian Academy of Sciences<br />
}}Concern has been expressed that a 'runaway fusion reaction' might be created in a nitrogen tank inside the LHC tunnel. There are no such nitrogen tanks. Moreover, the arguments in the previous paragraph prove that no fusion would be possible even if there were.<br />
<br />
Finally, concern has also been expressed that the LHC beam might somehow trigger a "Bose-Nova" in the liquid helium used to cool the LHC magnets. A study by Fairbairn and McElrath has clearly shown there is no possibility of the LHC beam triggering a fusion reaction in helium.<ref>{{Citation |last=Fairbairn |first=Malcolm |title=There is no explosion risk associated with superfluid Helium in the LHC cooling system |date=2008-09-23 |url=http://arxiv.org/abs/0809.4004 |access-date=2026-05-22 |publisher=arXiv |doi=10.48550/arXiv.0809.4004 |id=arXiv:0809.4004 |last2=McElrath |first2=Bob}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{blockquote<br />
|text=''The operation of the LHC is safe, not only in the old sense of that word, but in the more general sense that our most qualified scientists have thoroughly considered and analyzed the risks involved in the operation of the LHC. [Any concerns] are merely hypothetical and speculative, and contradicted by much evidence and scientific analysis.''<br />
|author=[[wikipedia:Sheldon Glashow|Sheldon Glashow]] (Nobel Laureate in Physics, Boston U.), [[wikipedia:Frank Wilczek|Frank Wilczek]] (Nobel Laureate in Physics, MIT), and [[wikipedia:Richard Wilson|Richard Wilson]] (Mallinckrodt Professor of Physics, Harvard U.)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==== Comments on the papers by Giddings and Mangano, and by LSAG ====<br />
The papers by Giddings and Mangano<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Giddings |first=Steven B. |last2=Mangano |first2=Michelangelo M. |date=2008-08-18 |title=Astrophysical implications of hypothetical stable TeV-scale black holes |url=http://arxiv.org/abs/0806.3381 |journal=Physical Review D |volume=78 |issue=3 |pages=035009 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.78.035009 |issn=1550-7998}}</ref> and LSAG<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Ellis |first=John R. |last2=Giudice |first2=Gian |last3=Mangano |first3=Michelangelo L. |last4=Tkachev |first4=Igor |last5=Wiedemann |first5=Urs |date=2008 |title=Review of the Safety of LHC Collisions |url=https://cds.cern.ch/record/1111112 |journal=J. Phys. G |volume=35 |issue=11 |pages=115004 |doi=10.1088/0954-3899/35/11/115004}}</ref> demonstrating the safety of the LHC have been studied, reviewed and endorsed by leading experts from the CERN Member States, Japan, Russia and the United States, working in astrophysics, cosmology, general relativity, mathematics, particle physics and risk analysis, including several Nobel Laureates in Physics. They all agree that the LHC is safe.<br />
<br />
The paper by Giddings and Mangano<ref name=":0" /> has been peer-reviewed by anonymous experts in astrophysics and particle physics and published in the professional scientific journal ''[[wikipedia:Physical Review#Journals|Physical Review D]]''. The American Physical Society chose to highlight this as one of the most significant papers it has published recently, commissioning a commentary<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Peskin |first=Michael |date=2008-08-18 |title=The end of the world at the Large Hadron Collider? |url=https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/Physics.1.14 |journal=Physics |language=en |volume=1 |doi=10.1103/Physics.1.14 |issn=1943-2879}}</ref> by Prof. Peskin from the Stanford Linear Accelerator Laboratory in which he endorses its conclusions. The Executive Committee of the Division of Particles and Fields of the American Physical Society has issued a statement endorsing the LSAG report.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement by the Executive Committee of the DPF on the Safety of Collisions at the Large Hadron Collider |url=http://www.aps.org/units/dpf/governance/reports/upload/lhc_saftey_statement.pdf |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20081001161427/http://www.aps.org/units/dpf/governance/reports/upload/lhc_saftey_statement.pdf |archive-date=2008-10-01 |access-date=2026-05-22 |website=www.aps.org}}</ref><br />
<br />
The LSAG report has been published by the UK Institute of Physics in its publication Journal of Physics G.<ref name=":1" /> The conclusions of the LSAG report were endorsed in a press release that announced this publication.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Physics |first=Institute of |title=LHC switch-on fears are completely unfounded |url=https://www.iop.org/news/archive/page_64087.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20160403154528/https://www.iop.org/news/archive/page_64087.html |archive-date=2016-04-03 |access-date=2026-05-22 |website=www.iop.org |language=en-GB}}</ref><br />
<br />
The conclusions of LSAG have also been endorsed by the Particle and Nuclear Physics Section (KET) of the German Physical Society.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Experten bestätigen: Der LHC ist sicher KET veröffentlicht Stellungnahme zu Schwarzen Löchern am LHC |url=http://www.ketweb.de/oeffentlichkeitsarbeit/e204014/20080801_PM_Der_LHC_ist_sicher.pdf |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20140422201438/http://www.ketweb.de/oeffentlichkeitsarbeit/e204014/20080801_PM_Der_LHC_ist_sicher.pdf |archive-date=2014-04-22 |access-date=2026-05-22 |website=www.ketweb.de |language=DE}}</ref> A translation into German of the complete LSAG report may be found on the KET website.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bewertung der Sicherheit von Teilchenkollisionen am LHC |url=https://lsag.web.cern.ch/LSAG-Report-German.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241212105929/https://lsag.web.cern.ch/LSAG-Report-German.pdf |archive-date=2024-12-12 |access-date=2026-05-22 |website=lsag.web.cern.ch |language=DE}}</ref> (A translation into French of the complete LSAG report is also available.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rapport sur la sûreté des collisions au LHC |url=https://lsag.web.cern.ch/LSAG-Report-French.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213000602/https://lsag.web.cern.ch/LSAG-Report-French.pdf |archive-date=2024-12-13 |access-date=2026-05-22 |website=lsag.web.cern.ch |language=FR}}</ref>)<br />
<br />
Thus, the conclusion that LHC collisions are completely safe has been endorsed by the three respected professional societies of physicists that have reviewed it, which rank among the most highly respected professional societies in the world.<br />
<br />
World-renowned experts in astrophysics, cosmology, general relativity, mathematics, particle physics and risk analysis, including several Nobel Laureates in Physics, have also expressed clear individual opinions that LHC collisions are not dangerous, as you can read on the right. <br />
<br />
The overwhelming majority of physicists agree that microscopic black holes would be unstable, as predicted by basic principles of quantum mechanics. As discussed in the LSAG report,<ref name=":1" /> if microscopic black holes can be produced by the collisions of quarks and/or gluons inside protons, they must also be able to decay back into quarks and/or gluons. Moreover, quantum mechanics predicts specifically that they should decay via Hawking radiation.<br />
<br />
Nevertheless, a few papers have suggested that microscopic black holes might be stable. The paper by Giddings and Mangano<ref name=":0" /> and the LSAG report<ref name=":1" /> analyzed very conservatively the hypothetical case of stable microscopic black holes and concluded that even in this case there would be no conceivable danger. Another analysis with similar conclusions has been documented by Dr. Koch, Prof. Bleicher and Prof. Stoecker of Frankfurt University and GSI, Darmstadt,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Koch |first=Benjamin |last2=Bleicher |first2=Marcus |last3=Stoecker |first3=Horst |date=2009-02 |title=Exclusion of black hole disaster scenarios at the LHC |url=http://arxiv.org/abs/0807.3349 |journal=Physics Letters B |volume=672 |issue=1 |pages=71–76 |doi=10.1016/j.physletb.2009.01.003}}</ref> who conclude:<br />
{{blockquote<br />
|text="''We discussed the logically possible black hole evolution paths. Then we discussed every single outcome of those paths and showed that none of the physically sensible paths can lead to a black hole disaster at the LHC.''"}}<br />
<br />
Professor Roessler (who has a medical degree and was formerly a chaos theorist in Tuebingen) also raised doubts on the existence of Hawking radiation. His ideas have been refuted by Profs. Nicolai (Director at the Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics - Albert-Einstein-Institut - in Potsdam) and Giulini, whose report<ref>{{Citation |last=Giulini |first=Domenico |title=Zu den Ausführungen O.E. Rösslers |date=2008-07-30 |url=https://zenodo.org/doi/10.5281/zenodo.19660591 |access-date=2026-05-22 |publisher=Zenodo |language=de |doi=10.5281/ZENODO.19660591 |last2=Nicolai |first2=Hermann}}</ref> (English translation, and further statements<ref>{{Citation |last=Giulini |first=Domenico |title=On the arguments of O.E. Rössler |date=2008-07-30 |url=https://zenodo.org/doi/10.5281/zenodo.19661044 |access-date=2026-05-22 |publisher=Zenodo |language=en |doi=10.5281/ZENODO.19661044 |last2=Nicolai |first2=Hermann}}</ref>) point to his failure to understand general relativity and the Schwarzschild metric, and his reliance on an alternative theory of gravity that was disproven in 1915. Their verdict:<br />
{{blockquote<br />
|text=<br />
"[Roessler's] argument is not valid; the argument is not self-consistent."}}<br />
The paper of Prof. Roessler has also been criticised by Prof. Bruhn<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://zenodo.org/doi/10.5281/zenodo.20345328 |title=Commentary on two papers by O.E. Roessler on black holes |last=Bruhn |first=Gerhard W. |date=2008-08-07 |publisher=Zenodo |doi=10.5281/zenodo.20345328 |language=en}}</ref> of the Darmstadt University of Technology, who concludes that:<br />
{{blockquote<br />
|text=<br />
"Roessler's misinterpretation of the Schwarzschild metric [renders] his further considerations ... null and void. These are not papers that could be taken into account when problems of black holes are discussed."}}<br />
<br />
A hypothetical scenario for possibly dangerous metastable black holes has recently been proposed by Dr. Plaga.<ref>{{Citation |last=Plaga |first=R. |title=On the potential catastrophic risk from metastable quantum-black holes produced at particle colliders |date=2009-08-09 |url=http://arxiv.org/abs/0808.1415 |access-date=2026-05-22 |publisher=arXiv |doi=10.48550/arXiv.0808.1415 |id=arXiv:0808.1415}}</ref> The conclusions of this work have been shown to be inconsistent in a second paper by Giddings and Mangano,<ref>{{Citation |last=Giddings |first=Steven B. |title=Comments on claimed risk from metastable black holes |date=2008-08-29 |url=http://arxiv.org/abs/0808.4087 |access-date=2026-05-22 |publisher=arXiv |doi=10.48550/arXiv.0808.4087 |id=arXiv:0808.4087 |last2=Mangano |first2=Michelangelo L.}}</ref> where it is also stated that the safety of this class of metastable black hole scenarios is already established by their original work.<ref name=":0" /><br />
== References ==<br />
<references /></div>
Vigen
https://wiki.cern.ch/index.php?title=Safety_of_the_LHC&diff=12678
Safety of the LHC
2026-05-22T09:56:22Z
<p>Vigen: </p>
<hr />
<div>The [[Large Hadron Collider]] (LHC) can achieve an energy that no other particle accelerators have reached before, but Nature routinely produces higher energies in cosmic-ray collisions. Concerns about the safety of whatever may be created in such high-energy particle collisions have been addressed for many years. In the light of new experimental data and theoretical understanding, the LHC Safety Assessment Group ([[LSAG]]) has updated a review of the analysis made in 2003 by the LHC Safety Study Group, a group of independent scientists.<br />
<br />
LSAG reaffirms and extends the conclusions of the 2003 report that LHC collisions present no danger and that there are no reasons for concern. Whatever the LHC will do, Nature has already done many times over during the lifetime of the Earth and other astronomical bodies. The LSAG report has been reviewed and endorsed by CERN’s Scientific Policy Committee, a group of external scientists that advises CERN’s governing body, its Council.<br />
<br />
''The following summarises the main arguments given in the'' LSAG report''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ellis |first=John R. |last2=Giudice |first2=Gian |last3=Mangano |first3=Michelangelo L. |last4=Tkachev |first4=Igor |last5=Wiedemann |first5=Urs |date=2008 |title=Review of the Safety of LHC Collisions |url=https://cds.cern.ch/record/1111112 |journal=J. Phys. G |volume=35 |issue=11 |pages=115004 |doi=10.1088/0954-3899/35/11/115004}}</ref> Anyone interested in more details is encouraged to consult it directly, and the technical scientific papers to which it refers.''<br />
<br />
== Cosmic rays ==<br />
The LHC, like other particle accelerators, recreates the natural phenomena of cosmic rays<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cosmic rays: particles from outer space |url=https://home.web.cern.ch/science/physics/cosmic-rays-particles-outer-space |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250930155540/https://home.web.cern.ch/science/physics/cosmic-rays-particles-outer-space |archive-date=2025-09-30 |access-date=2026-05-22 |website=CERN |language=en}}</ref> under controlled laboratory conditions, enabling them to be studied in more detail. Cosmic rays are particles produced in outer space, some of which are accelerated to energies far exceeding those of the LHC. The energy and the rate at which they reach the Earth’s atmosphere have been measured in experiments for some 70 years. Over the past billions of years, Nature has already generated on Earth as many collisions as about a million LHC experiments – and the planet still exists. Astronomers observe an enormous number of larger astronomical bodies throughout the Universe, all of which are also struck by cosmic rays. The Universe as a whole conducts more than 10 million million LHC-like experiments per second. The possibility of any dangerous consequences contradicts what astronomers see—stars and galaxies still exist.<br />
<br />
== Microscopic black holes ==<br />
Nature forms black holes when certain stars, much larger than our Sun, collapse on themselves at the end of their lives. They concentrate a very large amount of matter in a very small space. Speculations about microscopic black holes at the LHC refer to particles produced in the collisions of pairs of protons, each of which has an energy comparable to that of a mosquito in flight. Astronomical black holes are much heavier than anything that could be produced at the LHC.<br />
<br />
According to the well-established properties of gravity, described by Einstein’s relativity, it is impossible for microscopic black holes to be produced at the LHC. There are, however, some speculative theories that predict the production of such particles at the LHC. All these theories predict that these particles would disintegrate immediately. Black holes, therefore, would have no time to start accreting matter and to cause macroscopic effects.<br />
<br />
Although theory predicts that microscopic black holes decay rapidly, even hypothetical stable black holes can be shown to be harmless by studying the consequences of their production by cosmic rays. Whilst collisions at the LHC differ from cosmic-ray collisions with astronomical bodies like the Earth in that new particles produced in LHC collisions tend to move more slowly than those produced by cosmic rays, one can still demonstrate their safety. The specific reasons for this depend whether the black holes are electrically charged, or neutral. Many stable black holes would be expected to be electrically charged, since they are created by charged particles. In this case they would interact with ordinary matter and be stopped while traversing the Earth or Sun, whether produced by cosmic rays or the LHC. The fact that the Earth and Sun are still here rules out the possibility that cosmic rays or the LHC could produce dangerous charged microscopic black holes. If stable microscopic black holes had no electric charge, their interactions with the Earth would be very weak. Those produced by cosmic rays would pass harmlessly through the Earth into space, whereas those produced by the LHC could remain on Earth. However, there are much larger and denser astronomical bodies than the Earth in the Universe. Black holes produced in cosmic-ray collisions with bodies such as neutron stars and white dwarf stars would be brought to rest. The continued existence of such dense bodies, as well as the Earth, rules out the possibility of the LHC producing any dangerous black holes.<br />
<br />
== Strangelets ==<br />
Strangelet is the term given to a hypothetical microscopic lump of ‘strange matter’ containing almost equal numbers of particles called up, down and strange quarks. According to most theoretical work, strangelets should change to ordinary matter within a thousand-millionth of a second. But could strangelets coalesce with ordinary matter and change it to strange matter? This question was first raised before the start up of the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider, RHIC, in 2000 in the United States. A study at the time showed that there was no cause for concern, and RHIC has now run for eight years, searching for strangelets without detecting any. At times, the LHC will run with beams of heavy nuclei, just as RHIC does. The LHC’s beams will have more energy than RHIC, but this makes it even less likely that strangelets could form. It is difficult for strange matter to stick together in the high temperatures produced by such colliders, rather as ice does not form in hot water. In addition, quarks will be more dilute at the LHC than at RHIC, making it more difficult to assemble strange matter. Strangelet production at the LHC is therefore less likely than at RHIC, and experience there has already validated the arguments that strangelets cannot be produced.<br />
<br />
The analysis of the first LHC data from heavy ion collisions has now confirmed the key ingredients used in the LSAG report to evaluate the upper limit on the production of hypothetical strangelets. For more details see this addendum to the LSAG report: ''Implications of LHC heavy ion data for multi-strange baryon production'' (2011).<ref>{{Citation |title=Implications of LHC heavy ion data for multi-strange baryon production |date=2011 |url=https://cds.cern.ch/record/2959318 |access-date=2026-05-22 |doi=10.17181/CERN.T914.LBN1}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Vacuum bubbles ==<br />
There have been speculations that the Universe is not in its most stable configuration, and that perturbations caused by the LHC could tip it into a more stable state, called a vacuum bubble, in which we could not exist. If the LHC could do this, then so could cosmic-ray collisions. Since such vacuum bubbles have not been produced anywhere in the visible Universe, they will not be made by the LHC.<br />
<br />
== Magnetic monopoles ==<br />
Magnetic monopoles are hypothetical particles with a single magnetic charge, either a north pole or a south pole. Some speculative theories suggest that, if they do exist, magnetic monopoles could cause protons to decay. These theories also say that such monopoles would be too heavy to be produced at the LHC. Nevertheless, if the magnetic monopoles were light enough to appear at the LHC, cosmic rays striking the Earth’s atmosphere would already be making them, and the Earth would very effectively stop and trap them. The continued existence of the Earth and other astronomical bodies therefore rules out dangerous proton-eating magnetic monopoles light enough to be produced at the LHC.<br />
<br />
== Other aspects of LHC safety ==<br />
Concern has recently been expressed that a 'runaway fusion reaction' might be created in the LHC carbon beam dump. The safety of the LHC beam dump had previously been reviewed by the relevant regulatory authorities of the CERN host states, France and Switzerland. The specific concerns expressed more recently have been addressed in a technical memorandum by Assmann ''et al.''<ref>{{Citation |last=Assmann |first=R |title=Interaction of the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) beam with the beam dump block |date=2008 |url=https://cds.cern.ch/record/2959319 |access-date=2026-05-22 |doi=10.17181/CERN.1WMJ.6HQR |last2=Ferrari |first2=A |last3=Goddard |first3=B |last4=Schmidt |first4=R |last5=Tahir |first5=N A}}</ref> As they point out, fusion reactions can be maintained only in material compressed by some external pressure, such as that provided by gravity inside a star, a fission explosion in a thermonuclear device, a magnetic field in a Tokamak, or by continuing isotropic laser or particle beams in the case of inertial fusion. In the case of the LHC beam dump, it is struck once by the beam coming from a single direction. There is no countervailing pressure, so the dump material is not compressed, and no fusion is possible.<br />
<br />
{{blockquote<br />
|text=''To think that LHC particle collisions at high energies can lead to dangerous black holes is rubbish. Such rumors were spread by unqualified people seeking sensation or publicity.''<br />
|author=[[wikipedia:Vitaly Ginzburg|Vitaly Ginzburg]]<br />
|source=Nobel Laureate in Physics, Lebedev Physical Institute, Moscow, and the Russian Academy of Sciences<br />
}}Concern has been expressed that a 'runaway fusion reaction' might be created in a nitrogen tank inside the LHC tunnel. There are no such nitrogen tanks. Moreover, the arguments in the previous paragraph prove that no fusion would be possible even if there were.<br />
<br />
Finally, concern has also been expressed that the LHC beam might somehow trigger a "Bose-Nova" in the liquid helium used to cool the LHC magnets. A study by Fairbairn and McElrath has clearly shown there is no possibility of the LHC beam triggering a fusion reaction in helium.<ref>{{Citation |last=Fairbairn |first=Malcolm |title=There is no explosion risk associated with superfluid Helium in the LHC cooling system |date=2008-09-23 |url=http://arxiv.org/abs/0809.4004 |access-date=2026-05-22 |publisher=arXiv |doi=10.48550/arXiv.0809.4004 |id=arXiv:0809.4004 |last2=McElrath |first2=Bob}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{blockquote<br />
|text=''The operation of the LHC is safe, not only in the old sense of that word, but in the more general sense that our most qualified scientists have thoroughly considered and analyzed the risks involved in the operation of the LHC. [Any concerns] are merely hypothetical and speculative, and contradicted by much evidence and scientific analysis.''<br />
|author=[[wikipedia:Sheldon Glashow|Sheldon Glashow]] (Nobel Laureate in Physics, Boston U.), [[wikipedia:Frank Wilczek|Frank Wilczek]] (Nobel Laureate in Physics, MIT), and [[wikipedia:Richard Wilson|Richard Wilson]] (Mallinckrodt Professor of Physics, Harvard U.)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==== Comments on the papers by Giddings and Mangano, and by LSAG ====<br />
The papers by Giddings and Mangano<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Giddings |first=Steven B. |last2=Mangano |first2=Michelangelo M. |date=2008-08-18 |title=Astrophysical implications of hypothetical stable TeV-scale black holes |url=http://arxiv.org/abs/0806.3381 |journal=Physical Review D |volume=78 |issue=3 |pages=035009 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.78.035009 |issn=1550-7998}}</ref> and LSAG<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Ellis |first=John R. |last2=Giudice |first2=Gian |last3=Mangano |first3=Michelangelo L. |last4=Tkachev |first4=Igor |last5=Wiedemann |first5=Urs |date=2008 |title=Review of the Safety of LHC Collisions |url=https://cds.cern.ch/record/1111112 |journal=J. Phys. G |volume=35 |issue=11 |pages=115004 |doi=10.1088/0954-3899/35/11/115004}}</ref> demonstrating the safety of the LHC have been studied, reviewed and endorsed by leading experts from the CERN Member States, Japan, Russia and the United States, working in astrophysics, cosmology, general relativity, mathematics, particle physics and risk analysis, including several Nobel Laureates in Physics. They all agree that the LHC is safe.<br />
<br />
The paper by Giddings and Mangano<ref name=":0" /> has been peer-reviewed by anonymous experts in astrophysics and particle physics and published in the professional scientific journal ''[[wikipedia:Physical Review#Journals|Physical Review D]]''. The American Physical Society chose to highlight this as one of the most significant papers it has published recently, commissioning a commentary<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Peskin |first=Michael |date=2008-08-18 |title=The end of the world at the Large Hadron Collider? |url=https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/Physics.1.14 |journal=Physics |language=en |volume=1 |doi=10.1103/Physics.1.14 |issn=1943-2879}}</ref> by Prof. Peskin from the Stanford Linear Accelerator Laboratory in which he endorses its conclusions. The Executive Committee of the Division of Particles and Fields of the American Physical Society has issued a statement endorsing the LSAG report.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement by the Executive Committee of the DPF on the Safety of Collisions at the Large Hadron Collider |url=http://www.aps.org/units/dpf/governance/reports/upload/lhc_saftey_statement.pdf |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20081001161427/http://www.aps.org/units/dpf/governance/reports/upload/lhc_saftey_statement.pdf |archive-date=2008-10-01 |access-date=2026-05-22 |website=www.aps.org}}</ref><br />
<br />
The LSAG report has been published by the UK Institute of Physics in its publication Journal of Physics G.<ref name=":1" /> The conclusions of the LSAG report were endorsed in a press release that announced this publication.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Physics |first=Institute of |title=LHC switch-on fears are completely unfounded |url=https://www.iop.org/news/archive/page_64087.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20160403154528/https://www.iop.org/news/archive/page_64087.html |archive-date=2016-04-03 |access-date=2026-05-22 |website=www.iop.org |language=en-GB}}</ref><br />
<br />
The conclusions of LSAG have also been endorsed by the Particle and Nuclear Physics Section (KET) of the German Physical Society.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Experten bestätigen: Der LHC ist sicher KET veröffentlicht Stellungnahme zu Schwarzen Löchern am LHC |url=http://www.ketweb.de/oeffentlichkeitsarbeit/e204014/20080801_PM_Der_LHC_ist_sicher.pdf |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20140422201438/http://www.ketweb.de/oeffentlichkeitsarbeit/e204014/20080801_PM_Der_LHC_ist_sicher.pdf |archive-date=2014-04-22 |access-date=2026-05-22 |website=www.ketweb.de |language=DE}}</ref> A translation into German of the complete LSAG report may be found on the KET website.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bewertung der Sicherheit von Teilchenkollisionen am LHC |url=https://lsag.web.cern.ch/LSAG-Report-German.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241212105929/https://lsag.web.cern.ch/LSAG-Report-German.pdf |archive-date=2024-12-12 |access-date=2026-05-22 |website=lsag.web.cern.ch |language=DE}}</ref> (A translation into French of the complete LSAG report is also available.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rapport sur la sûreté des collisions au LHC |url=https://lsag.web.cern.ch/LSAG-Report-French.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213000602/https://lsag.web.cern.ch/LSAG-Report-French.pdf |archive-date=2024-12-13 |access-date=2026-05-22 |website=lsag.web.cern.ch |language=FR}}</ref>)<br />
<br />
Thus, the conclusion that LHC collisions are completely safe has been endorsed by the three respected professional societies of physicists that have reviewed it, which rank among the most highly respected professional societies in the world.<br />
<br />
World-renowned experts in astrophysics, cosmology, general relativity, mathematics, particle physics and risk analysis, including several Nobel Laureates in Physics, have also expressed clear individual opinions that LHC collisions are not dangerous, as you can read on the right. <br />
<br />
The overwhelming majority of physicists agree that microscopic black holes would be unstable, as predicted by basic principles of quantum mechanics. As discussed in the LSAG report,<ref name=":1" /> if microscopic black holes can be produced by the collisions of quarks and/or gluons inside protons, they must also be able to decay back into quarks and/or gluons. Moreover, quantum mechanics predicts specifically that they should decay via Hawking radiation.<br />
<br />
Nevertheless, a few papers have suggested that microscopic black holes might be stable. The paper by Giddings and Mangano<ref name=":0" /> and the LSAG report<ref name=":1" /> analyzed very conservatively the hypothetical case of stable microscopic black holes and concluded that even in this case there would be no conceivable danger. Another analysis with similar conclusions has been documented by Dr. Koch, Prof. Bleicher and Prof. Stoecker of Frankfurt University and GSI, Darmstadt,<ref name="CosmicLog-August 19, 2008"/> and these questions were explored in the media, on the Internet and at times through the courts.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Koch |first=Benjamin |last2=Bleicher |first2=Marcus |last3=Stoecker |first3=Horst |date=2008-07-22 |title=Exclusion of black hole disaster scenarios at the LHC |url=https://arxiv.org/abs/0807.3349v2 |access-date=2026-05-22 |website=arXiv.org |language=en}}</ref> who conclude:<br />
{{blockquote<br />
|text="''We discussed the logically possible black hole evolution paths. Then we discussed every single outcome of those paths and showed that none of the physically sensible paths can lead to a black hole disaster at the LHC.''"}}<br />
<br />
Professor Roessler (who has a medical degree and was formerly a chaos theorist in Tuebingen) also raised doubts on the existence of Hawking radiation. His ideas have been refuted by Profs. Nicolai (Director at the Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics - Albert-Einstein-Institut - in Potsdam) and Giulini, whose report<ref>{{Citation |last=Giulini |first=Domenico |title=Zu den Ausführungen O.E. Rösslers |date=2008-07-30 |url=https://zenodo.org/doi/10.5281/zenodo.19660591 |access-date=2026-05-22 |publisher=Zenodo |language=de |doi=10.5281/ZENODO.19660591 |last2=Nicolai |first2=Hermann}}</ref> (English translation, and further statements) point to his failure to understand general relativity and the Schwarzschild metric, and his reliance on an alternative theory of gravity that was disproven in 1915. Their verdict:<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /></div>
Vigen
https://wiki.cern.ch/index.php?title=Safety_of_the_LHC&diff=12677
Safety of the LHC
2026-05-22T09:49:45Z
<p>Vigen: </p>
<hr />
<div>The [[Large Hadron Collider]] (LHC) can achieve an energy that no other particle accelerators have reached before, but Nature routinely produces higher energies in cosmic-ray collisions. Concerns about the safety of whatever may be created in such high-energy particle collisions have been addressed for many years. In the light of new experimental data and theoretical understanding, the LHC Safety Assessment Group ([[LSAG]]) has updated a review of the analysis made in 2003 by the LHC Safety Study Group, a group of independent scientists.<br />
<br />
LSAG reaffirms and extends the conclusions of the 2003 report that LHC collisions present no danger and that there are no reasons for concern. Whatever the LHC will do, Nature has already done many times over during the lifetime of the Earth and other astronomical bodies. The LSAG report has been reviewed and endorsed by CERN’s Scientific Policy Committee, a group of external scientists that advises CERN’s governing body, its Council.<br />
<br />
''The following summarises the main arguments given in the'' LSAG report''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ellis |first=John R. |last2=Giudice |first2=Gian |last3=Mangano |first3=Michelangelo L. |last4=Tkachev |first4=Igor |last5=Wiedemann |first5=Urs |date=2008 |title=Review of the Safety of LHC Collisions |url=https://cds.cern.ch/record/1111112 |journal=J. Phys. G |volume=35 |issue=11 |pages=115004 |doi=10.1088/0954-3899/35/11/115004}}</ref> Anyone interested in more details is encouraged to consult it directly, and the technical scientific papers to which it refers.''<br />
<br />
== Cosmic rays ==<br />
The LHC, like other particle accelerators, recreates the natural phenomena of cosmic rays<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cosmic rays: particles from outer space |url=https://home.web.cern.ch/science/physics/cosmic-rays-particles-outer-space |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250930155540/https://home.web.cern.ch/science/physics/cosmic-rays-particles-outer-space |archive-date=2025-09-30 |access-date=2026-05-22 |website=CERN |language=en}}</ref> under controlled laboratory conditions, enabling them to be studied in more detail. Cosmic rays are particles produced in outer space, some of which are accelerated to energies far exceeding those of the LHC. The energy and the rate at which they reach the Earth’s atmosphere have been measured in experiments for some 70 years. Over the past billions of years, Nature has already generated on Earth as many collisions as about a million LHC experiments – and the planet still exists. Astronomers observe an enormous number of larger astronomical bodies throughout the Universe, all of which are also struck by cosmic rays. The Universe as a whole conducts more than 10 million million LHC-like experiments per second. The possibility of any dangerous consequences contradicts what astronomers see—stars and galaxies still exist.<br />
<br />
== Microscopic black holes ==<br />
Nature forms black holes when certain stars, much larger than our Sun, collapse on themselves at the end of their lives. They concentrate a very large amount of matter in a very small space. Speculations about microscopic black holes at the LHC refer to particles produced in the collisions of pairs of protons, each of which has an energy comparable to that of a mosquito in flight. Astronomical black holes are much heavier than anything that could be produced at the LHC.<br />
<br />
According to the well-established properties of gravity, described by Einstein’s relativity, it is impossible for microscopic black holes to be produced at the LHC. There are, however, some speculative theories that predict the production of such particles at the LHC. All these theories predict that these particles would disintegrate immediately. Black holes, therefore, would have no time to start accreting matter and to cause macroscopic effects.<br />
<br />
Although theory predicts that microscopic black holes decay rapidly, even hypothetical stable black holes can be shown to be harmless by studying the consequences of their production by cosmic rays. Whilst collisions at the LHC differ from cosmic-ray collisions with astronomical bodies like the Earth in that new particles produced in LHC collisions tend to move more slowly than those produced by cosmic rays, one can still demonstrate their safety. The specific reasons for this depend whether the black holes are electrically charged, or neutral. Many stable black holes would be expected to be electrically charged, since they are created by charged particles. In this case they would interact with ordinary matter and be stopped while traversing the Earth or Sun, whether produced by cosmic rays or the LHC. The fact that the Earth and Sun are still here rules out the possibility that cosmic rays or the LHC could produce dangerous charged microscopic black holes. If stable microscopic black holes had no electric charge, their interactions with the Earth would be very weak. Those produced by cosmic rays would pass harmlessly through the Earth into space, whereas those produced by the LHC could remain on Earth. However, there are much larger and denser astronomical bodies than the Earth in the Universe. Black holes produced in cosmic-ray collisions with bodies such as neutron stars and white dwarf stars would be brought to rest. The continued existence of such dense bodies, as well as the Earth, rules out the possibility of the LHC producing any dangerous black holes.<br />
<br />
== Strangelets ==<br />
Strangelet is the term given to a hypothetical microscopic lump of ‘strange matter’ containing almost equal numbers of particles called up, down and strange quarks. According to most theoretical work, strangelets should change to ordinary matter within a thousand-millionth of a second. But could strangelets coalesce with ordinary matter and change it to strange matter? This question was first raised before the start up of the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider, RHIC, in 2000 in the United States. A study at the time showed that there was no cause for concern, and RHIC has now run for eight years, searching for strangelets without detecting any. At times, the LHC will run with beams of heavy nuclei, just as RHIC does. The LHC’s beams will have more energy than RHIC, but this makes it even less likely that strangelets could form. It is difficult for strange matter to stick together in the high temperatures produced by such colliders, rather as ice does not form in hot water. In addition, quarks will be more dilute at the LHC than at RHIC, making it more difficult to assemble strange matter. Strangelet production at the LHC is therefore less likely than at RHIC, and experience there has already validated the arguments that strangelets cannot be produced.<br />
<br />
The analysis of the first LHC data from heavy ion collisions has now confirmed the key ingredients used in the LSAG report to evaluate the upper limit on the production of hypothetical strangelets. For more details see this addendum to the LSAG report: ''Implications of LHC heavy ion data for multi-strange baryon production'' (2011).<ref>{{Citation |title=Implications of LHC heavy ion data for multi-strange baryon production |date=2011 |url=https://cds.cern.ch/record/2959318 |access-date=2026-05-22 |doi=10.17181/CERN.T914.LBN1}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Vacuum bubbles ==<br />
There have been speculations that the Universe is not in its most stable configuration, and that perturbations caused by the LHC could tip it into a more stable state, called a vacuum bubble, in which we could not exist. If the LHC could do this, then so could cosmic-ray collisions. Since such vacuum bubbles have not been produced anywhere in the visible Universe, they will not be made by the LHC.<br />
<br />
== Magnetic monopoles ==<br />
Magnetic monopoles are hypothetical particles with a single magnetic charge, either a north pole or a south pole. Some speculative theories suggest that, if they do exist, magnetic monopoles could cause protons to decay. These theories also say that such monopoles would be too heavy to be produced at the LHC. Nevertheless, if the magnetic monopoles were light enough to appear at the LHC, cosmic rays striking the Earth’s atmosphere would already be making them, and the Earth would very effectively stop and trap them. The continued existence of the Earth and other astronomical bodies therefore rules out dangerous proton-eating magnetic monopoles light enough to be produced at the LHC.<br />
<br />
== Other aspects of LHC safety ==<br />
Concern has recently been expressed that a 'runaway fusion reaction' might be created in the LHC carbon beam dump. The safety of the LHC beam dump had previously been reviewed by the relevant regulatory authorities of the CERN host states, France and Switzerland. The specific concerns expressed more recently have been addressed in a technical memorandum by Assmann ''et al.''<ref>{{Citation |last=Assmann |first=R |title=Interaction of the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) beam with the beam dump block |date=2008 |url=https://cds.cern.ch/record/2959319 |access-date=2026-05-22 |doi=10.17181/CERN.1WMJ.6HQR |last2=Ferrari |first2=A |last3=Goddard |first3=B |last4=Schmidt |first4=R |last5=Tahir |first5=N A}}</ref> As they point out, fusion reactions can be maintained only in material compressed by some external pressure, such as that provided by gravity inside a star, a fission explosion in a thermonuclear device, a magnetic field in a Tokamak, or by continuing isotropic laser or particle beams in the case of inertial fusion. In the case of the LHC beam dump, it is struck once by the beam coming from a single direction. There is no countervailing pressure, so the dump material is not compressed, and no fusion is possible.<br />
<br />
{{blockquote<br />
|text=''To think that LHC particle collisions at high energies can lead to dangerous black holes is rubbish. Such rumors were spread by unqualified people seeking sensation or publicity.''<br />
|author=[[wikipedia:Vitaly Ginzburg|Vitaly Ginzburg]]<br />
|source=Nobel Laureate in Physics, Lebedev Physical Institute, Moscow, and the Russian Academy of Sciences<br />
}}Concern has been expressed that a 'runaway fusion reaction' might be created in a nitrogen tank inside the LHC tunnel. There are no such nitrogen tanks. Moreover, the arguments in the previous paragraph prove that no fusion would be possible even if there were.<br />
<br />
Finally, concern has also been expressed that the LHC beam might somehow trigger a "Bose-Nova" in the liquid helium used to cool the LHC magnets. A study by Fairbairn and McElrath has clearly shown there is no possibility of the LHC beam triggering a fusion reaction in helium.<ref>{{Citation |last=Fairbairn |first=Malcolm |title=There is no explosion risk associated with superfluid Helium in the LHC cooling system |date=2008-09-23 |url=http://arxiv.org/abs/0809.4004 |access-date=2026-05-22 |publisher=arXiv |doi=10.48550/arXiv.0809.4004 |id=arXiv:0809.4004 |last2=McElrath |first2=Bob}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{blockquote<br />
|text=''The operation of the LHC is safe, not only in the old sense of that word, but in the more general sense that our most qualified scientists have thoroughly considered and analyzed the risks involved in the operation of the LHC. [Any concerns] are merely hypothetical and speculative, and contradicted by much evidence and scientific analysis.''<br />
|author=[[wikipedia:Sheldon Glashow|Sheldon Glashow]] (Nobel Laureate in Physics, Boston U.), [[wikipedia:Frank Wilczek|Frank Wilczek]] (Nobel Laureate in Physics, MIT), and [[wikipedia:Richard Wilson|Richard Wilson]] (Mallinckrodt Professor of Physics, Harvard U.)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==== Comments on the papers by Giddings and Mangano, and by LSAG ====<br />
The papers by Giddings and Mangano<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Giddings |first=Steven B. |last2=Mangano |first2=Michelangelo M. |date=2008-08-18 |title=Astrophysical implications of hypothetical stable TeV-scale black holes |url=http://arxiv.org/abs/0806.3381 |journal=Physical Review D |volume=78 |issue=3 |pages=035009 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.78.035009 |issn=1550-7998}}</ref> and LSAG<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Ellis |first=John R. |last2=Giudice |first2=Gian |last3=Mangano |first3=Michelangelo L. |last4=Tkachev |first4=Igor |last5=Wiedemann |first5=Urs |date=2008 |title=Review of the Safety of LHC Collisions |url=https://cds.cern.ch/record/1111112 |journal=J. Phys. G |volume=35 |issue=11 |pages=115004 |doi=10.1088/0954-3899/35/11/115004}}</ref> demonstrating the safety of the LHC have been studied, reviewed and endorsed by leading experts from the CERN Member States, Japan, Russia and the United States, working in astrophysics, cosmology, general relativity, mathematics, particle physics and risk analysis, including several Nobel Laureates in Physics. They all agree that the LHC is safe.<br />
<br />
The paper by Giddings and Mangano<ref name=":0" /> has been peer-reviewed by anonymous experts in astrophysics and particle physics and published in the professional scientific journal ''[[wikipedia:Physical Review#Journals|Physical Review D]]''. The American Physical Society chose to highlight this as one of the most significant papers it has published recently, commissioning a commentary<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Peskin |first=Michael |date=2008-08-18 |title=The end of the world at the Large Hadron Collider? |url=https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/Physics.1.14 |journal=Physics |language=en |volume=1 |doi=10.1103/Physics.1.14 |issn=1943-2879}}</ref> by Prof. Peskin from the Stanford Linear Accelerator Laboratory in which he endorses its conclusions. The Executive Committee of the Division of Particles and Fields of the American Physical Society has issued a statement endorsing the LSAG report.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement by the Executive Committee of the DPF on the Safety of Collisions at the Large Hadron Collider |url=http://www.aps.org/units/dpf/governance/reports/upload/lhc_saftey_statement.pdf |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20081001161427/http://www.aps.org/units/dpf/governance/reports/upload/lhc_saftey_statement.pdf |archive-date=2008-10-01 |access-date=2026-05-22 |website=www.aps.org}}</ref><br />
<br />
The LSAG report has been published by the UK Institute of Physics in its publication Journal of Physics G.<ref name=":1" /> The conclusions of the LSAG report were endorsed in a press release that announced this publication.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Physics |first=Institute of |title=LHC switch-on fears are completely unfounded |url=https://www.iop.org/news/archive/page_64087.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20160403154528/https://www.iop.org/news/archive/page_64087.html |archive-date=2016-04-03 |access-date=2026-05-22 |website=www.iop.org |language=en-GB}}</ref><br />
<br />
The conclusions of LSAG have also been endorsed by the Particle and Nuclear Physics Section (KET) of the German Physical Society.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Experten bestätigen: Der LHC ist sicher KET veröffentlicht Stellungnahme zu Schwarzen Löchern am LHC |url=http://www.ketweb.de/oeffentlichkeitsarbeit/e204014/20080801_PM_Der_LHC_ist_sicher.pdf |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20140422201438/http://www.ketweb.de/oeffentlichkeitsarbeit/e204014/20080801_PM_Der_LHC_ist_sicher.pdf |archive-date=2014-04-22 |access-date=2026-05-22 |website=www.ketweb.de |language=DE}}</ref> A translation into German of the complete LSAG report may be found on the KET website.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bewertung der Sicherheit von Teilchenkollisionen am LHC |url=https://lsag.web.cern.ch/LSAG-Report-German.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241212105929/https://lsag.web.cern.ch/LSAG-Report-German.pdf |archive-date=2024-12-12 |access-date=2026-05-22 |website=lsag.web.cern.ch |language=DE}}</ref> (A translation into French of the complete LSAG report is also available.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rapport sur la sûreté des collisions au LHC |url=https://lsag.web.cern.ch/LSAG-Report-French.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213000602/https://lsag.web.cern.ch/LSAG-Report-French.pdf |archive-date=2024-12-13 |access-date=2026-05-22 |website=lsag.web.cern.ch |language=FR}}</ref>)<br />
<br />
Thus, the conclusion that LHC collisions are completely safe has been endorsed by the three respected professional societies of physicists that have reviewed it, which rank among the most highly respected professional societies in the world.<br />
<br />
World-renowned experts in astrophysics, cosmology, general relativity, mathematics, particle physics and risk analysis, including several Nobel Laureates in Physics, have also expressed clear individual opinions that LHC collisions are not dangerous, as you can read on the right. <br />
<br />
The overwhelming majority of physicists agree that microscopic black holes would be unstable, as predicted by basic principles of quantum mechanics. As discussed in the LSAG report,<ref name=":1" /> if microscopic black holes can be produced by the collisions of quarks and/or gluons inside protons, they must also be able to decay back into quarks and/or gluons. Moreover, quantum mechanics predicts specifically that they should decay via Hawking radiation.<br />
<br />
Nevertheless, a few papers have suggested that microscopic black holes might be stable. The paper by Giddings and Mangano<ref name=":0" /> and the LSAG report<ref name=":1" /> analyzed very conservatively the hypothetical case of stable microscopic black holes and concluded that even in this case there would be no conceivable danger. Another analysis with similar conclusions has been documented by Dr. Koch, Prof. Bleicher and Prof. Stoecker of Frankfurt University and GSI, Darmstadt,<ref name="CosmicLog-August 19, 2008"/> and these questions were explored in the media, on the Internet and at times through the courts.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Koch |first=Benjamin |last2=Bleicher |first2=Marcus |last3=Stoecker |first3=Horst |date=2008-07-22 |title=Exclusion of black hole disaster scenarios at the LHC |url=https://arxiv.org/abs/0807.3349v2 |access-date=2026-05-22 |website=arXiv.org |language=en}}</ref> who conclude:<br />
{{blockquote<br />
|text="''We discussed the logically possible black hole evolution paths. Then we discussed every single outcome of those paths and showed that none of the physically sensible paths can lead to a black hole disaster at the LHC.''"}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /></div>
Vigen
https://wiki.cern.ch/index.php?title=Safety_of_the_LHC&diff=12676
Safety of the LHC
2026-05-22T09:34:10Z
<p>Vigen: Created page with "The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) can achieve an energy that no other particle accelerators have reached before, but Nature routinely produces higher energies in cosmic-ray collisions. Concerns about the safety of whatever may be created in such high-energy particle collisions have been addressed for many years. In the light of new experimental data and theoretical understanding, the LHC Safety Assessment Group (LSAG) has updated a review of the analysis made in 20..."</p>
<hr />
<div>The [[Large Hadron Collider]] (LHC) can achieve an energy that no other particle accelerators have reached before, but Nature routinely produces higher energies in cosmic-ray collisions. Concerns about the safety of whatever may be created in such high-energy particle collisions have been addressed for many years. In the light of new experimental data and theoretical understanding, the LHC Safety Assessment Group ([[LSAG]]) has updated a review of the analysis made in 2003 by the LHC Safety Study Group, a group of independent scientists.<br />
<br />
LSAG reaffirms and extends the conclusions of the 2003 report that LHC collisions present no danger and that there are no reasons for concern. Whatever the LHC will do, Nature has already done many times over during the lifetime of the Earth and other astronomical bodies. The LSAG report has been reviewed and endorsed by CERN’s Scientific Policy Committee, a group of external scientists that advises CERN’s governing body, its Council.<br />
<br />
''The following summarises the main arguments given in the'' LSAG report''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ellis |first=John R. |last2=Giudice |first2=Gian |last3=Mangano |first3=Michelangelo L. |last4=Tkachev |first4=Igor |last5=Wiedemann |first5=Urs |date=2008 |title=Review of the Safety of LHC Collisions |url=https://cds.cern.ch/record/1111112 |journal=J. Phys. G |volume=35 |issue=11 |pages=115004 |doi=10.1088/0954-3899/35/11/115004}}</ref> Anyone interested in more details is encouraged to consult it directly, and the technical scientific papers to which it refers.''<br />
<br />
== Cosmic rays ==<br />
The LHC, like other particle accelerators, recreates the natural phenomena of cosmic rays<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cosmic rays: particles from outer space |url=https://home.web.cern.ch/science/physics/cosmic-rays-particles-outer-space |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250930155540/https://home.web.cern.ch/science/physics/cosmic-rays-particles-outer-space |archive-date=2025-09-30 |access-date=2026-05-22 |website=CERN |language=en}}</ref> under controlled laboratory conditions, enabling them to be studied in more detail. Cosmic rays are particles produced in outer space, some of which are accelerated to energies far exceeding those of the LHC. The energy and the rate at which they reach the Earth’s atmosphere have been measured in experiments for some 70 years. Over the past billions of years, Nature has already generated on Earth as many collisions as about a million LHC experiments – and the planet still exists. Astronomers observe an enormous number of larger astronomical bodies throughout the Universe, all of which are also struck by cosmic rays. The Universe as a whole conducts more than 10 million million LHC-like experiments per second. The possibility of any dangerous consequences contradicts what astronomers see—stars and galaxies still exist.<br />
<br />
== Microscopic black holes ==<br />
Nature forms black holes when certain stars, much larger than our Sun, collapse on themselves at the end of their lives. They concentrate a very large amount of matter in a very small space. Speculations about microscopic black holes at the LHC refer to particles produced in the collisions of pairs of protons, each of which has an energy comparable to that of a mosquito in flight. Astronomical black holes are much heavier than anything that could be produced at the LHC.<br />
<br />
According to the well-established properties of gravity, described by Einstein’s relativity, it is impossible for microscopic black holes to be produced at the LHC. There are, however, some speculative theories that predict the production of such particles at the LHC. All these theories predict that these particles would disintegrate immediately. Black holes, therefore, would have no time to start accreting matter and to cause macroscopic effects.<br />
<br />
Although theory predicts that microscopic black holes decay rapidly, even hypothetical stable black holes can be shown to be harmless by studying the consequences of their production by cosmic rays. Whilst collisions at the LHC differ from cosmic-ray collisions with astronomical bodies like the Earth in that new particles produced in LHC collisions tend to move more slowly than those produced by cosmic rays, one can still demonstrate their safety. The specific reasons for this depend whether the black holes are electrically charged, or neutral. Many stable black holes would be expected to be electrically charged, since they are created by charged particles. In this case they would interact with ordinary matter and be stopped while traversing the Earth or Sun, whether produced by cosmic rays or the LHC. The fact that the Earth and Sun are still here rules out the possibility that cosmic rays or the LHC could produce dangerous charged microscopic black holes. If stable microscopic black holes had no electric charge, their interactions with the Earth would be very weak. Those produced by cosmic rays would pass harmlessly through the Earth into space, whereas those produced by the LHC could remain on Earth. However, there are much larger and denser astronomical bodies than the Earth in the Universe. Black holes produced in cosmic-ray collisions with bodies such as neutron stars and white dwarf stars would be brought to rest. The continued existence of such dense bodies, as well as the Earth, rules out the possibility of the LHC producing any dangerous black holes.<br />
<br />
== Strangelets ==<br />
Strangelet is the term given to a hypothetical microscopic lump of ‘strange matter’ containing almost equal numbers of particles called up, down and strange quarks. According to most theoretical work, strangelets should change to ordinary matter within a thousand-millionth of a second. But could strangelets coalesce with ordinary matter and change it to strange matter? This question was first raised before the start up of the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider, RHIC, in 2000 in the United States. A study at the time showed that there was no cause for concern, and RHIC has now run for eight years, searching for strangelets without detecting any. At times, the LHC will run with beams of heavy nuclei, just as RHIC does. The LHC’s beams will have more energy than RHIC, but this makes it even less likely that strangelets could form. It is difficult for strange matter to stick together in the high temperatures produced by such colliders, rather as ice does not form in hot water. In addition, quarks will be more dilute at the LHC than at RHIC, making it more difficult to assemble strange matter. Strangelet production at the LHC is therefore less likely than at RHIC, and experience there has already validated the arguments that strangelets cannot be produced.<br />
<br />
The analysis of the first LHC data from heavy ion collisions has now confirmed the key ingredients used in the LSAG report to evaluate the upper limit on the production of hypothetical strangelets. For more details see this addendum to the LSAG report: ''Implications of LHC heavy ion data for multi-strange baryon production'' (2011).<ref>{{Citation |title=Implications of LHC heavy ion data for multi-strange baryon production |date=2011 |url=https://cds.cern.ch/record/2959318 |access-date=2026-05-22 |doi=10.17181/CERN.T914.LBN1}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Vacuum bubbles ==<br />
There have been speculations that the Universe is not in its most stable configuration, and that perturbations caused by the LHC could tip it into a more stable state, called a vacuum bubble, in which we could not exist. If the LHC could do this, then so could cosmic-ray collisions. Since such vacuum bubbles have not been produced anywhere in the visible Universe, they will not be made by the LHC.<br />
<br />
== Magnetic monopoles ==<br />
Magnetic monopoles are hypothetical particles with a single magnetic charge, either a north pole or a south pole. Some speculative theories suggest that, if they do exist, magnetic monopoles could cause protons to decay. These theories also say that such monopoles would be too heavy to be produced at the LHC. Nevertheless, if the magnetic monopoles were light enough to appear at the LHC, cosmic rays striking the Earth’s atmosphere would already be making them, and the Earth would very effectively stop and trap them. The continued existence of the Earth and other astronomical bodies therefore rules out dangerous proton-eating magnetic monopoles light enough to be produced at the LHC.<br />
<br />
== Other aspects of LHC safety ==<br />
Concern has recently been expressed that a 'runaway fusion reaction' might be created in the LHC carbon beam dump. The safety of the LHC beam dump had previously been reviewed by the relevant regulatory authorities of the CERN host states, France and Switzerland. The specific concerns expressed more recently have been addressed in a technical memorandum by Assmann ''et al.''<ref>{{Citation |last=Assmann |first=R |title=Interaction of the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) beam with the beam dump block |date=2008 |url=https://cds.cern.ch/record/2959319 |access-date=2026-05-22 |doi=10.17181/CERN.1WMJ.6HQR |last2=Ferrari |first2=A |last3=Goddard |first3=B |last4=Schmidt |first4=R |last5=Tahir |first5=N A}}</ref> As they point out, fusion reactions can be maintained only in material compressed by some external pressure, such as that provided by gravity inside a star, a fission explosion in a thermonuclear device, a magnetic field in a Tokamak, or by continuing isotropic laser or particle beams in the case of inertial fusion. In the case of the LHC beam dump, it is struck once by the beam coming from a single direction. There is no countervailing pressure, so the dump material is not compressed, and no fusion is possible.<br />
<br />
{{blockquote<br />
|text=''To think that LHC particle collisions at high energies can lead to dangerous black holes is rubbish. Such rumors were spread by unqualified people seeking sensation or publicity.''<br />
|author=[[wikipedia:Vitaly Ginzburg|Vitaly Ginzburg]]<br />
|source=Nobel Laureate in Physics, Lebedev Physical Institute, Moscow, and the Russian Academy of Sciences<br />
}}Concern has been expressed that a 'runaway fusion reaction' might be created in a nitrogen tank inside the LHC tunnel. There are no such nitrogen tanks. Moreover, the arguments in the previous paragraph prove that no fusion would be possible even if there were.<br />
<br />
Finally, concern has also been expressed that the LHC beam might somehow trigger a "Bose-Nova" in the liquid helium used to cool the LHC magnets. A study by Fairbairn and McElrath has clearly shown there is no possibility of the LHC beam triggering a fusion reaction in helium.<ref>{{Citation |last=Fairbairn |first=Malcolm |title=There is no explosion risk associated with superfluid Helium in the LHC cooling system |date=2008-09-23 |url=http://arxiv.org/abs/0809.4004 |access-date=2026-05-22 |publisher=arXiv |doi=10.48550/arXiv.0809.4004 |id=arXiv:0809.4004 |last2=McElrath |first2=Bob}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{blockquote<br />
|text=''The operation of the LHC is safe, not only in the old sense of that word, but in the more general sense that our most qualified scientists have thoroughly considered and analyzed the risks involved in the operation of the LHC. [Any concerns] are merely hypothetical and speculative, and contradicted by much evidence and scientific analysis.''<br />
|author=[[wikipedia:Sheldon Glashow|Sheldon Glashow]] (Nobel Laureate in Physics, Boston U.), [[wikipedia:Frank Wilczek|Frank Wilczek]] (Nobel Laureate in Physics, MIT), and [[wikipedia:Richard Wilson|Richard Wilson]] (Mallinckrodt Professor of Physics, Harvard U.)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==== Comments on the papers by Giddings and Mangano, and by LSAG ====<br />
The papers by Giddings and Mangano<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Giddings |first=Steven B. |last2=Mangano |first2=Michelangelo M. |date=2008-08-18 |title=Astrophysical implications of hypothetical stable TeV-scale black holes |url=http://arxiv.org/abs/0806.3381 |journal=Physical Review D |volume=78 |issue=3 |pages=035009 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.78.035009 |issn=1550-7998}}</ref> and LSAG<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Ellis |first=John R. |last2=Giudice |first2=Gian |last3=Mangano |first3=Michelangelo L. |last4=Tkachev |first4=Igor |last5=Wiedemann |first5=Urs |date=2008 |title=Review of the Safety of LHC Collisions |url=https://cds.cern.ch/record/1111112 |journal=J. Phys. G |volume=35 |issue=11 |pages=115004 |doi=10.1088/0954-3899/35/11/115004}}</ref> demonstrating the safety of the LHC have been studied, reviewed and endorsed by leading experts from the CERN Member States, Japan, Russia and the United States, working in astrophysics, cosmology, general relativity, mathematics, particle physics and risk analysis, including several Nobel Laureates in Physics. They all agree that the LHC is safe.<br />
<br />
The paper by Giddings and Mangano<ref name=":0" /> has been peer-reviewed by anonymous experts in astrophysics and particle physics and published in the professional scientific journal ''[[wikipedia:Physical Review#Journals|Physical Review D]]''. The American Physical Society chose to highlight this as one of the most significant papers it has published recently, commissioning a commentary<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Peskin |first=Michael |date=2008-08-18 |title=The end of the world at the Large Hadron Collider? |url=https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/Physics.1.14 |journal=Physics |language=en |volume=1 |doi=10.1103/Physics.1.14 |issn=1943-2879}}</ref> by Prof. Peskin from the Stanford Linear Accelerator Laboratory in which he endorses its conclusions. The Executive Committee of the Division of Particles and Fields of the American Physical Society has issued a statement endorsing the LSAG report.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement by the Executive Committee of the DPF on the Safety of Collisions at the Large Hadron Collider |url=http://www.aps.org/units/dpf/governance/reports/upload/lhc_saftey_statement.pdf |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20081001161427/http://www.aps.org/units/dpf/governance/reports/upload/lhc_saftey_statement.pdf |archive-date=2008-10-01 |access-date=2026-05-22 |website=www.aps.org}}</ref><br />
<br />
The LSAG report has been published by the UK Institute of Physics in its publication Journal of Physics G.<ref name=":1" /> The conclusions of the LSAG report were endorsed in a press release that announced this publication.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Physics |first=Institute of |title=LHC switch-on fears are completely unfounded |url=https://www.iop.org/news/archive/page_64087.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20160403154528/https://www.iop.org/news/archive/page_64087.html |archive-date=2016-04-03 |access-date=2026-05-22 |website=www.iop.org |language=en-GB}}</ref><br />
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<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /></div>
Vigen
https://wiki.cern.ch/index.php?title=LSAG&diff=12675
LSAG
2026-05-22T07:41:26Z
<p>Vigen: Created page with "LHC Safety Assessment Group Category:Abbreviations Category:LHC"</p>
<hr />
<div>LHC Safety Assessment Group<br />
[[Category:Abbreviations]]<br />
[[Category:LHC]]</div>
Vigen
https://wiki.cern.ch/index.php?title=Cernipedia:About&diff=12674
Cernipedia:About
2026-05-21T04:16:54Z
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Vigen
https://wiki.cern.ch/index.php?title=Cernipedia:About&diff=12673
Cernipedia:About
2026-05-21T04:16:26Z
<p>Vigen: Created page with "Within the context of CERN, the development of CERNipedia represents an effort to create a structured repository of knowledge related specifically to CERN’s history, people, infrastructure, and the specific high-energy physics (HEP) jargon."</p>
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2026-05-21T04:14:07Z
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https://wiki.cern.ch/index.php?title=The_CERN_Library&diff=12666
The CERN Library
2026-05-18T12:34:05Z
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<div>The CERN Library has been in operation since the Organization was founded in 1954. The renovation work, completed in 2022, has expanded and modernized the library’s offerings, with the aim of providing a welcoming, functional space that meets the needs of employees <ref name=":1">CERN website, https://home.cern/new-cern-library-one-year/</ref>.<br />
<br />
The library is part of the [[SIS|Scientific Information Service]] (SIS), a department that also includes the [[CERN Archives]], the Open Science service, and the [[INSPIRE]] platform, a leading resource for literature in particle physics <ref>The Scientific Information Service's website, https://sis.web.cern.ch/about-us/structure</ref>.<br />
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== The collection ==<br />
Since its establishment, the library has been committed to providing CERN staff with the reference materials necessary for their research activities. The collection focuses primarily on key disciplines such as: particle physics (theoretical and experimental), accelerator technology and mathematics. <br />
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To meet the needs of a broader audience, popular science materials have also been added over time, including works of fiction, art books related to science, and a section dedicated to children, designed to introduce them to the world of science.<br />
<br />
The [https://catalogue.library.cern/ catalog] includes a wide range of resources: books, conference proceedings, scientific articles, preprints, standards, and journals. Today, much of this material is also available in digital format, in the form of e-books, electronic journals, videos, and audiobooks.<br />
<br />
Over the years, the collection has grown significantly: from the initial 533 volumes in 1954 <ref name=":0">The Cern Courier, Volume 8, Issue 9, pp. 215-219, 1968, https://repository.cern/records/myxtz-1aa53</ref>, it has grown to over 16,500 books currently available on-site, in addition to more than 40,500 volumes stored in the archives. The digital collection also includes approximately 121,000 e-books, 6,800 videos, and 2,900 audiobooks <ref name=":1" />.<br />
<br />
== The catalog ==<br />
Originally, the library catalog was in paper format and organized using index cards divided into two sections: alphabetical and subject-based. The subject classification was based—and continues to be based—on the [https://udc-hub.com/index.php Universal Decimal Classification (UDC)], an internationally recognized library classification system.<br />
[[File:63-8-121.jpg|thumb|Librarian searching in the Library card catalog, © CERN]]<br />
With technological advancements, the catalog has been progressively digitized to simplify the management of bibliographic information. Today, it is fully online and allows users to access both physical documents and available electronic resources<ref name=":0" />.<br />
<br />
== The mission of the CERN Library <ref>The CERN Library website, the mission of the Library, https://library.cern/about-us/mission</ref> ==<br />
The library plays a key role in preserving and promoting CERN’s scientific production. It is responsible for cataloging and distributing articles, books, and reports produced by the Organization’s staff.<br />
<br />
Its primary mission is to ensure rapid and comprehensive access to up-to-date scientific information, including: <br />
<br />
* books and manuals<br />
* conference proceedings<br />
* scientific journals<br />
* technical reports and standards<br />
<br />
In collaboration with the Open Science section, the library is also involved in promoting open access and developing new models of scientific communication. These models aim to make publication costs more sustainable through agreements between authors and publishers.<br />
<br />
== The location ==<br />
The CERN Central Library is located on the first floor of Building 52. As early as 1967, it covered approximately 450 square meters and had over 275 linear meters of shelving<ref name=":0" />.<br />
<br />
Today, the reading rooms are open 24 hours a day, every day, offering a flexible study environment that is always available to staff. The facility also houses a bookstore<ref>The CERN Library website, practical information, https://library.cern/practical-information/library-opening-hours</ref>.<br />
<br />
== The events <ref>The Scientific Information Service's website, events at the Library, https://scientific-info.cern/events</ref> ==<br />
The CERN Library regularly organizes events and activities for the Organization’s staff, with the aim of promoting scientific culture and fostering the exchange of ideas.<br />
<br />
===== ''"Meet the Author"'' =====<br />
Meetings with researchers and authors who present their publications to the CERN community. Guests have included Avi Loeb, Gian Francesco Giudice, and Claudia de Rham.<br />
<br />
===== ''"Library Science Talk"'' =====<br />
A series of lectures for information professionals and archivists, featuring presentations by international experts. The initiative is organized with the support of the Association of International Librarians and Information Specialists (AILIS), CERN’s Scientific Information Service, and the Zurich Central Library.<br />
<br />
===== "The Voice of Science" =====<br />
This series focuses on science communication and how to make it accessible and engaging for the general public. Speakers include Claire Malone, Zach Weinersmith, and Katie Mack.<br />
<br />
===== "Meet the Artist" =====<br />
A newer format that introduces the artists involved in the Art at CERN program, fostering the intersection of science and art.<br />
<br />
== References ==</div>
Vigen
https://wiki.cern.ch/index.php?title=CERN_Archives&diff=12660
CERN Archives
2026-05-11T12:05:26Z
<p>Vigen: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:83-2-018.jpg|thumb|The Archives of CERN]]<br />
The '''CERN Archives''' serve as the institutional repository for documentary material relating to the Organization from its foundation to the present day. The archives preserve a wide range of records, including correspondence, memoranda, reports, photographs, notes, historical objects, and other documents created or received during the mandates of successive Directors-General and senior management, as well as records produced by the CERN Council and its subordinate committees, Departments, and Experiments. <ref name=":0">''About the CERN Archives'': CERN Scientific Information Service webite, https://sis.web.cern.ch/archives/CERN_archive/about<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
The Archives also hold the papers of [[Wolfgang Pauli]], comprising correspondence, manuscripts, photographies and other materials documenting his scientific work, together with his [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] awarded in 1945.<ref name=":0" /> [https://sis.web.cern.ch/archives/Pauli_archive/guide Pauli’s archival collection] was donated by his wife in 1960 to CERN after his death in 1958. <ref>''CERN commemorates Wolfgang Pauli'', https://timeline.web.cern.ch/cern-commemorates-wolfgang-pauli</ref><ref>''Wolfgang Pauli Archive,'' https://sis.web.cern.ch/archives/Pauli_archive</ref><br />
<br />
The CERN Archives operate in accordance with the [https://www.ica.org/?lid=5555 code of ethics] of the International Council on Archives (ICA).<br />
<br />
Since 1997, the operation of the Archives is regulated by Operational Circular N° 3.<ref>Operational Circular N° 3, https://sis.web.cern.ch/archives/divisional_records_officers/guidelines_DRO/operational_circular3</ref><br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
Initially launched as a project in 1979 to support the writing of [[History books|CERN’s history]] on the occasion of its 25th Anniversary, the CERN Archives have since evolved into a permanent service with the mission of “supporting and preserving CERN’s documentary heritage for future generations.” <ref>''Discover the hidden treasures of CERN’s archive'', Anita Hollier, 2017, https://home.cern/news/news/cern/discover-hidden-treasures-cerns-archive</ref><br />
<br />
In 1979, the then Director-General, [[John Adams]], requested Division Leaders to make relevant documentation available to the Historical Archives and to appoint [[DRO|Divisional Records Officers]] (DROs) within each department to ensure the systematic identification and transfer of historically significant records.<br />
<br />
The CERN Archives were formally established in 1981, and the volume of archival holdings has continued to grow steadily since that time. <ref>''CERN Annual report 1982'', p. 148, 1982, https://cds.cern.ch/record/1475748/files/Annual%20Report%201982.pdf</ref> <br />
<br />
In 1997, a CERN Working Group on digital records was established, culminating in the publication, in 2001, of a report on Long-Term Electronic Archiving (LTEA).<ref>Long-Term Electronic Archiving (LTEA), https://repository.cern/records/1whrv-e2683</ref><br />
<br />
For further information, please visit the [https://sis.web.cern.ch/archives CERN Archives website].<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /></div>
Vigen
https://wiki.cern.ch/index.php?title=CERN_Archives&diff=12659
CERN Archives
2026-05-11T11:29:12Z
<p>Vigen: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:83-2-018.jpg|thumb|The Archives of CERN]]<br />
The '''CERN Archives''' serve as the institutional repository for documentary material relating to the Organization from its foundation to the present day. They preserve a wide range of records, including correspondence, memoranda, reports, photographs, notes, historical objects, and other documents created or received during the mandates of successive Directors-General and senior management, as well as records produced by the CERN Council and its subordinate committees, Departments, and Experiments. <ref name=":0">''About the CERN Archives'': CERN Scientific Information Service webite, https://sis.web.cern.ch/archives/CERN_archive/about<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
The Archives also hold the papers of [[Wolfgang Pauli]], comprising correspondence, manuscripts, photographies and other materials documenting his scientific work, together with his [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] awarded in 1945.<ref name=":0" /> [https://sis.web.cern.ch/archives/Pauli_archive/guide Pauli’s archival collection] was donated by his wife in 1960 to CERN after his death in 1958. <ref>''CERN commemorates Wolfgang Pauli'', https://timeline.web.cern.ch/cern-commemorates-wolfgang-pauli</ref><ref>''Wolfgang Pauli Archive,'' https://sis.web.cern.ch/archives/Pauli_archive</ref><br />
<br />
The CERN Archives operate in accordance with the [https://www.ica.org/?lid=5555 code of ethics] of the International Council on Archives (ICA).<br />
<br />
Since 1997, the operation of the Archives is regulated by Operational Circular N° 3.<ref>Operational Circular N° 3, https://sis.web.cern.ch/archives/divisional_records_officers/guidelines_DRO/operational_circular3</ref><br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
Initially launched as a project in 1979 to support the writing of [[History books|CERN’s history]] on the occasion of its 25th Anniversary, the CERN Archives have since evolved into a permanent service with the mission of “supporting and preserving CERN’s documentary heritage for future generations.” <ref>''Discover the hidden treasures of CERN’s archive'', Anita Hollier, 2017, https://home.cern/news/news/cern/discover-hidden-treasures-cerns-archive</ref><br />
<br />
In 1979, the then Director-General, [[John Adams]], requested Division Leaders to make relevant documentation available to the Historical Archives and to appoint [[DRO|Divisional Records Officers]] (DROs) within each department to ensure the systematic identification and transfer of historically significant records.<br />
<br />
The CERN Archives were formally established in 1981, and the volume of archival holdings has continued to grow steadily since that time. <ref>''CERN Annual report 1982'', p. 148, 1982, https://cds.cern.ch/record/1475748/files/Annual%20Report%201982.pdf</ref> <br />
<br />
In 1997, a CERN Working Group on digital records was established, culminating in the publication, in 2001, of a report on Long-Term Electronic Archiving (LTEA).<ref>Long-Term Electronic Archiving (LTEA), https://repository.cern/records/1whrv-e2683</ref><br />
<br />
For further information, please visit the [https://sis.web.cern.ch/archives CERN Archives website].<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /></div>
Vigen
https://wiki.cern.ch/index.php?title=CERN_Archives&diff=12658
CERN Archives
2026-05-11T11:27:53Z
<p>Vigen: Vigen moved page The CERN Archives to CERN Archives without leaving a redirect</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:83-2-018.jpg|thumb|The Archives of CERN]]<br />
The CERN Archives serve as the institutional repository for documentary material relating to the Organization from its foundation to the present day. They preserve a wide range of records, including correspondence, memoranda, reports, photographs, notes, historical objects, and other documents created or received during the mandates of successive Directors-General and senior management, as well as records produced by the CERN Council and its subordinate committees, Departments, and Experiments. <ref name=":0">''About the CERN Archives'': CERN Scientific Information Service webite, https://sis.web.cern.ch/archives/CERN_archive/about<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
The Archives also hold the papers of [[Wolfgang Pauli]], comprising correspondence, manuscripts, photographies and other materials documenting his scientific work, together with his [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] awarded in 1945.<ref name=":0" /> [https://sis.web.cern.ch/archives/Pauli_archive/guide Pauli’s archival collection] was donated by his wife in 1960 to CERN after his death in 1958. <ref>''CERN commemorates Wolfgang Pauli'', https://timeline.web.cern.ch/cern-commemorates-wolfgang-pauli</ref><ref>''Wolfgang Pauli Archive,'' https://sis.web.cern.ch/archives/Pauli_archive</ref><br />
<br />
The CERN Archives operate in accordance with the [https://www.ica.org/?lid=5555 code of ethics] of the International Council on Archives (ICA).<br />
<br />
Since 1997, the Archives of CERN adopted the Operational Circular N° 3.<ref>Operational Circular N° 3, https://sis.web.cern.ch/archives/divisional_records_officers/guidelines_DRO/operational_circular3</ref><br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
Initially launched as a project in 1979 to support the writing of [[History books|CERN’s history]] on the occasion of its 25th Anniversary, the CERN Archives have since evolved into a permanent service with the mission of “supporting and preserving CERN’s documentary heritage for future generations.” <ref>''Discover the hidden treasures of CERN’s archive'', Anita Hollier, 2017, https://home.cern/news/news/cern/discover-hidden-treasures-cerns-archive</ref><br />
<br />
In 1979, the then Director-General, [[John Adams]], requested Division Leaders to make relevant documentation available to the Historical Archives and to appoint [[DRO|Divisional Records Officers]] (DROs) within each department to ensure the systematic identification and transfer of historically significant records.<br />
<br />
The CERN Archives were formally established in 1981, and the volume of archival holdings has continued to grow steadily since that time. <ref>''CERN Annual report 1982'', p. 148, 1982, https://cds.cern.ch/record/1475748/files/Annual%20Report%201982.pdf</ref> <br />
<br />
In 1997, a CERN Working Group on digital records was established, culminating in the publication, in 2001, of a report on Long-Term Electronic Archiving (LTEA).<ref>Long-Term Electronic Archiving (LTEA), https://repository.cern/records/1whrv-e2683</ref><br />
<br />
For further information, please visit the [https://sis.web.cern.ch/archives CERN Archives website].<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /></div>
Vigen
https://wiki.cern.ch/index.php?title=Module:Date_time&diff=12655
Module:Date time
2026-05-06T13:13:59Z
<p>Vigen: 1 revision imported from :wikipedia:Module:Date_time</p>
<hr />
<div>--[[<br />
Module:Date time – Date formatting and validation module.<br />
<br />
This module provides functions for validating and formatting dates in templates such as<br />
{{Start date}}, {{End date}}, {{Start date and age}}, and {{End date and age}}. <br />
It handles:<br />
- Validation of date components (year, month, day)<br />
- Validation of time components (hour, minute, second)<br />
- Timezone formatting and validation<br />
- Generation of appropriate hCalendar microformat markup<br />
- "time-ago" calculations<br />
<br />
Design notes:<br />
- Functions are organized into helper, validation, and formatting sections<br />
- Error handling uses a consistent pattern with centralized error messages<br />
- Timezone validation supports standard ISO 8601 formats<br />
- Leap year calculation is cached for performance<br />
]]<br />
<br />
require("strict")<br />
<br />
local p = {}<br />
<br />
---------------<br />
-- Constants --<br />
---------------<br />
<br />
local HTML_SPACE = "&#32;"<br />
local HTML_NBSP = "&nbsp;"<br />
<br />
-- Error message constants<br />
local ERROR_MESSAGES = {<br />
integers = "All values must be integers",<br />
has_leading_zeros = "Values cannot have unnecessary leading zeros",<br />
missing_year = "Year value is required",<br />
invalid_month = "Value is not a valid month",<br />
missing_month = "Month value is required when a day is provided",<br />
invalid_day = "Value is not a valid day (Month %d has %d days)",<br />
invalid_hour = "Value is not a valid hour",<br />
invalid_minute = "Value is not a valid minute",<br />
invalid_second = "Value is not a valid second",<br />
timezone_incomplete_date = "A timezone cannot be set without a day and hour",<br />
invalid_timezone = "Value is not a valid timezone",<br />
yes_value_parameter = '%s must be either "yes" or "y"',<br />
duplicate_parameters = 'Duplicate parameters used: %s and %s',<br />
template = "Template not supported",<br />
time_without_hour = "Minutes and seconds require an hour value"<br />
}<br />
<br />
-- Template class mapping<br />
-- "itvstart" and "itvend" are unique classes used by the TV infoboxes,<br />
-- which only allow the usage of {{Start date}} and {{End date}}.<br />
local TEMPLATE_CLASSES = {<br />
["start date"] = "bday dtstart published updated itvstart",<br />
["start date and age"] = "bday dtstart published updated",<br />
["end date"] = "dtend itvend",<br />
["end date and age"] = "dtend"<br />
}<br />
<br />
-- Templates that require "time ago" calculations<br />
local TIME_AGO = {<br />
["start date and age"] = true,<br />
["end date and age"] = true<br />
}<br />
<br />
-- English month names<br />
local MONTHS = {<br />
"January", "February", "March", "April", "May", "June",<br />
"July", "August", "September", "October", "November", "December"<br />
}<br />
<br />
-- Error category<br />
local ERROR_CATEGORY = "[[Category:Pages using Module:Date time with invalid values]]"<br />
<br />
-- Namespaces where error categories should be applied<br />
local CATEGORY_NAMESPACES = {<br />
[0] = true, -- Article<br />
[1] = true, -- Article talk<br />
[4] = true, -- Wikipedia<br />
[10] = true, -- Template<br />
[100] = true, -- Portal<br />
[118] = true -- Draft<br />
}<br />
<br />
-- Cached leap year calculations for performance<br />
local leap_year_cache = {}<br />
<br />
-- Local variables for error handling<br />
local help_link<br />
<br />
----------------------<br />
-- Helper Functions --<br />
----------------------<br />
<br />
--- Pads a number with leading zeros to ensure a minimum of two digits.<br />
-- @param value (number|string) The value to pad with leading zeros<br />
-- @return string The value padded to at least two digits, or nil if input is nil<br />
local function pad_left_zeros(value)<br />
if value == nil then<br />
return nil<br />
end<br />
<br />
local str = tostring(value)<br />
return string.rep("0", math.max(0, 2 - #str)) .. str<br />
end<br />
<br />
--- Replaces [[U+2212]] (Unicode minus) with [[U+002D]] (ASCII hyphen) or vice versa.<br />
-- @param value (string) The string value to process<br />
-- @param to_unicode (boolean) If true, converts ASCII hyphen to Unicode minus;<br />
-- If false, converts Unicode minus to ASCII hyphen<br />
-- @return string The processed string with appropriate minus characters, or nil if input is nil<br />
local function replace_minus_character(value, to_unicode)<br />
if not value then<br />
return nil<br />
end<br />
<br />
if to_unicode then<br />
return value:gsub("-", "−")<br />
end<br />
<br />
return value:gsub("−", "-")<br />
end<br />
<br />
--- Normalizes timezone format by ensuring proper padding of hours.<br />
-- @param timezone (string) The timezone string to normalize<br />
-- @return string The normalized timezone string with properly padded hours, or nil if input is nil<br />
local function fix_timezone(timezone)<br />
if not timezone then<br />
return nil<br />
end<br />
<br />
-- Replace U+2212 (Unicode minus) with U+002D (ASCII hyphen)<br />
timezone = replace_minus_character(timezone, false)<br />
<br />
-- Match the timezone pattern for ±H:MM format<br />
local sign, hour, minutes = timezone:match("^([+-])(%d+):(%d+)$")<br />
<br />
if sign and hour and minutes then<br />
-- Pad the hour with a leading zero if necessary<br />
hour = pad_left_zeros(hour)<br />
return sign .. hour .. ":" .. minutes<br />
end<br />
<br />
-- If no match, return the original timezone (this handles invalid or already padded timezones)<br />
return timezone<br />
end<br />
<br />
--- Checks if a timezone string is valid according to standard timezone formats.<br />
-- Valid timezones range from UTC-12:00 to UTC+14:00.<br />
-- @param timezone (string) The timezone string to validate<br />
-- @return boolean true if the timezone is valid, false otherwise<br />
local function is_timezone_valid(timezone)<br />
-- Consolidated timezone pattern for better performance<br />
local valid_patterns = {<br />
-- Z (UTC)<br />
"^Z$",<br />
-- Full timezone with minutes ±HH:MM<br />
"^[+]0[1-9]:[0-5][0-9]$",<br />
"^[+-]0[1-9]:[0-5][0-9]$", <br />
"^[+-]1[0-2]:[0-5][0-9]$",<br />
"^[+]1[34]:[0-5][0-9]$",<br />
-- Whole hour timezones ±HH<br />
"^[+-]0[1-9]$",<br />
"^[+-]1[0-2]$",<br />
"^[+]1[34]$",<br />
-- Special cases<br />
"^[+]00:00$",<br />
"^[+]00$"<br />
}<br />
<br />
-- Additional checks for invalid -00 and -00:00 cases<br />
if timezone == "-00" or timezone == "-00:00" then<br />
return false<br />
end<br />
<br />
for _, pattern in ipairs(valid_patterns) do<br />
if string.match(timezone, pattern) then<br />
return true<br />
end<br />
end<br />
<br />
return false<br />
end<br />
<br />
--- Checks if a given year is a leap year.<br />
-- Uses a cache for better performance.<br />
-- @param year (number) The year to check for leap year status<br />
-- @return boolean true if the year is a leap year, false otherwise<br />
local function is_leap_year(year)<br />
if leap_year_cache[year] == nil then<br />
leap_year_cache[year] = (year % 4 == 0 and year % 100 ~= 0) or (year % 400 == 0)<br />
end<br />
return leap_year_cache[year]<br />
end<br />
<br />
--- Returns the number of days in a given month of a specified year.<br />
-- Handles leap years for February.<br />
-- @param year (number) The year to check for leap year conditions<br />
-- @param month (number) The month (1-12) for which to return the number of days<br />
-- @return number The number of days in the specified month, accounting for leap years<br />
local function get_days_in_month(year, month)<br />
local days_in_month = { 31, 28, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31 }<br />
<br />
if month == 2 and is_leap_year(year) then<br />
return 29<br />
end<br />
<br />
return days_in_month[month] or 0<br />
end<br />
<br />
--- Checks if a given value has invalid leading zeros.<br />
-- @param value (string) The value to check for leading zeros<br />
-- @param field_type (string) Field type ("day", "month", "hour", "minute", "second")<br />
-- @return boolean true if the value has invalid leading zeros, false otherwise<br />
local function has_leading_zeros(value, field_type)<br />
value = tostring(value)<br />
<br />
-- Common checks for day and month<br />
if field_type == "day" or field_type == "month" then<br />
-- Reject "00" and values with leading zero followed by more than one digit<br />
return value == "00" or <br />
string.match(value, "^0[0-9][0-9]$") ~= nil or <br />
string.match(value, "^0[1-9][0-9]") ~= nil<br />
end<br />
<br />
-- Checks for hour, minute, second<br />
if field_type == "hour" or field_type == "minute" or field_type == "second" then<br />
-- Allow "00" and "01" to "09"<br />
if value == "00" or string.match(value, "^0[1-9]$") then<br />
return false<br />
end<br />
<br />
-- Reject values starting with "0" followed by more than one digit<br />
return string.match(value, "^0[0-9][0-9]+$") ~= nil<br />
end<br />
<br />
return false<br />
end<br />
<br />
--- Checks if a given value is an integer.<br />
-- @param value (string|number) The value to check<br />
-- @return boolean true if the value is a valid integer, false otherwise<br />
local function is_integer(value)<br />
if not value then<br />
return false<br />
end<br />
-- Check if the value is a number first<br />
local num_value = tonumber(value)<br />
if not num_value then<br />
return false<br />
end<br />
-- Check if it's an integer by comparing floor with the original<br />
if math.floor(num_value) ~= num_value then<br />
return false<br />
end<br />
-- For string inputs, check for decimal point to reject values like "7."<br />
if type(value) == "string" then<br />
-- If the string contains a decimal point, it's not an integer<br />
if string.find(value, "%.") then<br />
return false<br />
end<br />
end<br />
return true<br />
end<br />
<br />
--- Returns the name of a month based on its numerical representation.<br />
-- @param month_number (number) The month number (1-12)<br />
-- @return string|nil The name of the month, or nil if invalid<br />
local function get_month_name(month_number)<br />
month_number = tonumber(month_number)<br />
return MONTHS[month_number]<br />
end<br />
<br />
--- Generates an error message wrapped in HTML.<br />
-- @param message (string) The error message to format<br />
-- @param add_tracking_category (boolean, optional) If false, omits the tracking category<br />
-- @return string An HTML-formatted error message with help link and error category<br />
local function generate_error(message, add_tracking_category)<br />
local category = ERROR_CATEGORY<br />
<br />
if add_tracking_category == false then<br />
category = ""<br />
end<br />
<br />
-- Get current page title object<br />
local article_title = mw.title.getCurrentTitle()<br />
<br />
-- Special case for testcases pages<br />
local is_test_page = article_title.subpageText == "testcases"<br />
local allow_this_test_page = article_title.fullText == "Module talk:Date time/testcases"<br />
<br />
-- Remove category if the page is not in a tracked namespace or is any other testcases other than this module<br />
if (not CATEGORY_NAMESPACES[article_title.namespace] and not allow_this_test_page)<br />
or (is_test_page and not allow_this_test_page) then<br />
category = ""<br />
end<br />
<br />
return '<strong class="error">Error: ' .. message .. '</strong> ' .. help_link .. category<br />
end<br />
<br />
--------------------------<br />
-- Formatting Functions --<br />
--------------------------<br />
<br />
--- Formats the time portion of a datetime string.<br />
-- @param hour (string) The hour component<br />
-- @param minute (string) The minute component<br />
-- @param second (string) The second component<br />
-- @return string The formatted time string, or empty string if hour is nil<br />
local function format_time_string(hour, minute, second)<br />
if not hour then<br />
return ""<br />
end<br />
<br />
local time_string = string.format("%s:%s", hour, minute)<br />
<br />
if second and second ~= "00" and minute ~= "00" then<br />
time_string = string.format("%s:%s", time_string, second)<br />
end<br />
<br />
return time_string .. "," .. HTML_SPACE<br />
end<br />
<br />
--- Formats the date portion of a datetime string based on the specified format.<br />
-- @param year (string) The year component<br />
-- @param month (string) The month component<br />
-- @param day (string) The day component<br />
-- @param date_format_dmy (string) The date format ("yes" or "y" for day-month-year, otherwise month-day-year)<br />
-- @return string The formatted date string, or empty string if year is nil<br />
local function format_date_string(year, month, day, date_format_dmy)<br />
if not year then<br />
return ""<br />
end<br />
<br />
local date_string<br />
if month then<br />
local month_name = get_month_name(month)<br />
<br />
if day then<br />
day = tonumber(day)<br />
if date_format_dmy then<br />
date_string = day .. HTML_NBSP .. month_name<br />
else<br />
date_string = month_name .. HTML_NBSP .. day .. ","<br />
end<br />
date_string = date_string .. HTML_NBSP .. year<br />
else<br />
date_string = month_name .. HTML_NBSP .. year<br />
end<br />
else<br />
date_string = year<br />
end<br />
<br />
return date_string<br />
end<br />
<br />
--- Formats the timezone portion of a datetime string.<br />
-- @param timezone (string) The timezone component<br />
-- @return string The formatted timezone string, or empty string if timezone is nil<br />
local function format_timezone(timezone)<br />
if not timezone then<br />
return ""<br />
end<br />
<br />
return HTML_SPACE .. (timezone == "Z" and "(UTC)" or "(" .. timezone .. ")")<br />
end<br />
<br />
--- Generates an hCalendar microformat string for the given date-time values.<br />
-- @param date_time_values (table) A table containing date and time components<br />
-- @param classes (string) The CSS classes to apply to the microformat span<br />
-- @return string The HTML for the hCalendar microformat<br />
local function generate_h_calendar(date_time_values, classes)<br />
local parts = {}<br />
<br />
if date_time_values.year then<br />
table.insert(parts, date_time_values.year)<br />
<br />
if date_time_values.month then<br />
table.insert(parts, "-" .. date_time_values.month)<br />
<br />
if date_time_values.day then<br />
table.insert(parts, "-" .. date_time_values.day)<br />
end<br />
end<br />
<br />
if date_time_values.hour then<br />
table.insert(parts, "T" .. date_time_values.hour)<br />
<br />
if date_time_values.minute then<br />
table.insert(parts, ":" .. date_time_values.minute)<br />
<br />
if date_time_values.second then<br />
table.insert(parts, ":" .. date_time_values.second)<br />
end<br />
end<br />
end<br />
end<br />
<br />
local h_calendar_content = table.concat(parts) .. (date_time_values.timezone or "")<br />
local class_span = string.format('<span class="%s">', classes)<br />
<br />
return string.format(<br />
'<span style="display: none;">%s(%s)</span>', <br />
HTML_NBSP, <br />
class_span .. h_calendar_content .. '</span>'<br />
)<br />
end<br />
<br />
--- Generates a "time ago" string for age calculation templates.<br />
-- @param date_time_values (table) Table containing date components (year, month, day)<br />
-- @param br (boolean) Whether to include a line break before the time ago text<br />
-- @param p (boolean) Whether to format with parentheses around the time ago text<br />
-- @return string Formatted "time ago" text wrapped in a noprint span<br />
local function get_time_ago(date_time_values, br, p)<br />
-- Build timestamp based on available date components<br />
local timestamp<br />
local min_magnitude<br />
<br />
if date_time_values.day then<br />
-- Format with padding for month and day if needed<br />
timestamp = string.format("%d-%02d-%02d", <br />
date_time_values.year, <br />
date_time_values.month, <br />
date_time_values.day)<br />
min_magnitude = "days"<br />
elseif date_time_values.month then<br />
-- Format with padding for month if needed<br />
timestamp = string.format("%d-%02d", <br />
date_time_values.year, <br />
date_time_values.month)<br />
<br />
-- Get the current date<br />
local current_date = os.date("*t")<br />
<br />
-- Compute the difference in months<br />
local year_diff = current_date.year - date_time_values.year<br />
local month_diff = (year_diff * 12) + (current_date.month - date_time_values.month)<br />
<br />
-- If the difference is less than 12 months, use "months", otherwise "years"<br />
if month_diff < 12 then<br />
min_magnitude = "months"<br />
else<br />
min_magnitude = "years"<br />
end<br />
else<br />
timestamp = tostring(date_time_values.year)<br />
min_magnitude = "years"<br />
end<br />
<br />
-- Calculate time ago using [[Module:Time]] ago<br />
local m_time_ago = require("Module:Time ago")._main<br />
local time_ago = m_time_ago({timestamp, ["min_magnitude"] = min_magnitude})<br />
<br />
-- Format the result based on br and p parameters<br />
if br then<br />
time_ago = p and ("<br/>(" .. time_ago .. ")") or (";<br/>" .. time_ago)<br />
else<br />
time_ago = p and (HTML_SPACE .. "(" .. time_ago .. ")") or (";" .. HTML_SPACE .. time_ago)<br />
end<br />
<br />
-- Wrap in noprint span<br />
return "<span class=\"noprint\">" .. time_ago .. "</span>"<br />
end<br />
<br />
--------------------------<br />
-- Validation Functions --<br />
--------------------------<br />
<br />
--- Validates the date and time values provided.<br />
-- @param args (table) Table containing date and time values and optional parameters<br />
-- @return nil|string Nil if validation passes, or an error message if validation fails<br />
local function _validate_date_time(args)<br />
local template_name = args.template or "start date"<br />
help_link = string.format("<small>[[:Template:%s|(help)]]</small>", template_name)<br />
<br />
-- Store and validate date-time values<br />
local date_time_values = {<br />
year = args[1], <br />
month = args[2], <br />
day = args[3],<br />
hour = args[4], <br />
minute = args[5], <br />
second = args[6]<br />
}<br />
<br />
-- Validate each value<br />
for key, value in pairs(date_time_values) do<br />
if value then<br />
-- Check for integer and leading zeros<br />
if not is_integer(value) then<br />
return generate_error(ERROR_MESSAGES.integers)<br />
end<br />
<br />
if has_leading_zeros(tostring(value), key) then<br />
return generate_error(ERROR_MESSAGES.has_leading_zeros)<br />
end<br />
<br />
-- Convert to number<br />
date_time_values[key] = tonumber(value)<br />
end<br />
end<br />
<br />
-- Validate date components<br />
if not date_time_values.year then<br />
return generate_error(ERROR_MESSAGES.missing_year)<br />
end<br />
<br />
if date_time_values.month and (date_time_values.month < 1 or date_time_values.month > 12) then<br />
return generate_error(ERROR_MESSAGES.invalid_month)<br />
end<br />
<br />
if date_time_values.day then<br />
if not date_time_values.month then<br />
return generate_error(ERROR_MESSAGES.missing_month)<br />
end<br />
<br />
local max_day = get_days_in_month(date_time_values.year, date_time_values.month)<br />
if date_time_values.day < 1 or date_time_values.day > max_day then<br />
return generate_error(string.format(ERROR_MESSAGES.invalid_day, date_time_values.month, max_day))<br />
end<br />
end<br />
<br />
-- Validate time components<br />
if (date_time_values.minute or date_time_values.second) and not date_time_values.hour then<br />
return generate_error(ERROR_MESSAGES.time_without_hour)<br />
end<br />
<br />
if date_time_values.hour and (date_time_values.hour < 0 or date_time_values.hour > 23) then<br />
return generate_error(ERROR_MESSAGES.invalid_hour)<br />
end<br />
<br />
if date_time_values.minute and (date_time_values.minute < 0 or date_time_values.minute > 59) then<br />
return generate_error(ERROR_MESSAGES.invalid_minute)<br />
end<br />
<br />
if date_time_values.second and (date_time_values.second < 0 or date_time_values.second > 59) then<br />
return generate_error(ERROR_MESSAGES.invalid_second)<br />
end<br />
<br />
-- Timezone cannot be set without a specific date and hour<br />
if args[7] and not (date_time_values.day and date_time_values.hour) then<br />
return generate_error(ERROR_MESSAGES.timezone_incomplete_date)<br />
elseif args[7] and not is_timezone_valid(args[7]) then<br />
return generate_error(ERROR_MESSAGES.invalid_timezone)<br />
end<br />
<br />
-- Validate that there aren't any duplicate parameters<br />
if args.p and args.paren then<br />
return generate_error(string.format(ERROR_MESSAGES.duplicate_parameters, "p", "paren"))<br />
end<br />
<br />
-- Validate parameters that use "y" or "yes" for values <br />
local boolean_params = {'df', 'p', 'paren', 'br'}<br />
for _, param_name in ipairs(boolean_params) do<br />
if args[param_name] and not (args[param_name] == "yes" or args[param_name] == "y") then<br />
return generate_error(string.format(ERROR_MESSAGES.yes_value_parameter, param_name))<br />
end<br />
end<br />
<br />
return nil<br />
end<br />
<br />
----------------------<br />
-- Public Functions --<br />
----------------------<br />
<br />
--- Validates date-time values from template arguments.<br />
-- @param frame (table) The MediaWiki frame containing template arguments<br />
-- @return nil|string Result of date-time validation<br />
function p.validate_date_time(frame)<br />
local get_args = require("Module:Arguments").getArgs<br />
local args = get_args(frame)<br />
<br />
-- Sanitize inputs<br />
args[7] = fix_timezone(args[7])<br />
<br />
return _validate_date_time(args)<br />
end<br />
<br />
--- Generates a formatted date string with microformat markup.<br />
-- @param frame (table) The MediaWiki frame containing template arguments<br />
-- @return string A formatted date string, or an error message if validation fails<br />
function p.generate_date(frame)<br />
local get_args = require("Module:Arguments").getArgs<br />
local args = get_args(frame)<br />
<br />
-- Sanitize inputs<br />
args[7] = fix_timezone(args[7])<br />
<br />
local validation_error = _validate_date_time(args)<br />
if validation_error then<br />
return validation_error<br />
end<br />
<br />
local classes = TEMPLATE_CLASSES[args.template or "start date"]<br />
if not classes then<br />
return generate_error(ERROR_MESSAGES.template, false)<br />
end<br />
<br />
-- Process date-time values<br />
local date_time_values = {<br />
year = args[1], <br />
month = pad_left_zeros(args[2]), <br />
day = pad_left_zeros(args[3]),<br />
hour = pad_left_zeros(args[4]), <br />
minute = args[5] and pad_left_zeros(args[5]) or "00",<br />
second = args[6] and pad_left_zeros(args[6]) or "00", <br />
timezone = replace_minus_character(args[7], true) -- Restore U+2212 (Unicode minus)<br />
}<br />
<br />
-- Generate individual components<br />
local time_string = format_time_string(<br />
date_time_values.hour, <br />
date_time_values.minute, <br />
date_time_values.second<br />
)<br />
<br />
local date_string = format_date_string(<br />
date_time_values.year, <br />
date_time_values.month, <br />
date_time_values.day, <br />
args.df<br />
)<br />
<br />
local timezone_string = format_timezone(date_time_values.timezone)<br />
<br />
local time_ago = ""<br />
if TIME_AGO[args.template] then<br />
time_ago = get_time_ago(<br />
date_time_values, <br />
args.br,<br />
args.p or args.paren<br />
)<br />
end<br />
<br />
local h_calendar = generate_h_calendar(date_time_values, classes)<br />
<br />
-- Combine components<br />
return time_string .. date_string .. timezone_string .. time_ago .. h_calendar<br />
end<br />
<br />
return p</div>
Vigen
https://wiki.cern.ch/index.php?title=Module:Annotated_link&diff=12653
Module:Annotated link
2026-05-06T13:13:59Z
<p>Vigen: 1 revision imported from :wikipedia:Module:Annotated_link</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
local function pipedLink(name, display) return '[[:'..name..'|'..display..']]' end<br />
<br />
local function isEmpty(value) return value == nil or value == '' end<br />
<br />
local function notEmpty(value) return not isEmpty(value) end<br />
<br />
-- Unescape functionality grabbed from https://stackoverflow.com/a/14899740/1832568<br />
local function unescape(str)<br />
str = string.gsub(str, '&#(%d+);', string.char)<br />
str = string.gsub(str, '&#x(%d+);', function(d) return string.char(tonumber(d, 16)) end)<br />
return str<br />
end<br />
<br />
local function hashDelimitedList(list_string) return mw.text.gsplit(unescape(list_string), '%s*#%s*') end<br />
<br />
local function alarmingMessage(message)<br />
return '<span style="color:#d33">[[Module:Annotated link]] '..message..'.</span>'..<br />
'[[Category:Pages displaying alarming messages about Module:Annotated link]]'<br />
end<br />
<br />
local function optionallyVisibleCategory(class, category)<br />
return '<span style="display:none" class="'..class..'">'..category..<br />
'</span>[[Category:'..category..' via Module:Annotated link]]'<br />
end<br />
<br />
local function handleFirstLetterCase(short_description, case)<br />
return mw.ustring.gsub(short_description, '^([^%d])', function(first_char)<br />
if case == 'upper' then<br />
return mw.ustring.upper(first_char)<br />
end<br />
return mw.ustring.lower(first_char) end<br />
)<br />
end<br />
<br />
local mLang = require('Module:Lang')<br />
local function langify(args)<br />
local lang = args.lang<br />
local text = args.text<br />
if isEmpty(lang) or lang == 'en' then<br />
return text<br />
end<br />
return mLang._lang {<br />
lang,<br />
text,<br />
italic = args.italic,<br />
nocat = args.nocat,<br />
size = args.size,<br />
cat = args.cat,<br />
rtl = args.rtl<br />
}<br />
end<br />
<br />
local function formatResult(result, dash, description, prefix_parentheses)<br />
if notEmpty(description) then<br />
if prefix_parentheses then<br />
local startIdx = description:find("%(")<br />
if startIdx then<br />
local beforeParens = description:sub(1, startIdx - 2)<br />
local insideParens = description:sub(startIdx, -1)<br />
return result..' '..insideParens..dash..' '..beforeParens<br />
end<br />
end<br />
return result..dash..' '..description<br />
end<br />
return result<br />
end<br />
<br />
local function annotatedLink(args)<br />
local name = args.name<br />
if isEmpty(name) then<br />
return alarmingMessage('requires a page name (including namespace)')<br />
end<br />
<br />
-- In order to handle an attempt to annotate a template link<br />
-- already formatted with the likes of {{tl|<template name>}};<br />
-- unescape name to make sense of braces in lua patern matching.<br />
name = unescape(name)<br />
<br />
if name:match('^{%b{}}$') then<br />
-- The possibility to extract useful data exists here: e.g. {{tl*|Template}}.<br />
return alarmingMessage(<br />
'requires only a page name (including namespace) without markup. '..<br />
'If an attempt is being made to annotate a link to a template, '..<br />
'provide only the template name with namespace e.g. "Template:Example"')<br />
end<br />
<br />
-- If a literal link was provided as name;<br />
-- extract the content and apply it to name and display as appropriate.<br />
local wikilink = mw.ustring.match(name, '^%[%[%s*:*%s*(.-)%s*%]%]$')<br />
if wikilink then<br />
local link_name, link_display = unpack(mw.text.split(wikilink, '%s*|%s*'))<br />
if link_name then<br />
name = link_name<br />
end<br />
if link_display and isEmpty(args.display) then<br />
args.display = link_display<br />
end<br />
end<br />
<br />
-- Prepare to concatenate.<br />
local result<br />
<br />
local is_template = name:match('^Template:(.+)$')<br />
local template_link = args.template_link<br />
if is_template and template_link ~= 'no' then<br />
result = '{{'..pipedLink(name, is_template)..'}}'<br />
if template_link == 'code' then<br />
result = '<code>'..result..'</code>'<br />
end<br />
else<br />
local display = args.display<br />
if isEmpty(display) then<br />
display = name<br />
end<br />
result = langify({<br />
lang = args.link_lang,<br />
text = pipedLink(name, display),<br />
italic = args.link_lang_italic,<br />
nocat = args.link_lang_nocat,<br />
size = args.link_lang_size,<br />
cat = args.link_lang_cat,<br />
rtl = args.link_lang_rtl<br />
})<br />
<br />
if notEmpty(args.quote) then<br />
result = '"'..result..'"'<br />
end<br />
<br />
local abbr = args.abbr<br />
if notEmpty(abbr) then<br />
result = result..' (<abbr'<br />
local abbr_title = args.abbr_title<br />
if notEmpty(abbr_title) then<br />
result = result..' title="'..abbr_title..'"'<br />
end<br />
result = result..'>'..abbr..'</abbr>)'<br />
end<br />
end<br />
<br />
if isEmpty(result) then<br />
return alarmingMessage('could not create a link for "'..name..'"')<br />
end<br />
<br />
local aka = args.aka<br />
if notEmpty(aka) then<br />
result = result..', also known as '..langify({<br />
lang = args.aka_lang,<br />
text = aka,<br />
italic = args.aka_lang_italic,<br />
nocat = args.aka_lang_nocat,<br />
size = args.aka_lang_size,<br />
cat = args.aka_lang_cat,<br />
rtl = args.aka_lang_rtl<br />
})<br />
end<br />
<br />
local wedge = args.wedge<br />
if notEmpty(wedge) then<br />
result = result..', '..langify({<br />
lang = args.wedge_lang,<br />
text = wedge,<br />
italic = args.wedge_lang_italic,<br />
nocat = args.wedge_lang_nocat,<br />
size = args.wedge_lang_size,<br />
cat = args.wedge_lang_cat,<br />
rtl = args.wedge_lang_rtl<br />
})<br />
end<br />
<br />
-- Exclude wikidata fallback for any specified list of link titles,<br />
-- unless explicity instructed that it's okay.<br />
local not_wikidata_for_links_starting_with = args.not_wikidata_for_links_starting_with<br />
if isEmpty(args.wikidata) and notEmpty(not_wikidata_for_links_starting_with) then<br />
for only_explicit in hashDelimitedList(not_wikidata_for_links_starting_with) do<br />
if name:match('^'..only_explicit) then<br />
args.only = 'explicit'<br />
break<br />
end<br />
end<br />
end<br />
<br />
-- Get the short description from Module:GetShortDescription.<br />
local short_description = require('Module:GetShortDescription').main({<br />
none_is_valid = args.none_is_valid,<br />
none_is_nil = args.none_is_nil,<br />
lang_italic = args.desc_lang_italic,<br />
lang_nocat = args.desc_lang_nocat,<br />
lang_size = args.desc_lang_size,<br />
lang_cat = args.desc_lang_cat,<br />
lang_rtl = args.desc_lang_rtl,<br />
lang_no = args.desc_lang_no,<br />
prefer = args.prefer,<br />
only = args.only,<br />
name = name<br />
})<br />
<br />
local dash = args.dash<br />
if isEmpty(dash) then<br />
dash = '&nbsp;–'<br />
end<br />
<br />
local fallback = args.fallback<br />
<br />
if isEmpty(short_description) or short_description.redlink then<br />
return formatResult(result, dash, fallback, args.prefix_parentheses)<br />
end<br />
<br />
if short_description.alarm then<br />
return short_description.alarm<br />
end<br />
<br />
local maintenance = ''<br />
<br />
if short_description.redirected then<br />
maintenance = optionallyVisibleCategory(<br />
'category-annotation-with-redirected-description',<br />
'Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets')<br />
end<br />
<br />
local fellback<br />
<br />
if short_description.wikidata then<br />
-- if short_description.fellback then<br />
-- fellback = true<br />
-- maintenance = maintenance..optionallyVisibleCategory(<br />
-- 'category-wikidata-fallback-annotation',<br />
-- 'Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback')<br />
-- end<br />
-- short_description = short_description.wikidata<br />
-- Filter against likely rubbish wikidata descriptions.<br />
-- local not_wikidata_descriptions_including = args.not_wikidata_descriptions_including<br />
-- if notEmpty(not_wikidata_descriptions_including) then<br />
-- Case insentive matching.<br />
-- local lower_case_short_description = short_description:lower()<br />
-- for exclusion in hashDelimitedList(not_wikidata_descriptions_including:lower()) do<br />
-- if lower_case_short_description:match(exclusion) then<br />
short_description = ''<br />
-- break<br />
-- end<br />
-- end<br />
-- end<br />
if isEmpty(short_description) then<br />
return formatResult(result, dash, fallback, args.prefix_parentheses)<br />
end<br />
else<br />
short_description = short_description.explicit<br />
end<br />
<br />
local lower_case_name = name:lower()<br />
<br />
if notEmpty(short_description) and not short_description:match(' ') then<br />
-- Filter against likely rubbish single word descriptions.<br />
local lower_case_short_description = short_description:lower()<br />
local not_single_word = args.not_single_word<br />
if notEmpty(not_single_word) then<br />
-- Case insentive matching.<br />
for single_word in hashDelimitedList(not_single_word:lower()) do<br />
if single_word == lower_case_short_description then<br />
short_description = ''<br />
break<br />
end<br />
end<br />
end<br />
if isEmpty(short_description) or lower_case_name:match(lower_case_short_description) then<br />
return formatResult(result, dash, fallback, args.prefix_parentheses)<br />
end<br />
if isEmpty(args.space_cat) then<br />
maintenance = maintenance..optionallyVisibleCategory(<br />
'category-spaceless-annotation',<br />
'Pages displaying short descriptions with no spaces')<br />
end<br />
end<br />
<br />
if lower_case_name == short_description:lower() then<br />
if fellback then<br />
return formatResult(result, dash, fallback, args.prefix_parentheses)<br />
end<br />
maintenance = maintenance..optionallyVisibleCategory(<br />
'category-annotation-matches-name',<br />
'Pages displaying short descriptions matching their page name')<br />
end<br />
<br />
-- Short descriptions on en Wikipedia should be formatted with an uppercase first letter, but<br />
-- the typical application of this module will require the first character to be lowercase, but<br />
-- some descriptions may start with proper names and should start with an uppercase letter even if used in an annotaion.<br />
-- By default; this module will not affect the first letter case of descriptions retrieved by Module:GetShortDescription, but<br />
-- the first letter case may be transformed explicitly if required.<br />
local desc_first_letter_case = args.desc_first_letter_case<br />
if desc_first_letter_case == 'upper' or desc_first_letter_case == 'lower' then<br />
short_description = handleFirstLetterCase(short_description, desc_first_letter_case)<br />
end<br />
<br />
return formatResult(result, dash, (short_description or fallback)..maintenance, args.prefix_parentheses)<br />
end<br />
<br />
local p = {}<br />
<br />
function p.main(frame)<br />
local args = require('Module:Arguments' ).getArgs(frame)<br />
if isEmpty(args) then<br />
return alarmingMessage('could not getArgs') -- This really would be alarming.<br />
end<br />
return annotatedLink(args)<br />
end<br />
<br />
return p</div>
Vigen
https://wiki.cern.ch/index.php?title=Module:GetShortDescription&diff=12651
Module:GetShortDescription
2026-05-06T13:13:59Z
<p>Vigen: 1 revision imported from :wikipedia:Module:GetShortDescription</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
local function isEmpty(value) return value == nil or value == '' end<br />
<br />
local function notEmpty(value) return not isEmpty(value) end<br />
<br />
local function isNone(value) return value:lower() == 'none' end<br />
<br />
local function alarmingMessage(message, preview)<br />
message = '<span style="color:#d33">[[Module:GetShortDescription]] '..message..'.</span>'<br />
if not preview then<br />
message = message..'[[Category:Pages displaying alarming messages about Module:GetShortDescription]]'<br />
end<br />
return message<br />
end<br />
<br />
-- Grammatically reasonable concatenation of possible issues into one message per problematic link target.<br />
local function previewWarning(args_name, quantity_of_things)<br />
local message = ''<br />
if quantity_of_things.params > 3 then<br />
message = message..' with extraneous parameters'<br />
end<br />
if quantity_of_things.descriptions > 1 then<br />
message = message..', declaring '..quantity_of_things.descriptions..' short descriptions'<br />
end<br />
if quantity_of_things.templates > 1 or notEmpty(message) then<br />
message = 'has detected that [[:'..args_name..'|'..args_name..']] has '..<br />
quantity_of_things.templates..' {{tlx|short description}}'..message<br />
mw.addWarning(alarmingMessage(message, true))<br />
end<br />
end<br />
<br />
local function getWikidataDescription(title, args, fallback)<br />
local wikidata_id = mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForTitle(title)<br />
if isEmpty(wikidata_id) then<br />
return nil<br />
end<br />
local wikidata_description, wikidata_description_lang = mw.wikibase.getDescriptionWithLang(wikidata_id)<br />
if isEmpty(wikidata_description) then<br />
return nil<br />
end<br />
local result = {wikidata = wikidata_description}<br />
if isEmpty(args.lang_no) and notEmpty(wikidata_description_lang) and wikidata_description_lang ~= 'en' then<br />
-- According to the docs this is a possibility...<br />
result.wikidata = require('Module:Lang')._lang{<br />
wikidata_description_lang,<br />
wikidata_description,<br />
italic = args.lang_italic,<br />
nocat = args.lang_nocat,<br />
size = args.lang_size,<br />
cat = args.lang_cat,<br />
rtl = args.lang_rtl<br />
}<br />
end<br />
result.fellback = fallback<br />
return result<br />
end<br />
<br />
local function getShortDescriptionTemplates(title_table)<br />
local page_content = title_table:getContent()<br />
<br />
-- Assume no content means a nonexistent title because it's cheaper than testing if it exists.<br />
if isEmpty(page_content) then<br />
return {redlink = true}<br />
end<br />
<br />
local contents_of_all_short_description_templates = {}<br />
<br />
-- Because there could be any number of short description templates, and not all where there should be; get all the templates.<br />
for template in page_content:gmatch('{%b{}}') do<br />
local short_description_content = mw.ustring.match(template, '^{{%s*[Ss]hort description%s*|%s*(.-)%s*}}')<br />
if notEmpty(short_description_content) then<br />
-- Collect the contents of short description templates.<br />
contents_of_all_short_description_templates[#contents_of_all_short_description_templates+1] = short_description_content<br />
end<br />
-- An opportunity for efficiency gain exists - to break if another type of template is found e.g. citation templates,<br />
-- but on an appallingly formatted page, a short description template down by the categories would likely be missed.<br />
end<br />
return contents_of_all_short_description_templates<br />
end<br />
<br />
local function getShortDescription(args_name, args_name_title_table, title, title_table, fallback)<br />
local contents_of_all_short_description_templates = {}<br />
local redirected<br />
<br />
-- Check for short description templates on redirect pages.<br />
if title ~= args_name then<br />
contents_of_all_short_description_templates = getShortDescriptionTemplates(args_name_title_table)<br />
if contents_of_all_short_description_templates.redlink then<br />
return contents_of_all_short_description_templates<br />
end<br />
redirected = false<br />
end<br />
<br />
if #contents_of_all_short_description_templates < 1 then<br />
contents_of_all_short_description_templates = getShortDescriptionTemplates(title_table)<br />
if notEmpty(redirected) then<br />
redirected = true<br />
end<br />
end<br />
<br />
if contents_of_all_short_description_templates.redlink then<br />
return contents_of_all_short_description_templates<br />
end<br />
<br />
if #contents_of_all_short_description_templates < 1 then<br />
return nil<br />
end<br />
<br />
local quantity_of_things = {<br />
templates = #contents_of_all_short_description_templates,<br />
descriptions = 0,<br />
params = 0<br />
}<br />
<br />
local possible_short_descriptions = {}<br />
<br />
-- Look through the short description templates:<br />
for template_content_index, short_description_template_contents in ipairs(contents_of_all_short_description_templates) do<br />
-- Split the contents at pipes and trim.<br />
local short_description_template_params = mw.text.split(short_description_template_contents, '%s*|%s*')<br />
if #short_description_template_params > quantity_of_things.params then<br />
quantity_of_things.params = #short_description_template_params<br />
end<br />
possible_short_descriptions[template_content_index] = {}<br />
-- Look through the params:<br />
for i, param in ipairs(short_description_template_params) do<br />
if param == 'noreplace' or mw.ustring.match(param, '^2%s*=%s*noreplace$') then<br />
-- Take note of 'noreplace'-ing for establishment of hierarchy later.<br />
possible_short_descriptions[template_content_index].noreplace = true<br />
else<br />
local has_equals = param:match('=')<br />
if not has_equals or param:match('^1') then<br />
-- Grab the short description.<br />
if has_equals then<br />
param = mw.ustring.gsub(param, '^1%s*=%s*', '')<br />
end<br />
-- If the template has both a numbered and an unnumbered short description;<br />
-- whichever comes last (ltr) will be used by that template, so overwriting works out great.<br />
possible_short_descriptions[template_content_index].description = param<br />
-- And we want to know the total quantity of descriptions being declared.<br />
quantity_of_things.descriptions = quantity_of_things.descriptions + 1<br />
end<br />
end<br />
end<br />
end<br />
<br />
local short_descriptions = {}<br />
<br />
-- Look through the possible short descriptions for definite short descriptions,<br />
-- and prepare for working out which of possibly multiple short descriptions is actually being applied for the page:<br />
for i, possible_short_description in ipairs(possible_short_descriptions) do<br />
if possible_short_description.description then<br />
-- If a description is 'noreplace'-ing or 'none'; demote it.<br />
if (possible_short_description.noreplace or isNone(possible_short_description.description)) and<br />
#possible_short_descriptions > 1 then<br />
-- But don't demote it if it's already at the bottom.<br />
if i > 1 then<br />
table.insert(short_descriptions, #short_descriptions, possible_short_description)<br />
else<br />
short_descriptions[#short_descriptions+1] = possible_short_description<br />
end<br />
else<br />
short_descriptions[#short_descriptions+1] = possible_short_description<br />
end<br />
end<br />
end<br />
<br />
-- Let previewWarning() work out if these numbers are bad.<br />
previewWarning(args_name, quantity_of_things)<br />
<br />
if #short_descriptions >= 1 then<br />
-- Pop!<br />
local short_description = short_descriptions[#short_descriptions].description<br />
if notEmpty(short_description) then<br />
return {explicit = short_description, fellback = fallback, redirected = redirected}<br />
end<br />
end<br />
return nil<br />
end<br />
<br />
local function isSisterProjectLink(title)<br />
local sister_project_prefixes = {<br />
'wiktionary', 'wikt',<br />
'wikinews', 'n',<br />
'wikibooks', 'b',<br />
'wikiquote', 'q',<br />
'wikisource', 's',<br />
'wikispecies', 'species',<br />
'wikiversity', 'v',<br />
'wikivoyage', 'voy',<br />
'commons', 'c',<br />
'wikidata', 'd',<br />
'mediawikiwiki', 'mw',<br />
'wikimedia', 'foundation', 'wmf',<br />
'meta', 'm',<br />
'incubator',<br />
'phabricator', 'phab'<br />
}<br />
local pre_colon = title:match('^(%a+):')<br />
if pre_colon then<br />
for i, sister in ipairs(sister_project_prefixes) do<br />
if pre_colon == sister then<br />
return true<br />
end<br />
end<br />
end<br />
return false<br />
end<br />
<br />
-- Literally testing if title_table.isRedirect can be expensive;<br />
-- processing this way resolves (multiple) redirects without the possibly expensive check.<br />
local function getTitleAndTable(orig_name)<br />
local title_table = mw.title.new(orig_name)<br />
title_table = title_table.redirectTarget or title_table<br />
local title = title_table.prefixedText<br />
if title == orig_name then<br />
return title, title_table<br />
end<br />
return getTitleAndTable(title)<br />
end<br />
<br />
local function getDescription(args)<br />
local args_name = args.name<br />
if isEmpty(args_name) then<br />
return {alarm = 'requires a page name (including namespace)'}<br />
end<br />
<br />
-- Keep the orginal name, cleaned up, and its title_table for later.<br />
local args_name_title_table = mw.title.new(args_name)<br />
args_name = args_name_title_table.prefixedText<br />
<br />
if isSisterProjectLink(args_name) then<br />
return nil<br />
end<br />
<br />
local title, title_table = getTitleAndTable(args_name)<br />
<br />
if title ~= args_name then<br />
if isSisterProjectLink(title) then<br />
return nil<br />
end<br />
end<br />
<br />
local only = args.only<br />
local prefer = args.prefer or 'explicit'<br />
<br />
-- Pass args_name to getShortDescription() so previewWarning()s won't be confusing for redirects.<br />
<br />
if notEmpty(only) then<br />
if only == 'explicit' then<br />
return getShortDescription(args_name, args_name_title_table, title, title_table)<br />
end<br />
if only == 'wikidata' then<br />
return getWikidataDescription(title, args)<br />
end<br />
return {alarm = 'accepts either "explicit" or "wikidata" as the value of |only='}<br />
end<br />
<br />
if notEmpty(prefer) then<br />
if prefer == 'explicit' then<br />
local short_description = getShortDescription(args_name, args_name_title_table, title, title_table)<br />
if notEmpty(short_description) then<br />
-- Assume a Wikidata search would be a bad idea for an assumed nonexistent title.<br />
if short_description.redlink or (not isNone(short_description.explicit) or args.none_is_valid) then<br />
return short_description<br />
end<br />
end<br />
return getWikidataDescription(title, args, true)<br />
end<br />
if prefer == 'wikidata' then<br />
return getWikidataDescription(title, args) or getShortDescription(args_name, args_name_title_table, title, title_table, true)<br />
end<br />
return {alarm = 'accepts either "explicit" or "wikidata" as the value of |prefer='}<br />
end<br />
end<br />
<br />
local function main(args)<br />
local result = getDescription(args)<br />
if notEmpty(result) then<br />
if result.alarm then<br />
result.alarm = alarmingMessage(result.alarm)<br />
end<br />
if args.stringify then<br />
if result.alarm then<br />
result = result.alarm<br />
else<br />
result = result.explicit or result.wikidata<br />
if args.none_is_nil and isNone(result) then<br />
result = nil<br />
end<br />
end<br />
elseif not result.alarm and args.none_is_nil then<br />
local description = result.explicit or result.wikidata<br />
if description and args.none_is_nil and isNone(description) then<br />
result = nil<br />
end<br />
end<br />
end<br />
return result<br />
end<br />
<br />
local p = {}<br />
<br />
function p.main(frame)<br />
local args = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs(frame)<br />
if isEmpty(args) then<br />
return alarmingMessage('could not getArgs') -- This really would be alarming.<br />
end<br />
return main(args)<br />
end<br />
<br />
return p</div>
Vigen
https://wiki.cern.ch/index.php?title=Breakthrough_Prize_in_Fundamental_Physics&diff=12649
Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics
2026-05-06T13:13:58Z
<p>Vigen: 1 revision imported from :wikipedia:Breakthrough_Prize_in_Fundamental_Physics</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|International science award since 2012}}<br />
{{Use American English|date=November 2022}}<br />
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox award<br />
| name = Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics <br/> Special Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics<br />
| awarded_for = Accomplishments in [[Physics|fundamental physics]] broadly defined<br />
| presenter = Breakthrough Prize Board<br />
| year = 2012<br />
| reward = [[US dollar|USD]]$3 million<br />
| website = [https://breakthroughprize.org/Prize/1 Official Website]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics''' is one of the [[Breakthrough Prize]]s, awarded by the Breakthrough Prize Board. Initially named Fundamental Physics Prize,<ref>{{cite press release |title=New annual US$3 million Fundamental Physics Prize recognizes transformative advances in the field |url=https://breakthroughprize.org/News/15 |access-date=November 1, 2022 |publisher=[[Breakthrough Prize]] |date=July 31, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101071126/https://breakthroughprize.org/News/15 |archive-date=November 1, 2022}}</ref> it was launched in July 2012, and is supported by the foundation co-founded by [[Russia]]-born [[Israel]]i entrepreneur, [[venture capital]]ist and [[physicist]] [[Yuri Milner]]. The prize is awarded to physicists from [[Theoretical physics|theoretical]], [[Mathematical physics|mathematical]], or [[experimental physics]] that have made transformative contributions to fundamental physics,<ref>{{cite web |title=Fundamental Physics |url=https://breakthroughprize.org/Prize/1 |publisher=Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics |access-date=April 29, 2022 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220429024006/https://breakthroughprize.org/Prize/1 |archive-date=April 29, 2022}}</ref> and specifically for recent advances.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sample |first1=Ian |title=Biggest science prize takes web tycoon from social networks to string theory |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2012/jul/31/prize-science-yuri-milner-awards |access-date=May 1, 2022 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=July 31, 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220501051733/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2012/jul/31/prize-science-yuri-milner-awards |archive-date=May 1, 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
Worth [[US dollar|USD]] $3 million, the prize is the most lucrative physics prize in the world<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/31/science/9-scientists-win-yuri-milners-fundamental-physics-prize.html?_r=1 |title=9 Scientists Receive a New Physics Prize |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=July 31, 2012 |access-date=August 4, 2012 |archive-date=August 3, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120803001610/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/31/science/9-scientists-win-yuri-milners-fundamental-physics-prize.html?_r=1}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-45425872 |title=Bell Burnell: Physics star gives away £2.3m prize |work=[[BBC]] |date=2018-09-06 |last1=Ghosh |first1=Pallab |access-date=November 1, 2022 |archive-date=November 1, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101073210/https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-45425872}}</ref> and is more than twice the amount given to the [[Nobel Prize]] awardees.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/31/science/9-scientists-win-yuri-milners-fundamental-physics-prize.html?_r=1 |title=9 Scientists Receive a New Physics Prize |work=The New York Times |date=July 31, 2012 |access-date=August 4, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905103246/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/31/science/9-scientists-win-yuri-milners-fundamental-physics-prize.html?_r=1 |archive-date=September 5, 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
Unlike the annual Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics, the Special Breakthrough Prize may be awarded at any time for outstanding achievements, while the prize money is still [[US dollar|USD]] $3 million.<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://breakthroughprize.org/News/32 |title=Special Breakthrough Prize In Fundamental Physics Awarded For Detection Of Gravitational Waves 100 Years After Albert Einstein Predicted Their Existence |date=May 2, 2016 |access-date=April 30, 2022 |publisher=Breakthrough Prize |archive-date=April 30, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430141207/https://breakthroughprize.org/News/32}}</ref><br />
<br />
Physics Frontiers Prize has only been awarded for two years. Laureates are automatically nominated for next year's Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics. If they are not awarded the prize the next year, they will each receive [[US dollar|USD]]$300,000 and be automatically nominated for the Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics in the next five years.<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://home.cern/news/press-release/cern/fundamental-physics-prize-foundation-announces-physics-frontiers-and-new |title= Fundamental Physics Prize Foundation announces Physics Frontiers and New Horizons in Physics prizes along with two special prizes |date=December 11, 2012 |access-date=April 30, 2022 |publisher=[[CERN]] |archive-date=April 30, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430143236/https://home.cern/news/press-release/cern/fundamental-physics-prize-foundation-announces-physics-frontiers-and-new}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Laureates ==<br />
This is a listing of the laureates by year (including Special Prize winners):<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year of award<br />
! Fundamental Physics Prize laureates<br />
! Institutional affiliation when prize awarded<br />
! Awarded for<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=9|2012<br />
|[[Nima Arkani-Hamed]]<br />
|[[Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton|Institute for Advanced Study]], [[Princeton University|Princeton]]<br />
|Original approaches to outstanding problems in [[particle physics]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Alan Guth]]<br />
|[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]], [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]<br />
|Invention of [[inflationary cosmology]], and for contributions to the theory for the generation of [[Primordial fluctuations|cosmological density fluctuations]] arising from [[quantum fluctuations]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Alexei Kitaev]]<br />
|[[California Institute of Technology]], [[Pasadena, CA]] Currently at [[Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics|KITP]] and [[University of California, Santa Barbara|UCSB]], Santa Barbara<br />
|For robust quantum memories and fault-tolerant [[quantum computation]] using [[Topological state|topological quantum phases]] with [[anyon]]s and unpaired [[Majorana fermion|Majorana modes]]; [[topological quantum computing]].<br />
|-<br />
|[[Maxim Kontsevich]]<br />
|[[Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques]], [[Bures-sur-Yvette]]<br />
|Numerous contributions including development of [[homological mirror symmetry]], and the study of [[wall-crossing]] phenomena.<br />
|-<br />
|[[Andrei Linde]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Fundamental Physics Prize - Andrei Linde acceptance speech|website = [[YouTube]]|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ndsb4PJSqKc |access-date=April 17, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140319060101/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ndsb4PJSqKc |archive-date=March 19, 2014 }}</ref><br />
|[[Stanford University]], [[Stanford, California|Stanford]]<br />
|For development of [[inflationary cosmology]], including the theory of new inflation, eternal [[chaotic inflation]] and the theory of inflationary [[multiverse]], and for contributing to the development of vacuum stabilization mechanisms in [[string theory]].<br />
|-<br />
|[[Juan Maldacena]]<br />
|[[Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton|Institute for Advanced Study]], [[Princeton University|Princeton]]<br />
|Contributions to [[Duality revolution|gauge/gravity duality]], relating gravitational physics in a spacetime and [[quantum field theory]] on the boundary of the spacetime<br />
|-<br />
|[[Nathan Seiberg]]<br />
|[[Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton|Institute for Advanced Study]], [[Princeton University|Princeton]]<br />
|Contributions to our understanding of quantum field theory and [[string theory]].<br />
|-<br />
|[[Ashoke Sen]]<br />
|[[Harish-Chandra Research Institute]], [[Allahabad]]<br />
|Opening the path to the realization that all [[String theory|string theories]] are different limits of the same underlying theory.<br />
|-<br />
<br />
|[[Edward Witten]]<br />
|[[Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton|Institute for Advanced Study]], [[Princeton University|Princeton]]<br />
|For applications of topology to physics, non-perturbative duality symmetries, models of particle physics derived from string theory, [[Dark matter#Detection of dark matter particles|dark matter detection]], and the [[Twistor theory|twistor-string approach]] to particle scattering amplitudes, as well as numerous applications of quantum field theory to mathematics.<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=2|2013 (special)<br />
|[[Stephen Hawking]]<br />
|<br />
|For his discovery of [[Hawking radiation]] from [[black hole]]s, and his deep contributions to [[quantum gravity]] and quantum aspects of the [[early universe]].<ref name=FPP-Dec2012>{{cite web|title=Fundamental Physics Prize - News|url=http://www.fundamentalphysicsprize.org/news/news3|publisher=Fundamental Physics Prize|access-date=11 December 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121214063511/http://www.fundamentalphysicsprize.org/news/news3|archive-date=14 December 2012}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Peter Jenni]], [[Fabiola Gianotti]] ([[ATLAS experiment|ATLAS]]), [[Michel Della Negra]], [[Tejinder Singh Virdee]], [[Guido Tonelli]], [[Joe Incandela]] ([[Compact Muon Solenoid|CMS]]) and [[Lyn Evans]] ([[LHC]])<br />
|<br />
|For their leadership role in the scientific endeavour that led to the discovery of the new [[Higgs boson]] by the [[ATLAS experiment|ATLAS]] and [[Compact Muon Solenoid|CMS]] collaborations at [[CERN]]'s [[Large Hadron Collider]].<ref name=FPP-Dec2012 /><br />
|-<br />
|2013<br />
|[[Alexander Markovich Polyakov|Alexander Polyakov]]<br />
|[[Princeton University|Princeton University, Princeton]]<br />
|For his many discoveries in field theory and string theory including the [[conformal bootstrap]], magnetic monopoles, instantons, confinement/de-confinement, the quantization of strings in non-critical dimensions, gauge/string duality and many others. His ideas have dominated the scene in these fields during the past decades.<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |2014<br />
|[[Michael Green (physicist)|Michael Green]]<br />
|[[California Institute of Technology]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |For opening new perspectives on quantum gravity and the unification of forces.<br />
|-<br />
|[[John Henry Schwarz]]<br />
|[[University of Cambridge]]<br />
|-<br />
|2015<br />
|[[Saul Perlmutter]] and members of the [[Supernova Cosmology Project]]; <br>[[Brian P. Schmidt]], [[Adam Riess]] and members of the [[High-Z Supernova Search Team|High-Z Supernova Team]].<br />
|[[University of California, Berkeley]] and [[Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory]]; [[Australian National University]];[[Johns Hopkins University]] and [[Space Telescope Science Institute]]<br />
|For the most unexpected discovery that the expansion of the universe is accelerating, rather than slowing as had been long assumed.<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=5|2016<br />
|[[Wang Yifang|Yifang Wang]]; <br>[[Kam-Biu Luk]] and the Daya Bay Team<br />
|[[Chinese Academy of Sciences]], [[University of California, Berkeley]]<br />
| rowspan="5" |For the fundamental discovery and exploration of [[neutrino oscillation]]s, revealing a new frontier beyond, and possibly far beyond, the standard model of particle physics.<br />
|-<br />
|[[Atsuto Suzuki]] and the [[KamLAND]] Team<br />
|[[Iwate Prefectural University]], [[Japan]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Kōichirō Nishikawa]] and the [[K2K]] / [[T2K]] Team<br />
|[[High Energy Accelerator Research Organization]], [[Japan]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Arthur B. McDonald]] and the [[Sudbury Neutrino Observatory]] Team<br />
|[[Queen's University at Kingston|Queen's University]], [[Canada]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Takaaki Kajita]]; <br>[[Yōichirō Suzuki]] and the [[Super-Kamiokande]] Team<br />
|[[Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe]], [[University of Tokyo]], [[Japan]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" |2016 (special)<br />
|[[Ronald Drever]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[California Institute of Technology]]<br />
| rowspan="4" |For the observation of [[gravitational wave]]s, opening new horizons in astronomy and physics.<ref name=FPP-May2016>{{cite web|title=Fundamental Physics Prize - News|url=https://breakthroughprize.org/News/32|publisher=Fundamental Physics Prize (2016)|access-date=4 May 2016}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Kip Thorne]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Rainer Weiss]]<br />
|[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]<br />
|-<br />
|LIGO contributors ( authors of the paper [[First observation of gravitational waves#Announcement|Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Black Hole Merger]], ''[[Physical Review Letters]]'', 11 February 2016) and other LIGO contributors<br />
|[[LIGO]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |2017<br />
|[[Joseph Polchinski]]<br />
|[[University of California, Santa Barbara]]<br />
| rowspan="3" |For transformative advances in quantum field theory, string theory, and quantum gravity.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://breakthroughprize.org/Laureates/1|title=Breakthrough Prize – Laureates|website=breakthroughprize.org}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Andrew Strominger]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Harvard University]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Cumrun Vafa]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="6" |2018<br />
|[[Charles L. Bennett]]<br />
|[[Johns Hopkins University]]<br />
| rowspan="6" |For detailed maps of the early universe that greatly improved our knowledge of the evolution of the cosmos and the fluctuations that seeded the formation of galaxies.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://breakthroughprize.org/Laureates/1|title=Breakthrough Prize – Laureates |website=breakthroughprize.org}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Gary Hinshaw]]<br />
|[[University of British Columbia]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Norman Jarosik]]<br />
| rowspan="4" |[[Princeton University]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Lyman Page|Lyman Page Jr.]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[David Spergel|David N. Spergel]] <br />
|-<br />
|WMAP Science Team ([[Chris Barnes (physicist)|Chris Barnes]], [[Olivier Doré]], [[Joanna Dunkley]], [[Ben Gold (physicist)|Ben Gold]], [[Michael Greason]], [[Mark Halpern]], [[Robert Hill (physicist)|Robert Hill]], [[Al Kogut]], [[Eiichiro Komatsu]], [[David Larson (physicist)|David Larson]], [[Michele Limon]], [[Stephan Meyer (physicist)|Stephan Meyer]], [[Michael Nolta]], [[Nils Odegard]], [[Hiranya Peiris]], [[Chris Hirata]], [[Kendrick Smith]], [[Greg Tucker]], [[Licia Verde]], [[Janet Weiland]], [[Ed Wollack]], [[E. Wollack]], [[Ned Wright]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://science.gsfc.nasa.gov/sed/index.cfm?fuseAction=home.main&&navOrgCode=660|title=Congratulations to Charles Bennett, Gary Hinshaw, Norman Jarosik, Lyman Page Jr., David Spergel and the WMAP Science Team for winning the 2018 Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=3 December 2017|website=science.gsfc.nasa.gov|publisher=[[NASA]]|access-date=8 December 2017}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2018 (special)<br />
|[[Jocelyn Bell Burnell]]<br />
|[[University of Oxford]] and [[University of Dundee]]<br />
|For fundamental contributions to the discovery of [[pulsars]], and a lifetime of inspiring leadership in the scientific community.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jocelyn Bell Burnell |url=https://breakthroughprize.org/Laureates/1/L3830 |publisher=Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics |access-date=November 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102030504/https://breakthroughprize.org/Laureates/1/L3830 |archive-date=November 2, 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |2019<br />
|[[Charles L. Kane|Charles Kane]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[University of Pennsylvania]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |For new ideas about topology and symmetry in physics, leading to the prediction of a new class of materials that conduct electricity only on their surface.<ref>[https://breakthroughprize.org/News/47 Laureates 2019]</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Eugene Mele]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |2019 (special)<br />
|[[Sergio Ferrara]]<br />
|[[CERN]], [[University of California, Los Angeles|UCLA]]<br />
| rowspan="3" |For the invention of [[supergravity]], in which quantum variables are part of the description of the geometry of spacetime.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://breakthroughprize.org/News/53|title=Breakthrough Prize – $3 Million Special Breakthrough Prize In Fundamental Physics Awarded To Discoverers Of Supergravity|website=breakthroughprize.org|access-date=2019-08-06}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Daniel Z. Freedman]]<br />
|[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] and [[Stanford University]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Peter van Nieuwenhuizen]]<br />
|[[Stony Brook University]]<br />
|-<br />
|2020<br />
|[[The Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration]]<br />
| The EHT Collaboration consists of 13 stakeholder institutes:<br />
* the [[Academia Sinica]] Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics<br />
* the [[University of Arizona]]<br />
* the [[University of Chicago]]<br />
* the [[East Asian Observatory]]<br />
* [[Goethe University Frankfurt]]<br />
* [[Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory]] (part of the [[Harvard–Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics|Center for Astrophysics]])<br />
* [[Institut de radioastronomie millimétrique]] (IRAM, itself a collaboration between the French [[CNRS]], the German [[Max Planck Society]], and the Spanish [[Instituto Geográfico Nacional (Spain)|Instituto Geográfico Nacional]]),<br />
* [[Large Millimeter Telescope|Large Millimeter Telescope Alfonso Serrano]]<br />
* [[Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy]]<br />
* [[MIT]] [[Haystack Observatory]]<br />
* [[National Astronomical Observatory of Japan]]<br />
* [[Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics]]<br />
* [[Radboud University]]<br />
| For the first image of a supermassive black hole, taken by means of an Earth-sized alliance of telescopes.<ref>[https://breakthroughprize.org/News/54 Laureates 2020]</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" | 2021 <br />
|[[Eric Adelberger]]<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[University of Washington]]<br />
| rowspan="3" | For precision fundamental measurements that test our understanding of gravity, probe the nature of dark energy, and establish limits on couplings to dark matter.<ref>[https://breakthroughprize.org/News/60 Breakthrough Prize In Fundamental Physics 2021]</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Jens H. Gundlach]] <br />
|-<br />
|[[Blayne Heckel]]<br />
|-<br />
|2021 (special)<br />
|[[Steven Weinberg]]<br />
|[[University of Texas at Austin]]<br />
|For his continuous leadership in fundamental physics, with broad impact across particle physics, gravity and cosmology, and for communicating science to a wider audience.<ref>[https://breakthroughprize.org/News/61 Special Breakthrough Prize In Fundamental Physics 2021]</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |2022<br />
|[[Hidetoshi Katori]]<br />
|[[University of Tokyo]] and [[RIKEN]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |For outstanding contributions to the invention and development of the [[optical lattice]] clock, which enables precision tests of the fundamental laws of nature.<ref name="Prize2022">[https://breakthroughprize.org/News/65 Breakthrough Prize In Fundamental Physics 2022]</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Jun Ye]]<br />
|[[National Institute of Standards and Technology]] and [[University of Colorado]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" |2023<br />
|[[Charles H. Bennett (physicist)|Charles H. Bennett]]<br />
|[[IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center]]<br />
| rowspan="4" |For foundational work in the field of quantum information.<ref name="2023prize">{{cite news |title=Winners Of The 2023 Breakthrough Prizes In Life Sciences, Mathematics And Fundamental Physics Announced |url=https://breakthroughprize.org/News/73 |access-date=November 1, 2022 |publisher=Breakthrough Prize |date=September 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101075709/https://breakthroughprize.org/News/73 |archive-date=November 1, 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Gilles Brassard]]<br />
|[[Université de Montréal]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[David Deutsch]]<br />
|[[Oxford University]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Peter W. Shor]]<br />
|[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |2024<br />
|[[John Cardy]]<br />
|[[All Souls College, Oxford|All Souls College, University of Oxford]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |For profound contributions to statistical physics and quantum field theory, with diverse and far-reaching applications in different branches of physics and mathematics.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=September 14, 2023 |title=BREAKTHROUGH PRIZE ANNOUNCES 2024 LAUREATES IN LIFE SCIENCES, FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICS, AND MATHEMATICS |url=https://breakthroughprize.org/News/83 |access-date=September 14, 2023 |website=BREAKTHROUGH PRIZE}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Alexander Zamolodchikov]]<br />
|[[Stony Brook University]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" |2025<br />
|[[ATLAS experiment|ATLAS collaboration]]<br />
| rowspan="4" |[[CERN]]<br />
| rowspan="4" |For detailed measurements of Higgs boson properties confirming the symmetry-breaking mechanism of mass generation, the discovery of new strongly interacting particles, the study of rare processes and matter-antimatter asymmetry, and the exploration of nature at the shortest distances and most extreme conditions at CERN’s Large Hadron Collider.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2025-04-05 |title=Breakthrough Prize Announces 2025 Laureates in Life Sciences, Fundamental Physics, and Mathematics |url=https://breakthroughprize.org/News/91 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250406015731/https://breakthroughprize.org/News/91 |archive-date=2025-04-06 |access-date=2025-04-06 |website=breakthroughprize.org |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Compact Muon Solenoid|CMS collaboration]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[ALICE experiment|ALICE collaboration]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[LHCb experiment|LHCb collaboration]]<br />
|-<br />
|2025<br />
(special)<br />
|[[Gerard 't Hooft]]<br />
|[[Utrecht University]]<br />
|For fundamental insights into gauge theory and the standard model.<ref name=":1" /><br />
|-<br />
|2026<br />
|[[Muon g-2]] collaboration<br />
|Composed of:<br />
<br />
* [[CERN]]<br />
* [[Brookhaven National Laboratory]]<br />
* [[Fermilab]]<br />
|For multi-decade, groundbreaking contributions to the measurement of the muon's anomalous magnetic moment, pushing the boundaries of experimental precision and igniting a new era in the quest for physics beyond the Standard Model.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-18 |title=Muon g-2 Experiment Pioneers Win Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics |url=https://home.cern/news/press-release/cern/muon-g-2-experiment-pioneers-win-breakthrough-prize-fundamental-physics |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=CERN |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2026 (special)<br />
|[[David Gross]]<br />
|[[University of California, Santa Barbara]]<br />
[[Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics]]<br />
|For a lifetime of groundbreaking contributions to theoretical physics, from the strong force to string theory, and for tireless advocacy for basic science worldwide<ref>{{Cite web |last=Leachman |first=Shelly |date=2026-04-19 |title=UCSB’s David Gross wins Special Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics |url=https://news.ucsb.edu/2026/022521/ucsbs-david-gross-wins-special-breakthrough-prize-fundamental-physics |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=The Current |language=en}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==New Horizons in Physics Prize==<br />
The New Horizons in Physics Prize, awarded to promising junior researchers, carries an award of $100,000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fundamentalphysicsprize.org/news/news3|title=Fundamental Physics Prize News|website=fundamentalphysicsprize.org|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121214063511/http://www.fundamentalphysicsprize.org/news/news3|archive-date=2012-12-14}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year of award<br />
! New Horizons in Physics<br /> Prize laureates<br />
! Institutional affiliation when prize awarded<br />
! Awarded for<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=3|2013<br />
|[[Niklas Beisert]]<br />
| [[ETH Zurich]]<br />
|Development of powerful exact methods to describe a quantum gauge theory and its associated string theory<br />
|-<br />
|[[Davide Gaiotto]]<br />
|[[Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics]]<br />
|Far-reaching new insights about duality, gauge theory, and geometry, and specially for his work linking theories in different dimensions in most unexpected ways<br />
|-<br />
|[[Zohar Komargodski]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/news/national/israeli-wins-prestigious-international-physics-prize.premium-1.484225|title=Israeli Wins Prestigious International Physics Prize|journal=Haaretz|date=2012-12-12|last1=Rinat|first1=Zafrir}}</ref><br />
|[[Weizmann Institute of Science]]<br />
|Dynamics of four-dimensional field theories and in particular his proof (with Schwimmer) of the “a-theorem”, which has solved a long-standing problem<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=3|2014<br />
| [[Freddy Cachazo]]<br />
| [[Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics]]<br />
| Uncovering numerous structures underlying scattering amplitudes in gauge theories and gravity<br />
|-<br />
|[[Shiraz Minwalla]]<br />
|[[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]]<br />
|Pioneering contributions to the study of string theory and quantum field theory; and in particular his work on the connection between the equations of fluid dynamics and Albert Einstein's equations of general relativity<br />
|-<br />
|[[Slava Rychkov]]<br />
|[[Pierre-and-Marie-Curie University]]<br />
|Developing new techniques in conformal field theory, reviving the [[conformal bootstrap]] program for constraining the spectrum of operators and the structure constants in 3D and 4D CFT's<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="6" |2015<br />
|[[Sean Hartnoll]]<br />
|[[Stanford University]]<br />
|For applying holographic methods to obtain remarkable new insights into [[Strongly correlated material|strongly interacting]] [[Quantum materials|quantum matter]].<br />
|-<br />
|[[Philip Schuster (physicist)|Philip C. Schuster]] and [[Natalia Toro]]<br />
|[[Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics|Perimeter Institute]]<br />
|For pioneering the “simplified models” framework for new physics searches at the [[Large Hadron Collider]], as well as spearheading new experimental searches for dark sectors using high-intensity electron beams.<br />
|-<br />
|[[Horacio Casini]]<br />
|[[National Scientific and Technical Research Council|CONICET]]<br />
| rowspan="4" |For fundamental ideas about [[entropy]] in [[quantum field theory]] and quantum gravity.<br />
|-<br />
|[[Marina Huerta]]<br />
|[[National University of Cuyo|Universidad Nacional de Cuyo]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Shinsei Ryu]]<br />
|[[University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign|University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Tadashi Takayanagi]]<br />
|[[Kyoto University]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="6" |2016<br />
|[[B. Andrei Bernevig]]<br />
|[[Princeton University]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |For outstanding contributions to condensed matter physics, especially involving the use of topology to understand new states of matter.<br />
|-<br />
|[[Qi Xiaoliang|Xiao-Liang Qi]]<br />
|[[Stanford University]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Raphael Flauger]]<br />
|[[University of Texas at Austin|The University of Texas at Austin]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |For outstanding contributions to theoretical cosmology.<br />
|-<br />
|[[Leonardo Senatore (physicist)|Leonardo Senatore]]<br />
|[[Stanford University]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Liang Fu]]<br />
|[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]<br />
|For outstanding contributions to condensed matter physics, especially involving the use of topology to understand new states of matter.<br />
|-<br />
|[[Yuji Tachikawa (physicist)|Yuji Tachikawa]]<br />
|[[University of Tokyo]]<br />
|For penetrating and incisive studies of supersymmetric quantum field theories.<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="6" |2017<br />
|[[Frans Pretorius]]<br />
|[[Princeton University]]<br />
|For creating the first computer code capable of simulating the inspiral and merger of binary black holes, thereby laying crucial foundations for interpreting the recent observations of gravitational waves; and for opening new directions in numerical relativity.<br />
|-<br />
|[[Simone Giombi]]<br />
|[[Princeton University]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |For imaginative joint work on higher spin gravity and its holographic connection to a new soluble field theory.<br />
|-<br />
|[[Xi Yin]]<br />
|[[Harvard University]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Asimina Arvanitaki]]<br />
|[[Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics|Perimeter Institute]]<br />
| rowspan="3" |For pioneering a wide range of new experimental probes of fundamental physics.<br />
|-<br />
|[[Peter W. Graham]]<br />
|[[Stanford University]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Surjeet Rajendran]]<br />
|[[University of California, Berkeley]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |2018<br />
|[[Chris Hirata|Christopher Hirata]]<br />
|[[Ohio State University]]<br />
|For fundamental contributions to understanding the physics of early galaxy formation and to sharpening and applying the most powerful tools of precision cosmology<br />
|-<br />
|[[Douglas Stanford]]<br />
|[[Institute for Advanced Study]] and [[Stanford University]]<br />
|For profound new insights on quantum chaos and its relation to gravity.<br />
|-<br />
|[[Andrea Young]]<br />
|[[University of California, Santa Barbara]]<br />
|For the co-invention of van der Waals heterostructures, and for the new quantum Hall phases that he discovered with them.<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="6" |2019<br />
|[[Rana Adhikari]]<br />
|[[California Institute of Technology]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |For research on present and future ground-based detectors of gravitational waves.<br />
|-<br />
|[[Lisa Barsotti]] and [[Matthew Evans (physicist)|Matthew Evans]]<br />
|[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Daniel Harlow]]<br />
|[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]<br />
| rowspan="3" |For fundamental insights about quantum information, quantum field theory, and gravity.<br />
|-<br />
|[[Daniel L. Jafferis]]<br />
|[[Harvard University]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Aron Wall]]<br />
|[[Stanford University]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Brian Metzger]]<br />
|[[Columbia University]]<br />
|For pioneering predictions of the electromagnetic signal from a [[neutron star merger]], and for leadership in the emerging field of [[multi-messenger astronomy]].<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="9" |2020<br />
|[[Xie Chen]]<br />
|[[California Institute of Technology]]<br />
| rowspan="4" |For incisive contributions to the understanding of topological states of matter and the relationships between them.<br />
|-<br />
|[[Lukasz Fidkowski]]<br />
|[[University of Washington]]<br />
|-<br />
|Michael Levin<br />
|[[University of Chicago]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Max A. Metlitski]]<br />
|[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Jo Dunkley]]<br />
|[[Princeton University]]<br />
| rowspan="3" |For the development of novel techniques to extract fundamental physics from astronomical data.<br />
|-<br />
|[[Samaya Nissanke]]<br />
|[[University of Amsterdam]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Kendrick Smith]]<br />
|[[Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics|Perimeter Institute]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Simon Caron-Huot]]<br />
|[[McGill University]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |For profound contributions to the understanding of quantum field theory.<br />
|-<br />
|[[Pedro Vieira]]<br />
|[[Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics|Perimeter Institute]] and [[International Centre for Theoretical Physics|ICTP-SAIFR]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="9" |2021<br />
|[[Tracy Slatyer]]<br />
|[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]<br />
| rowspan="1" |For major contributions to particle astrophysics, from models of dark matter to the discovery of the “[[Galactic Center#Gamma- and X-ray emitting Fermi bubbles|Fermi Bubbles]].”<br />
|-<br />
|[[Rouven Essig]]<br />
|[[Stony Brook University]]<br />
| rowspan="4" |For advances in the detection of [[Light dark matter|sub-GeV dark matter]] especially in regards to the SENSEI experiment.<br />
|-<br />
|[[Javier Tiffenberg]]<br />
|[[Fermilab]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Tomer Volansky]]<br />
|[[Tel Aviv University]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Tien-Tien Yu]]<br />
|[[University of Oregon]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Ahmed Almheiri]]<br />
|[[Institute for Advanced Study]]<br />
| rowspan="4" | For calculating the quantum information content of a black hole and its radiation.<br />
|-<br />
|[[Netta Engelhardt]]<br />
|[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Henry Maxfield]]<br />
|[[University of California, Santa Barbara]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Geoff Penington]]<br />
|[[University of California, Berkeley]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="9" |2022<ref name="Prize2022" /><br />
||[[Suchitra Sebastian]]<br />
|[[University of Cambridge]]<br />
|For high precision electronic and magnetic measurements that have profoundly changed our understanding of high temperature superconductors and unconventional insulators.<br />
|-<br />
|[[Alessandra Corsi]]<br />
|[[Texas Tech University]]<br />
| rowspan="4" |For leadership in laying foundations for electromagnetic observations of sources of gravitational waves, and leadership in extracting rich information from the first observed collision of two neutron stars.<br />
|-<br />
|[[Gregg Hallinan]]<br />
|[[California Institute of Technology]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mansi Manoj Kasliwal]]<br />
|[[California Institute of Technology]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Raffaella Margutti]]<br />
|[[University of California, Berkeley]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Dominic Else]]<br />
|[[Harvard University]]<br />
| rowspan="4" |For pioneering theoretical work formulating novel phases of non-equilibrium quantum matter, including [[time crystals]].<br />
|-<br />
|[[Vedika Khemani]]<br />
|[[Stanford University]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Haruki Watanabe]]<br />
|[[University of Tokyo]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Norman Y. Yao]]<br />
|[[University of California, Berkeley]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="8" |2023<ref name="2023prize"/><br />
| [[David Simmons-Duffin]]<br />
| [[California Institute of Technology]]<br />
| For the development of analytical and numerical techniques to study conformal field theories, including the ones describing the [[Critical point (thermodynamics)#Liquid–vapor critical point|liquid vapor critical point]] and the superfluid [[phase transition]].<br />
|-<br />
| [[Anna Grassellino]]<br />
| [[Fermilab]]<br />
| For the discovery of major performance enhancements to niobium superconducting radio-frequency cavities, with applications ranging from accelerator physics to quantum devices.<br />
|-<br />
| [[Hannes Bernien]]<br />
| [[University of Chicago]]<br />
| rowspan="6" | For the development of [[Optical tweezers|optical tweezer]] arrays to realize control of individual atoms for applications in quantum information science, metrology, and molecular physics.<br />
|-<br />
| [[Manuel Endres]]<br />
| [[California Institute of Technology]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Adam M. Kaufman]]<br />
| [[JILA]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Kang-Kuen Ni]]<br />
| [[Harvard University]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Hannes Pichler (physicist)|Hannes Pichler]]<br />
| [[University of Innsbruck]] <br/> [[Austrian Academy of Sciences]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Jeff Thompson (physicist)|Jeff Thompson]]<br />
| [[Princeton University]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="9" |2024<ref name=":0" /><br />
|Michael Johnson<br />
|[[Harvard–Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |For elucidating the sub-structure and universal characteristics of black hole photon rings, and their proposed detection by next-generation interferometric experiments.<br />
|-<br />
|Alexandru Lupsasca<br />
|[[Vanderbilt University]]<br />
|-<br />
|Mikhail Ivanov<br />
|[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]<br />
| rowspan="3" |For contributions to our understanding of the [[Observable universe#Large-scale structure|large-scale structure]] of the universe and the development of new tools to extract fundamental physics from galaxy surveys.<br />
|-<br />
|Oliver Philcox<br />
|[[Columbia University]] and [[Simons Foundation]]<br />
|-<br />
|Marko Simonović<br />
|[[University of Florence]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Laura Pérez (astronomer)|Laura M. Pérez]]<br />
|[[University of Chile]]<br />
| rowspan="4" |For the prediction, discovery, and modeling of dust traps in young circumstellar disks, solving a long-standing problem in planet formation.<br />
|-<br />
|[[Paola Pinilla]]<br />
|[[University College London]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Nienke van der Marel]]<br />
|[[Leiden Observatory]]<br />
|-<br />
|Til Birnstiel<br />
|[[LMU Munich]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5" |2025<ref name=":1" /><br />
|Waseem Bakr<br />
|[[Princeton University]]<br />
|For the realization of quantum gas microscopes for atoms and molecules, providing a microscopic view on correlations and transport in strongly interacting quantum systems.<br />
|-<br />
|Jeongwan Haah<br />
|[[Stanford University]]<br />
|For the discovery of Haah's code, in which fractal conservation laws emerge, and other models bringing discrete mathematical structures to physics.<br />
|-<br />
|Sebastiaan Haffert<br />
|[[Leiden Observatory]], [[Leiden University]] &<br />
[[Steward Observatory]], [[University of Arizona]]<br />
| rowspan="3" |For demonstrating new extreme adaptive optics techniques that will allow the direct detection of the smallest exoplanets.<br />
|-<br />
|[[Rebecca Jensen-Clem]]<br />
|[[University of California, Santa Cruz]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Maaike van Kooten]]<br />
|[[National Research Council Canada]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="11" |2026<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Breakthrough Prize – Breakthrough Prize Announces 2026 Laureates |url=https://breakthroughprize.org/News/98 |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=breakthroughprize.org |language=en}}</ref><br />
|Benjamin R. Safdi<br />
|[[University of California, Berkeley]]<br />
|For proposing new ways to seek axion-like particles with laboratory experiments and astronomical observations.<br />
|-<br />
|Clay Córdova<br />
|[[University of Chicago]]<br />
| rowspan="4" |For generalizing the notion of symmetry in various ways, and for exploring the consequences of these generalized symmetries, in quantum field theory, particle physics, condensed matter physics, string theory, and quantum information theory.<br />
|-<br />
|Thomas Dumitrescu<br />
|[[University of California, Los Angeles]]<br />
|-<br />
|Shu-Heng Shao<br />
|[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]<br />
|-<br />
|Yifan Wang<br />
|[[New York University]]<br />
|-<br />
|Dillon Brout<br />
|[[Boston University]]<br />
| rowspan="6" |For advances in cosmic microwave background and supernovae cosmology.<br />
|-<br />
|J. Colin Hill<br />
|[[Columbia University]]<br />
|-<br />
|Mathew Madhavacheril<br />
|[[University of Pennsylvania]]<br />
|-<br />
|Maria Vincenzi<br />
|[[University of Oxford]]<br />
|-<br />
|Daniel Scolnic<br />
|[[Duke University]]<br />
|-<br />
|W. L. Kimmy Wu<br />
|[[California Institute of Technology]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Vera Rubin New Frontiers Prize ==<br />
In 2026, the Vera Rubin New Frontier Prize was inaugurated in honor of [[Vera Rubin]]. The prize recognizes female physicists within two years of their PhDs who have already made important contributions to science.<ref name=":2" /><br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year of award<br />
! New Horizons in Physics<br /> Prize laureates<br />
! Institutional affiliation when prize awarded<br />
! Awarded for<br />
|-<br />
|2026<br />
|Carolina Figueiredo<br />
| [[Princeton University]]<br />
|For contributions to the geometric structure of scattering amplitudes, revealing hidden relations among quantum field theories.<ref name=":2" /><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Trophy==<br />
[[File:Charles L. Kane.jpg|thumb|[[Charles L. Kane]] holding the Fundamental Physics Prize trophy]]<br />
The Fundamental Physics Prize trophy, a work of art created by Danish-Icelandic artist [[Olafur Eliasson]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Fundamental Physics Prize - Olafur Eliasson speech|website = [[YouTube]]|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ox024Yu2ViU |access-date=April 17, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531053837/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ox024Yu2ViU |archive-date=May 31, 2014 }}</ref> is a silver sphere with a coiled vortex inside. The form is a toroid, or doughnut shape, resulting from two sets of intertwining three-dimensional spirals. Found in nature, these spirals are seen in animal horns, nautilus shells, whirlpools, and even galaxies and black holes.<ref>[https://breakthroughprize.org/Trophy The Breakthrough Prize trophy].</ref><br />
<br />
==Ceremony==<br />
The name of the 2013 prize winner was unveiled at the culmination of a ceremony which took place on the evening of March 20, 2013 at the Geneva International Conference Centre.<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.fundamentalphysicsprize.org/news/news4 |title=News {{!}} 2013 FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICS PRIZE AWARDED TO ALEXANDER POLYAKOV|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130424002904/http://www.fundamentalphysicsprize.org/news/news4 |archive-date=2013-04-24 }}</ref> The ceremony was hosted by Hollywood actor and science enthusiast [[Morgan Freeman]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=52xSOEFTzrM |title=Fundamental Physics Prize Ceremony 2013 - Part 1 |website=[[YouTube]] |access-date=April 17, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727002838/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=52xSOEFTzrM |archive-date=July 27, 2013 }}</ref> The evening honored the 2013 laureates − 16 outstanding scientists including [[Stephen Hawking]]<ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w0QY4cGY0pU|title=YouTube|work=youtube.com}}</ref> and [[CERN]] scientists who led the decades-long effort to discover the Higgs-like particle at the Large Hadron Collider.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0hQnoZtvsBQ |access-date=April 17, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140527070105/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0hQnoZtvsBQ |title=Fundamental Physics Prize Ceremony 2013 - Part 2 |website=[[YouTube]] |archive-date=May 27, 2014 }}</ref> [[Sarah Brightman]] and Russian pianist [[Denis Matsuev]] performed for the guests of the ceremony.<br />
<br />
==Criticism==<br />
Some have expressed reservations about such new science mega-prizes.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Zeeya Merali|date=12 June 2013|title=Science prizes: The new Nobels|journal=Nature|volume=498|issue=7453|pages=152–154|doi=10.1038/498152a|pmid=23765473|bibcode=2013Natur.498..152M|doi-access=free}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Blockquote|What's not to like? Quite a lot, according to a handful of scientists... You cannot buy class, as the old saying goes, and these upstart entrepreneurs cannot buy their prizes the prestige of the Nobels. The new awards are an exercise in self-promotion for those behind them, say scientists. They could distort the meritocracy of peer-review-led research. They could cement the status quo of peer-reviewed research. They do not fund peer-reviewed research. They perpetuate the myth of the lone genius....<br />
<br />
As much as some scientists may grumble about the new awards, the financial doping that they bring to research and the wisdom of the goals behind them, two things seem clear. First, most researchers would accept such a prize if they were offered one. Second, it is surely a good thing that the money and attention come to science rather than go elsewhere. It is fair to criticize and question the mechanism—that is the culture of research, after all—but it is the prize-givers' money to do with as they please. It is wise to accept such gifts with gratitude and grace.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Editorial|date=12 June 2013|title=Young upstarts|journal=Nature|volume=498|issue=7453|pages=138|doi=10.1038/498138a|pmid=23776948|doi-access=free}}</ref> }}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences]]<br />
* [[Breakthrough Prize in Mathematics]]<br />
* [[List of physics awards]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{Official website|https://breakthroughprize.org}}<br />
<br />
{{Breakthrough Prize laureates}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:International academic awards]]<br />
[[Category:Awards established in 2012]]<br />
[[Category:International science and technology awards]]<br />
[[Category:Physics awards]]<br />
[[Category:Physics organizations]]<br />
[[Category:Russian science and technology awards]]<br />
[[Category:Yuri Milner]]</div>
Vigen
https://wiki.cern.ch/index.php?title=Wolf_Prize_in_Physics&diff=12647
Wolf Prize in Physics
2026-05-06T13:13:53Z
<p>Vigen: 1 revision imported from :wikipedia:Wolf_Prize_in_Physics</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|One of six awards of the Wolf Foundation}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}<br />
<br />
The '''Wolf Prize in Physics''' is awarded once a year by the [[Wolf Foundation]] in [[Israel]]. It is one of the six [[Wolf Prize]]s established by the Foundation and awarded since 1978; the others are in [[Wolf Prize in Agriculture|Agriculture]], [[Wolf Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]], [[Wolf Prize in Mathematics|Mathematics]], [[Wolf Prize in Medicine|Medicine]] and [[Wolf Prize in Arts|Arts]].<br />
<br />
The Wolf Prizes in Physics and Chemistry are often considered the second-most prestigious awards in those fields, after the Nobel Prize.<ref>[http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/18884 "Wolf prize goes to particle theorists"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217193544/http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/18884 |date=2012-02-17 }} ''Physicsworld.com'' January 20, 2004</ref><ref name="gongs_away">{{cite journal<br />
|last=Harris<br />
|first=Margaret<br />
|date=November 2010<br />
|title=Gongs away<br />
|journal=[[Physics World]]<br />
|location=Bristol<br />
|volume=23<br />
|issue=11<br />
|pages=46–47<br />
|doi=10.1088/2058-7058/23/11/46<br />
|bibcode=2010PhyW...23k..46H<br />
}}</ref><ref>Basolo, F: ''From Coello to Inorganic Chemistry: A Lifetime of Reactions'', page 65, Springer, 2002</ref> The prize in physics has gained a reputation for identifying future winners of the Nobel Prize – from the 26 prizes awarded between 1978 and 2010, fourteen winners have gone on to win the Nobel Prize, five of those in the following year.<ref name=gongs_away/><br />
<br />
== Laureates ==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Year<br />
! colspan=2 | Laureate<br />
! rowspan=2 | Country{{Efn|The country in which the laureate's academic affiliation is based, according to the [https://wolffund.org.il/the-wolf-prize/ Wolfe Foundation website].}}<br />
! rowspan=2 | Citation<br />
! rowspan=2 | {{Reference column heading}}<br />
|-<br />
! Image<br />
! Name<br />
|-<br />
| 1978<br />
| [[File:Chien-shiung Wu (1912-1997) (cropped).jpg|80px]]<br />
| [[Chien-Shiung Wu]]<br />
| {{Flag|United States}}<br />
| "For her persistent and successful exploration of the [[weak interaction]] which helped establish the precise form and the non conservation of [[Parity (physics)|parity]] for this new natural force."<br />
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Chien-Shiung Wu|url=https://wolffund.org.il/chien-shiung-wu/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref><br />
|- bgcolor="lightgrey"<br />
| colspan=6 |<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 | 1979<br />
| [[File:George E Uhlenbeck.jpg|80px]]<br />
| [[George E. Uhlenbeck]]<br />
| {{Flag|United States}}<br />
| "For his discovery, jointly with the late Samuel A .Goudsmit, of the electron [[Spin (physics)|spin]]."<br />
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=George E. Uhlenbeck|url=https://wolffund.org.il/george-e-uhlenbeck/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[File:Occhialini.jpg|80px]]<br />
| [[Giuseppe Occhialini]]<br />
| {{Flag|Italy}}<br />
| "For his contributions to the discovery of [[electron pair]] production and of the charged [[pion]]."<br />
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Giuseppe Occhialini|url=https://wolffund.org.il/giuseppe-occhialini/|url-status=live|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250815053442/https://wolffund.org.il/giuseppe-occhialini/|archive-date=2025-08-15|access-date=2025-11-28}}</ref><br />
|- bgcolor="lightgrey"<br />
| colspan=6 |<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3 | 1980<br />
| colspan=2 align=center | [[Kenneth G. Wilson]]<br />
| rowspan=3 | {{Flag|United States}}<br />
| rowspan=3 | "For path breaking developments culminating in the general theory of the critical behavior at [[Phase transition|transitions]] between the different thermodynamic phases of matter."<br />
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Kenneth G. Wilson|url=https://wolffund.org.il/kenneth-g-wilson/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[File:Professor Leo Kadanoff.jpg|80px]]<br />
| [[Leo P. Kadanoff]]<br />
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Leo P. Kadanoff|url=https://wolffund.org.il/leo-p-kadanoff/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| colspan=2 align=center | [[Michael E. Fisher]]<br />
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Michael E. Fisher|url=https://wolffund.org.il/michael-e-fisher/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref><br />
|- bgcolor="lightgrey"<br />
| colspan=6 |<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3 | 1981<br />
| [[File:Freeman Dyson at Harvard cropped.jpg|80px]]<br />
| [[Freeman J. Dyson]]<br />
| {{Flag|United States}}<br />
| rowspan=3 | "For their outstanding contributions to theoretical physics, especially in the development and application of the quantum theory of, fields."<br />
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Freeman J. Dyson|url=https://wolffund.org.il/freeman-j-dyson/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[File:GerardtHooft.jpg|80px]]<br />
| [[Gerard 't Hooft]]<br />
| {{Flag|Netherlands}}<br />
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Gerard T. Hooft|url=https://wolffund.org.il/gerard-t-hooft/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[File:VictorWeisskopft-LosAlamos.jpg|80px]]<br />
| [[Victor F. Weisskopf]]<br />
| {{Flag|United States}}<br />
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Victor J. Weisskopf|url=https://wolffund.org.il/victor-j-weisskopf/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref><br />
|- bgcolor="lightgrey"<br />
| colspan=6 |<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 | 1982<br />
| [[File:Leon M. Lederman 1988.jpg|80px]]<br />
| [[Leon M. Lederman]]<br />
| rowspan=2 | {{Flag|United States}}<br />
| rowspan=2 | "For their experimental discovery of unexpected new particles establishing a third generation [[quark]]s and [[lepton]]s."<br />
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Leon M. Lederman|url=https://wolffund.org.il/leon-m-lederman/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[File:Martin Perl - tau.jpg|80px]]<br />
| [[Martin L. Perl]]<br />
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Martin L. Perl|url=https://wolffund.org.il/martin-m-perl/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref><br />
|- bgcolor="lightgrey"<br />
| 1983<br />
| colspan=5 align=center | ''No award''<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3 | 1984<br />
| colspan=2 align=center | [[Erwin L. Hahn]]<br />
| {{Flag|United States}}<br />
| "For his discovery of nuclear [[spin echo]]es and for the phenomenon of self-induced transparency."<br />
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Erwin L. Hahn|url=https://wolffund.org.il/eewin-l-hahn/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| colspan=2 align=center | [[Peter B. Hirsch]]<br />
| {{Flag|United Kingdom}}<br />
| "For his development of the utilization of the [[transmission electron microscope]] as a universal instrument to study the structure of crystalline matter."<br />
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Peter B. Hirsch|url=https://wolffund.org.il/sir-peter-b-hirsh/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[File:Maiman with the first laser.jpg|80px]]<br />
| [[Theodore H. Maiman]]<br />
| {{Flag|United States}}<br />
| "For his realization of the first operating [[laser]], the pulsed three level [[ruby laser]]."<br />
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Theodore H. Maiman|url=https://wolffund.org.il/theodore-h-maiman/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref><br />
|- bgcolor="lightgrey"<br />
| colspan=6 |<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 | 1985<br />
| [[File:Conyers Herring.jpg|80px]]<br />
| [[Conyers Herring]]<br />
| {{Flag|United States}}<br />
| rowspan=2 | "For their major contributions to the fundamental theory of solids, especially of the behavior of electrons in metals."<br />
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Conyers Herring|url=https://wolffund.org.il/conyers-herring/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| colspan=2 align=center | [[Philippe Nozières]]<br />
| {{Flag|France|1974}}<br />
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Philippe Nozières|url=https://wolffund.org.il/philippe-nozireres/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref><br />
|- bgcolor="lightgrey"<br />
| colspan=6 |<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 | 1986<br />
| colspan=2 align=center | [[Albert J. Libchaber]]<br />
| rowspan=2 | {{Flag|United States}}<br />
| "For his brilliant experimental demonstration of the transition to turbulence and [[Chaos theory|chaos]] in dynamical systems."<br />
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Albert J. Libchaber|url=https://wolffund.org.il/albert-j-libchaber/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| colspan=2 align=center | [[Mitchell J. Feigenbaum]]<br />
| "For his pioneering theoretical studies demonstrating the universal character of [[non-linear system]]s, which has made possible the systematic study of chaos."<br />
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Mitchell J. Feigenbaum|url=https://wolffund.org.il/mitchell-j-feigenbaum/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref><br />
|- bgcolor="lightgrey"<br />
| colspan=6 |<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3 | 1987<br />
| [[File:Rossi-bruno b.jpg|80px]]<br />
| [[Bruno B. Rossi]]<br />
| rowspan=3 | {{Flag|United States}}<br />
| rowspan=2 | "For the discovery of [[Astrophysical X-ray source|extra-solar X-ray sources]] and the elucidation of their physical processes."<br />
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Bruno B. Rossi|url=https://wolffund.org.il/bruno-b-rossi/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[File:RiccardoGiacconi.jpg|80px]]<br />
| [[Riccardo Giacconi]]<br />
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Riccardo Giacconi|url=https://wolffund.org.il/riccardo-giacconi/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| colspan=2 align=center | [[Herbert Friedman]]<br />
| "For pioneering investigations in solar X-rays."<br />
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Herbert Friedman|url=https://wolffund.org.il/herbert-friedman/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref><br />
|- bgcolor="lightgrey"<br />
| colspan=6 |<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 | 1988<br />
| [[File:Roger Penrose, 1978 Sept (portion B).jpg|80px]]<br />
| [[Roger Penrose]]<br />
| rowspan=2 | {{Flag|United Kingdom}}<br />
| rowspan=2 | "For their brilliant development of the theory of [[general relativity]], in which they have shown the necessity for [[cosmological singularities]] and have elucidated the physics of [[black hole]]s. In this work they have greatly enlarged our understanding of the origin and possible fate of the Universe."<br />
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Roger Penrose|url=https://wolffund.org.il/roger-penrose/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[File:Stephen Hawking.StarChild.jpg|80px]]<br />
| [[Stephen W. Hawking]]<br />
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Stephen W. Hawking|url=https://wolffund.org.il/stephen-w-hawking/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref><br />
|- bgcolor="lightgrey"<br />
| 1989<br />
| colspan=5 align=center | ''No award''<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 | 1990<br />
| [[File:DavidThouless 1995 UW.jpg|80px]]<br />
| [[David J. Thouless]]<br />
| {{Flag|United States}}<br />
| rowspan=2 | "For a wide variety of pioneering contributions to our understanding of the organization of complex condensed matter systems, de Gennes especially for his work on macromolecular matter and [[liquid crystal]]s and Thouless for his on disordered and low-dimensional systems."<br />
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=David J. Thouless|url=https://wolffund.org.il/david-j-thouless/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[File:Pierre-Gilles crop (cropped).jpg|80px]]<br />
| [[Pierre-Gilles de Gennes]]<br />
| {{Flag|France|1974}}<br />
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Pierre-Gilles de Gennes|url=https://wolffund.org.il/pierre-gilles-de-gennes/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref><br />
|- bgcolor="lightgrey"<br />
| colspan=6 |<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 | 1991<br />
| [[File:2000 BNL Maurice Goldhaber.jpg|80px]]<br />
| [[Maurice Goldhaber]]<br />
| {{Flag|United States}}<br />
| rowspan=2 | "For their separate seminal contributions to nuclear and particle physics, particularly those concerning the [[weak interaction]]s involving [[lepton]]s."<br />
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Maurice Goldhaber|url=https://wolffund.org.il/maurice-goldhaber/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[File:ETH-BIB-Telegdi, Valentine (1922-2006)-Portr 10203.tif|80px]]<br />
| [[Valentine L. Telegdi]]<br />
| {{Flag|Switzerland}}<br />
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Valentine L. Telegdi|url=https://wolffund.org.il/valentine-l-telegdi/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref><br />
|- bgcolor="lightgrey"<br />
| colspan=6 |<br />
|-<br />
| 1992<br />
| [[File:2008JosephTaylor.jpg|80px]]<br />
| [[Joseph H. Taylor Jr.]]<br />
| {{Flag|United States}}<br />
| "For his discovery of [[Hulse–Taylor pulsar|an orbiting radio pulsar]] and its exploitation to verify the general theory of relativity to high precision."<br />
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Joseph H. Taylor Jr.|url=https://wolffund.org.il/joseph-h-taylor-jr/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref><br />
|- bgcolor="lightgrey"<br />
| colspan=6 |<br />
|-<br />
| 1993<br />
| [[File:Benoit Mandelbrot mg 1804-d.jpg|80px]]<br />
| [[Benoit B. Mandelbrot]]<br />
| {{Flag|United States}}<br />
| "By recognizing the widespread occurrence of [[fractal]]s and developing mathematical tools for describing them, he has changed our view of nature."<br />
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Benoit B. Mandelbrot|url=https://wolffund.org.il/benoit-b-mandelbrot/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref><br />
|- bgcolor="lightgrey"<br />
| colspan=6 |<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 | 1994/5<br />
| [[File:Виталий Лазаревич Гинзбург.jpg|80px]]<br />
| [[Vitaly L. Ginzburg]]<br />
| {{Flag|Russia}}<br />
| "For his contributions to the theory of [[superconductivity]] and to the theory of high-energy processes in astrophysics."<br />
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Vitaly L. Ginzburg|url=https://wolffund.org.il/vitaly-l-ginzburg/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[File:YoichiroNambu (cropped).jpg|80px]]<br />
| [[Yoichiro Nambu]]<br />
| {{Flag|United States}}<br />
| "For his contribution to elementary particle theory, including recognition of the role played by [[Spontaneous symmetry breaking|spontaneous symmetry-breaking]] in analogy with superconductivity theory, and the discovery of the color symmetry of the [[strong interaction]]s."<br />
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Yoichiro Nambu|url=https://wolffund.org.il/yoichiro-nambu/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref><br />
|- bgcolor="lightgrey"<br />
| colspan=6 |<br />
|-<br />
| 1996/7<br />
| [[File:John Archibald Wheeler signed.jpg|80px]]<br />
| [[John A. Wheeler]]<br />
| {{Flag|United States}}<br />
| "For his seminal contributions to black holes physics, to [[quantum gravity]], and to the theories of nuclear scattering and [[nuclear fission]]."<br />
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=John A. Wheeler|url=https://wolffund.org.il/john-a-wheeler/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref><br />
|- bgcolor="lightgrey"<br />
| colspan=6 |<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 | 1998<br />
| [[File:Michael Berry, Yerevan - Ashtarak, Armenia, FOP-2014, 03.09.2014 (cropped).jpg|80px]]<br />
| [[Michael V. Berry]]<br />
| {{Flag|United Kingdom}}<br />
| rowspan=2 | "For the discovery of quantum topological and geometrical phases, specifically the [[Aharonov-Bohm effect]], the [[Berry phase]], and their incorporation into many fields of physics"<br />
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Michael V. Berry|url=https://wolffund.org.il/sir-michael-v-berry/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| colspan=2 align=center | [[Yakir Aharonov]]<br />
| {{Flag|Israel}} <br/> {{Flag|United States}}<br />
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Yakir Aharonov|url=https://wolffund.org.il/yakir-aharonov/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref><br />
|- bgcolor="lightgrey"<br />
| colspan=6 |<br />
|-<br />
| 1999<br />
| [[File:Nobel Prize 2011-Nobel interviews KVA-DSC 8049.jpg|80px]]<br />
| [[Dan Shechtman]]<br />
| {{Flag|Israel}}<br />
| "For the experimental discovery of [[quasi-crystal]]s, non periodic solids having long-range order, which inspired the exploration of a new fundamental state of matter."<br />
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Dan Shechtman|url=https://wolffund.org.il/dan-shechtman/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref><br />
|- bgcolor="lightgrey"<br />
| colspan=6 |<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 | 2000<br />
| [[File:Masatoshi Koshiba 2002.jpg|80px]]<br />
| [[Masatoshi Koshiba]]<br />
| {{Flag|Japan}}<br />
| rowspan=2 | "For their pioneering observations of astronomical phenomena by detection of [[neutrino]]s, thus creating the emerging field of [[neutrino astronomy]]."<br />
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Masatoshi Koshiba|url=https://wolffund.org.il/masatoshi-koshiba/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[File:Raymond Davis, Jr 2001.jpg|80px]]<br />
| [[Raymond Davis Jr.]]<br />
| {{Flag|United States}}<br />
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Raymond Davis Jr.|url=https://wolffund.org.il/raymond-davis-jr/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref><br />
|- bgcolor="lightgrey"<br />
| 2001<br />
| colspan=5 align=center | ''No award''<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 | 2002/3<br />
| [[File:Nobel Laureate Sir Anthony James Leggett in 2007.jpg|80px]]<br />
| [[Anthony J. Leggett]]<br />
| rowspan=2 | {{Flag|United States}}<br />
| rowspan=2 | "For key insights into the broad range of condensed matter physics: Leggett on [[superfluidity]] of the light helium isotope and [[macroscopic quantum phenomena]]; and Halperin on two- dimensional melting, disordered systems and strongly interacting electrons."<br />
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Anthony J. Leggett|url=https://wolffund.org.il/anthony-j-leggett/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[File:Bert Halperin.JPG|80px]]<br />
| [[Bertrand Halperin]]<br />
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Bertrand Halperin|url=https://wolffund.org.il/bertrand-i-halperin/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref><br />
|- bgcolor="lightgrey"<br />
| colspan=6 |<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3 | 2004<br />
| [[File:Francois Englert.jpg|80px]]<br />
| [[François Englert]]<br />
| {{Flag|Belgium}}<br />
| rowspan=3 | "For pioneering work that has led to the insight of mass generation, whenever a local [[Gauge theory|gauge]] symmetry is realized asymmetrically in the world of sub-atomic particles."<br />
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=François Englert|url=https://wolffund.org.il/francois-englert/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[File:Higgs, Peter (1929)3.jpg|80px]]<br />
| [[Peter Higgs]]<br />
| {{Flag|United Kingdom}}<br />
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Peter Higgs|url=https://wolffund.org.il/peter-w-higgs/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[File:Robert Brout (3x4 cropped).jpg|80px]]<br />
| [[Robert Brout]]<br />
| {{Flag|Belgium}}<br />
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Robert Brout|url=https://wolffund.org.il/robert-brout/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref><br />
|- bgcolor="lightgrey"<br />
| colspan=6 |<br />
|-<br />
| 2005<br />
| colspan=2 align=center | [[Daniel Kleppner]]<br />
| {{Flag|United States}}<br />
| "For groundbreaking work in atomic physics of hydrogenic systems, including research on the [[hydrogen maser]], [[Rydberg atom]]s and [[Bose-Einstein condensation]]."<br />
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Daniel Kleppner|url=https://wolffund.org.il/daniel-kleppner/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref><br />
|- bgcolor="lightgrey"<br />
| colspan=6 |<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 | 2006/7<br />
| [[File:Fert-002 (cropped).jpg|80px]]<br />
| [[Albert Fert]]<br />
| {{Flag|France|1974}}<br />
| rowspan=2 | "For their independent discovery of the [[giant magnetoresistance]] phenomenon (GMR), thereby launching a new field of research and applications known as [[spintronics]], which utilizes the spin of the electron to store and transport information."<br />
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Albert Fert|url=https://wolffund.org.il/albert-fert/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[File:Peter Gruenberg 01.jpg|80px]]<br />
| [[Peter Grünberg]]<br />
| {{Flag|Germany}}<br />
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Peter Grünberg|url=https://wolffund.org.il/peter-gruenberg/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref><br />
|- bgcolor="lightgrey"<br />
| 2008<br />
| colspan=5 align=center | ''No award''<br />
|- bgcolor="lightgrey"<br />
| 2009<br />
| colspan=5 align=center | ''No award''<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3 | 2010<br />
| [[File:Alain-Aspect-ForMemRS (cropped).jpg|80px]]<br />
| [[Alain Aspect]]<br />
| {{Flag|France|1974}}<br />
| rowspan=3 | "For their fundamental conceptual and experimental contributions to the foundations of quantum physics, specifically an increasingly sophisticated series of tests of Bell’s inequalities or extensions there of using [[entangled quantum states]]."<br />
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Alain Aspect|url=https://wolffund.org.il/alain-aspect/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[File:Anton Zeilinger blackboard (profile cropped).jpg|80px]]<br />
| [[Anton Zeilinger]]<br />
| {{Flag|Austria}}<br />
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Anton Zeilinger|url=https://wolffund.org.il/anton-zeilinger/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[File:John Francis Clauser (cropped).jpg|80px]]<br />
| [[John F. Clauser]]<br />
| {{Flag|United States}}<br />
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=John F. Clauser|url=https://wolffund.org.il/john-f-clauser/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref><br />
|- bgcolor="lightgrey"<br />
| colspan=6 |<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3 | 2011<br />
| [[File:Harald Rose Dresden 2009-2.jpg|80px]]<br />
| [[Harald Rose]]<br />
| rowspan=3 | {{Flag|Germany}}<br />
| rowspan=3 | "For their development of [[aberration-corrected electron microscopy]], allowing the observation of individual atoms with picometer precision, thus revolutionizing materials science."<br />
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Harald Rose|url=https://wolffund.org.il/harald-rose/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[File:The 2020 Kavli Prize Laureate Knut Urban signing the protocol (2022) (52337039956) (cropped).jpg|80px]]<br />
| [[Knut Urban]]<br />
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Knut Urban|url=https://wolffund.org.il/knut-urban/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[File:The 2020 Kavli Prize Laureate Maximilian Haider signing the protocol (2022) (52337040506) (cropped).jpg|80px]]<br />
| [[Maximilian Haider]]<br />
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Maximilian Haider|url=https://wolffund.org.il/maximilian-haider/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref><br />
|- bgcolor="lightgrey"<br />
| colspan=6 |<br />
|-<br />
| 2012<br />
| [[File:Bekenstein100 (cropped).JPG|80px]]<br />
| [[Jacob Bekenstein]]<br />
| {{Flag|Israel}}<br />
| "For his work on astronomical super-massive objects called ‘[[black hole]]s’ that showed they can possess a statistical-thermodynamic property called [[entropy]] even though the internal dynamics could not be known. This work created an entire field of black hole dynamics which has become a cornerstone in the important theoretical physics areas of quantum gravity and strings."<br />
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Jacob Bekenstein|url=https://wolffund.org.il/jacob-bekenstein/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref><br />
|- bgcolor="lightgrey"<br />
| colspan=6 |<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 | 2013<br />
| [[File:Prof Cirac office klein (cropped).jpg|80px]]<br />
| [[Juan Ignacio Cirac]]<br />
| {{Flag|Germany}}<br />
| rowspan=2 | "For groundbreaking theoretical contributions to quantum information processing, [[quantum optics]] and the physics of quantum gases."<br />
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Juan Ignacio Cirac|url=https://wolffund.org.il/juan-ignacio-cirac/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[File:Zoller Peter.jpg|80px]]<br />
| [[Peter Zoller]]<br />
| {{Flag|Austria}}<br />
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Peter Zoller|url=https://wolffund.org.il/peter-zoller/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref><br />
|- bgcolor="lightgrey"<br />
| 2014<br />
| colspan=5 align=center | ''No award''<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 | 2015<br />
| [[File:James Bjorken.jpg|80px]]<br />
| [[James D. Bjorken]]<br />
| rowspan=2 | {{Flag|United States}}<br />
| "For predicting scaling in [[deep inelastic scattering]], leading to identification of [[nucleon]]’s pointlike constituents."<br />
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=James D. Bjorken|url=https://wolffund.org.il/peter-zoller/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[File:RobertKirshnerIMG 2728x.jpg|80px]]<br />
| [[Robert P. Kirshner]]<br />
| "For forging the path to [[supernova]] cosmology through his observations and insights."<br />
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Robert P. Kirshner|url=https://wolffund.org.il/robert-p-kirshner/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref><br />
|- bgcolor="lightgrey"<br />
| colspan=6 |<br />
|-<br />
| 2016<br />
| [[File:Professor Joe Imry.jpg|80px]]<br />
| [[Yoseph Imry]]<br />
| {{Flag|Israel}}<br />
| "For pioneering studies of the physics of [[mesoscopic]] and random systems."<br />
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Yoseph Imry|url=https://wolffund.org.il/imry-yoseph/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref><br />
|- bgcolor="lightgrey"<br />
| colspan=6 |<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 | 2017<br />
| [[File:Queloz profile (cropped).jpg|80px]]<br />
| [[Didier Queloz]]<br />
| {{Flag|Switzerland}} <br/> {{Flag|United Kingdom}}<br />
| rowspan=2 | "For the first discovery of an [[exoplanet]] orbiting [[51 Pegasi|a solar-type star]]."<br />
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Didier Queloz|url=https://wolffund.org.il/didier-queloz/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[File:Michel Mayor, 2012 (cropped).jpg|80px]]<br />
| [[Michel Mayor]]<br />
| {{Flag|Switzerland}}<br />
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Michel Mayor|url=https://wolffund.org.il/michael-mayor/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref><br />
|- bgcolor="lightgrey"<br />
| colspan=6 |<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 | 2018<br />
| [[File:Dr. Charles Bennett IBM Fellow (cropped).jpg|80px]]<br />
| [[Charles H. Bennett (physicist)|Charles H. Bennett]]<br />
| {{Flag|United States}}<br />
| rowspan=2 | "For founding and advancing the fields of [[Quantum Cryptography]] and [[Quantum Teleportation]]."<br />
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Charles H. Bennett|url=https://wolffund.org.il/charles-h-bennett/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[File:Gilles Brassard (2019) (cropped).jpg|80px]]<br />
| [[Gilles Brassard]]<br />
| {{Flag|Canada}}<br />
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Gilles Brassard|url=https://wolffund.org.il/gilles-brassard/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref><br />
|- bgcolor="lightgrey"<br />
| 2019<br />
| colspan=5 align=center | ''No award''<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3 | 2020<br />
| colspan=2 align=center | [[Rafi Bistritzer]]<br />
| {{Flag|Israel}}<br />
| rowspan=3 | "For pioneering theoretical and experimental work on twisted [[bilayer graphene]]."<br />
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Rafi Bistritzer|url=https://wolffund.org.il/rafi-bistritzer/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[File:Pablo Jarillo-Herrero (born 1976) giving the 2024 Segré Lecture Magic Angle Graphene.png|80px]]<br />
| [[Pablo Jarillo-Herrero]]<br />
| rowspan=2 | {{Flag|United States}}<br />
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Pablo Jarillo-Herrero|url=https://wolffund.org.il/pablo-jarillo-herrero/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[File:Allan MacDonald.jpg|80px]]<br />
| [[Allan H. MacDonald]]<br />
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Allan H. MacDonald|url=https://wolffund.org.il/allan-h-macdonald/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref><br />
|- bgcolor="lightgrey"<br />
| colspan=6 |<br />
|-<br />
| 2021<br />
| [[File:Parisi Giorgio (3x4 cropped).jpg|80px]]<br />
| [[Giorgio Parisi]]<br />
| {{Flag|Italy}}<br />
| "For ground-breaking discoveries in disordered systems, particle physics and statistical physics."<br />
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Giorgio Parisi|url=https://wolffund.org.il/giorgio-parisi/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref><br />
|- bgcolor="lightgrey"<br />
| colspan=6 |<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3 | 2022<br />
| [[File:Anne LHuiller 01.JPG|80px]]<br />
| [[Anne L'Huillier]]<br />
| {{Flag|Sweden}}<br />
| rowspan=3 | "For pioneering contributions to ultrafast laser science and [[attosecond physics]]."<br />
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Anne L'Huillier|url=https://wolffund.org.il/anne-lhuillier/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| colspan=2 align=center | [[Paul Corkum]]<br />
| {{Flag|Canada}}<br />
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Paul Corkum|url=https://wolffund.org.il/paul-corkum/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[File:Ferenc Krausz (cropped).jpg|80px]]<br />
| [[Ferenc Krausz]]<br />
| {{Flag|Germany}}<br />
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Ferenc Krausz|url=https://wolffund.org.il/ferenc-krausz/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref><br />
|- bgcolor="lightgrey"<br />
| 2023<br />
| colspan=5 align=center | ''No award''<br />
|-<br />
| 2024<br />
| [[File:Official portrait of Lord Rees of Ludlow crop 2.jpg|80px]]<br />
| [[Martin Rees]]<br />
| {{Flag|United Kingdom}}<br />
| "For fundamental contributions to [[high-energy astrophysics]], galaxies and structure formation, and [[cosmology]]."<br />
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Martin Rees|url=https://wolffund.org.il/martin-rees/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref><br />
|- bgcolor="lightgrey"<br />
| colspan=6 |<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3 | 2025<br />
| [[File:Jainendra Jain.jpg|80px]]<br />
| [[Jainendra K. Jain]]<br />
| {{Flag|United States}}<br />
| rowspan=3 | "For advancing our understanding of the surprising properties of [[two-dimensional electron system]]s in strong magnetic fields"<br />
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Jainendra K. Jain|url=https://wolffund.org.il/jainendra-k-jain/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| colspan=2 align=center | [[Mordehai Heiblum]]<br />
| {{Flag|Israel}}<br />
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Mordehai (Moty) Heiblum|url=https://wolffund.org.il/mordehai-moty-heiblum/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| colspan=2 align=center | [[James P. Eisenstein]]<br />
| {{Flag|United States}}<br />
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=James P. Eisenstein|url=https://wolffund.org.il/james-p-eisenstein/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Number of laureates per country ===<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right;"<br />
!align="center" style="background-color:#ABCDEF" |Country<br />
!align="center" style="background-color:#ABCDEF" |Number<br />
|-<br />
| align="left" | {{USA}} || 36<br />
|-<br />
| align="left" | {{GBR}} || 7<br />
|-<br />
| align="left" | {{DEU}} || 6<br />
|-<br />
| align="left" | {{ISR}} || 6<br />
|-<br />
| align="left" | {{FRA}} || 4<br />
|-<br />
| align="left" | {{CHE}} || 3<br />
|-<br />
| align="left" | {{AUT}} || 2<br />
|-<br />
| align="left" | {{BEL}} || 2<br />
|-<br />
| align="left" | {{CAN}} || 2<br />
|-<br />
| align="left" | {{ITA}} || 2<br />
|-<br />
| align="left" | {{JPN}} || 1<br />
|-<br />
| align="left" | {{NLD}} || 1<br />
|-<br />
| align="left" | {{RUS}} || 1<br />
|-<br />
| align="left" | {{SWE}} || 1<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[List of physics awards]]<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{Noteslist}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [https://wolffund.org.il/home-page/ List of Wolf Prize laureates], Wolf Foundation<br />
* {{cite web | title=Placido Domingo Wins Israel Wolf Prize | work=Huffington Post | date=2012-01-10<br />
| url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/01/10/placido-domingo-israel-wolf-prize_n_1196509.html}}<br />
* {{cite web | title=Eight foreign standouts to receive Wolf Prize |url=https://www.jpost.com/Health/Article.aspx?id=298237|work=Jerusalem Post|date=2013-01-03}}<br />
* [https://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Health/Wolf-Prizes-in-the-sciences-and-arts-presented-to-nine-North-Americans-389466 Wolf Prizes 2015] <br />
* [https://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Weizmann-professor-among-7-Wolf-Prize-laureates-441464 Jerusalempost - Wolf Prizes 2016]<br />
* [https://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Culture/Wolf-Prize-to-be-awarded-to-eight-laureates-from-US-UK-and-Switzerland-477364 Jerusalempost - Wolf Prizes 2017]<br />
* [https://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Culture/Paul-McCartney-among-9-Wolf-Prize-recipients-542404 Jerusalempost - Wolf Prizes 2018]<br />
<br />
{{Wolf Prizes}}<br />
{{Wolf Prize in Physics}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Wolf Prize in Physics}}<br />
[[Category:Wolf Prizes|Physics]]<br />
[[Category:Physics awards]]<br />
[[Category:Lists of Israeli award winners]]<br />
[[Category:Awards established in 1978]]<br />
[[Category:Israeli science and technology awards]]<br />
[[Category:1978 establishments in Israel]]</div>
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<div>{{Navbox<br />
| name = Branches of physics<br />
| state = {{{state|}}}<br />
| title = Major [[branches of physics]]<br />
| listclass = hlist<br />
| group10 = Divisions<br />
| list10 =<br />
* [[Basic research|Pure]]<br />
* [[Applied physics|Applied]]<br />
** [[Engineering physics|Engineering]]<br />
| group20 = Approaches<br />
| list20 =<br />
* [[Experimental physics|Experimental]]<br />
* [[Theoretical physics|Theoretical]]<br />
** [[Computational physics|Computational]]<br />
| group30 = [[Classical physics|Classical]]<br />
| list30 =<br />
* [[Classical mechanics]]<br />
** [[Newton's laws of motion|Newtonian]]<br />
** [[Analytical mechanics|Analytical]]<br />
** [[Celestial mechanics|Celestial]]<br />
** [[Continuum mechanics|Continuum]]<br />
* [[Acoustics]]<br />
* [[Classical electromagnetism]]<br />
* [[Classical optics]]<br />
** [[Geometrical optics|Ray]]<br />
** [[Physical optics|Wave]]<br />
* [[Thermodynamics|Thermodynamics]]<br />
** [[Statistical mechanics|Statistical]]<br />
** [[Non-equilibrium thermodynamics|Non-equilibrium]]<br />
| group40 = [[Modern physics|Modern]]<br />
| list40 =<br />
* [[Relativistic mechanics]]<br />
** [[Special relativity|Special]]<br />
** [[General relativity|General]]<br />
* [[Nuclear physics]]<br />
* [[Particle physics]]<br />
* [[Quantum mechanics]]<br />
* [[Atomic, molecular, and optical physics]]<br />
** [[Atomic physics|Atomic]]<br />
** [[Molecular physics|Molecular]]<br />
** [[Optics#Modern_optics|Modern optics]]<br />
* [[Condensed matter physics]]<br />
**[[Solid-state physics]]<br />
**[[Crystallography]]<br />
| group50 = [[:Category:Applied and interdisciplinary physics|Interdisciplinary]]<br />
| list50 =<br />
* [[Astrophysics]] ([[Outline of astrophysics|outline]])<br />
* [[Atmospheric physics]]<br />
* [[Biophysics]]<br />
* [[Chemical physics]]<br />
* [[Geophysics]]<br />
* [[Materials science]]<br />
* [[Mathematical physics]]<br />
* [[Medical physics]]<br />
* [[Physical oceanography|Ocean physics]]<br />
* [[Quantum information science]]<br />
| group60 = Related<br />
| list60 =<br />
* [[History of physics]]<br />
* [[Nobel Prize in Physics]]<br />
* [[Philosophy of physics]]<br />
* [[Physics education]]<br />
** [[Physics education research|research]]<br />
* [[Timeline of fundamental physics discoveries|Timeline of physics discoveries]]<br />
}}<noinclude><br />
<br />
{{Documentation<br />
| content =<br />
{{Collapsible option}}<br />
}}<br />
[[Category:Physics navigational boxes| ]]<br />
{{Roster maintenance | header = Navigation maintenance}}<br />
</noinclude></div>
Vigen
https://wiki.cern.ch/index.php?title=Template:Nobel_Prizes&diff=12641
Template:Nobel Prizes
2026-05-06T13:13:49Z
<p>Vigen: 1 revision imported from :wikipedia:Template:Nobel_Prizes</p>
<hr />
<div>{{#invoke:Navbox|navbox<br />
| name = Nobel Prizes<br />
| state = {{{state|{{{1|<includeonly>collapsed</includeonly>}}}}}}<br />
| bodyclass = hlist<br />
| title = [[Nobel Prize]]s<br />
| image = [[File:Nobel Prize.png|100px]]<br />
| groupstyle = line-height:1.2em<br />
| abovestyle = hlist<br />
| belowstyle = hlist<br />
<br />
| above =<br />
* [[Lists of Nobel laureates]]<br />
* [[Nobel Prize medal]]<br />
| group1 = Prizes<br />
| list1 =<br />
* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]]<br />
* [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences|Economics]]{{sup|1}}<br />
* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]]<br />
* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]]<br />
* [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]]<br />
* [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]]<br />
<br />
| group2 = [[List of Nobel laureates|Laureates]]<br />
| list2 = child<br />
| 2_list1 = <br />
* by occupation<br />
** [[List of heads of state and government Nobel laureates|Heads of state and government]]<br />
* [[List of Nobel laureates|by year]]<br />
<br />
| 2_groupstyle=font-weight:normal;<br />
| 2_group2 = by subject<br />
| 2_list2 =<br />
* [[List of Nobel laureates in Chemistry|Chemistry]]<br />
* [[List of Nobel Memorial Prize laureates in Economic Sciences|Economics]]{{sup|1}}<br />
* [[List of Nobel laureates in Literature|Literature]]<br />
* [[List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates|Peace]]<br />
* [[List of Nobel laureates in Physics|Physics]]<br />
* [[List of Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]]<br />
<br />
| 2_group3 = by<br />population<br />group<br />
| 2_list3 = child<br />
| 2_3_list1 = <br />
* [[List of Bengali Nobel laureates|Bengali]]<br />
* [[List of black Nobel laureates|Black]]<br />
* [[List of Christian Nobel laureates|Christian]]<br />
* [[List of female Nobel laureates|Female]]<br />
* [[List of Jewish Nobel laureates|Jewish]]<br />
* [[List of Latin American Nobel laureates|Latin American]]<br />
* [[List of nonreligious Nobel laureates|Non-religious]]<br />
<br />
| 2_3_groupstyle=font-weight:normal;<br />
| 2_3_group2 = by continent<br />and [[List of Nobel laureates by country|nationality]]<br />
| 2_3_list2 =<br />
* [[List of African Nobel laureates|African]]<br />
** [[List of Egyptian Nobel laureates and nominees|Egyptian]]<br />
** [[List of South African Nobel laureates and nominees|South African]]<br />
* [[List of Asian Nobel laureates|Asian]]<br />
** [[List of Armenian Nobel laureates|Armenian]]<br />
** [[List of Chinese Nobel laureates|Chinese]]<br />
** [[List of Nobel laureates and nominees in the Philippines|Filipino]]<br />
** [[List of Indian Nobel laureates|Indian]]<br />
** [[List of Israeli Nobel laureates|Israeli]]<br />
** [[List of Japanese Nobel laureates and nominees|Japanese]]<br />
** [[List of Korean Nobel laureates and nominees|Korean]]<br />
** [[List of Pakistani Nobel laureates|Pakistani]]<br />
** [[List of Turkish Nobel laureates|Turkish]]<br />
** [[List of Vietnamese Nobel laureates and nominees|Vietnamese]]<br />
* European<br />
** [[List of Belgian Nobel laureates|Belgian]]<br />
** [[List of Danish Nobel laureates|Danish]]<br />
** [[List of German Nobel laureates|German]]<br />
** [[List of Greek Nobel laureates and nominees|Greek]]<br />
** [[List of Hungarian Nobel laureates|Hungarian]]<br />
** [[List of Irish Nobel laureates and nominees|Irish]]<br />
** [[List of Italian Nobel laureates|Italian]]<br />
** [[List of Polish Nobel laureates|Polish]]<br />
** [[List of Romanian Nobel laureates and nominees|Romanian]]<br />
** [[List of Russian Nobel laureates|Russian]]<br />
** [[List of Spanish Nobel laureates|Spanish]]<br />
** [[List of Swedish Nobel laureates|Swedish]]<br />
** [[List of Swiss Nobel laureates|Swiss]]<br />
** [[List of Welsh Nobel laureates|Welsh]]<br />
* Oceanian<br />
** [[List of Australian Nobel laureates|Australian]]<br />
* North American<br />
** [[List of American Nobel laureates|American]]<br />
** [[List of Mexican Nobel laureates and nominees|Mexican]]<br />
* South American<br />
** [[List of Argentine Nobel laureates|Argentine]]<br />
** [[List of Brazilian Nobel laureates and nominees|Brazilian]]<br />
** [[List of Venezuelan Nobel laureates|Venezuelan]]<br />
<br />
| 2_group4 = [[List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation|by university]]<br />
| 2_list4 =<br />
* [[List of Nobel laureates affiliated with the City University of New York as alumni or faculty|City University of New York]]<br />
* [[List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Columbia University as alumni or faculty|Columbia University]]<br />
* [[List of ETH Zurich people#Nobel Prize winners|ETH Zurich]]<br />
* [[List of Harvard University people#Nobel laureates|Harvard University]]<br />
* [[List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Princeton University as alumni or faculty|Princeton University]]<br />
* [[List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Washington University in St. Louis as alumni or faculty|Washington University in St. Louis]]<br />
<br />
| group4 = Nominees<br />
| list4 = child<br />
| 4_list1 = <br />
* [[List of Catholic priests and religious awarded the Nobel Prize|Catholic priests and religious]]<br />
* [[List of heads of state and government Nobel nominees|Heads of state and government]]<br />
* [[List of couples awarded the Nobel Prize|Couples]]<br />
* Women<br />
** [[List of female nominees for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]]<br />
** [[List of female nominees for the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences|Economics]]{{sup|1}}<br />
** [[List of female nominees for the Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]]<br />
** [[List of female nominees for the Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]]<br />
** [[List of female nominees for the Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]]<br />
** [[List of female nominees for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]]<br />
<br />
| 4_groupstyle=font-weight:normal;<br />
| 4_group2 = by subject<br />
| 4_list2 =<br />
* Chemistry<br />
** [[List of nominees for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry|1901–1999]]<br />
* Economics{{sup|1}}<br />
** [[List of nominees for the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences|1901–1999]]<br />
* Literature<br />
** [[List of nominees for the Nobel Prize in Literature (1901–1999)|1901–1999]]<br />
** [[List of nominees for the Nobel Prize in Literature (2000–present)|2000–present]]<br />
* Peace<br />
** Individuals<br />
*** [[List of individuals nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize (1900–1999)|1900–1999]]<br />
*** [[List of individuals nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize (2000–present)|2000–present]]<br />
** [[List of organizations nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize|Organizations]]<br />
* Physics<br />
** [[List of nominees for the Nobel Prize in Physics|1901–1999]]<br />
* Physiology or Medicine<br />
** [[List of nominees for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1901–1999)|1901–1999]]<br />
<br />
| 4_group3 = by groups<br />
| 4_list3 = child<br />
| 4_3_list1 = <br />
* Peace<br />
** [[List of American Friends Service Committee Nobel nominees|AFSC Nobel nominees]]<br />
** [[PRIO Director's Shortlist]]<br />
| 4_3_groupstyle=font-weight:normal;<br />
| 4_3_group2 = by [[Clarivate Citation Laureates|Clarivate]]<br />
| 4_3_list2 =<br />
** [[List of female Clarivate Citation laureates|Female]]<br />
* [[List of Clarivate Citation laureates in Chemistry|Chemistry]]<br />
* [[List of Clarivate Citation laureates in Economic Sciences|Economics]]{{sup|1}}<br />
* [[List of Clarivate Citation laureates in Physics|Physics]]<br />
* [[List of Clarivate Citation laureates in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]]<br />
<br />
| group5 = Organisations<br />
| list5 =<br />
* [[Nobel Foundation]]<br />
* [[Nobel Committee]]s<br />
** [[Nobel Committee for Chemistry|Chemistry]]<br />
** [[Committee for the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel|Economics]]{{sup|1}}<br />
** [[Nobel Committee for Literature|Literature]]<br />
** [[Nobel Committee for Physics|Physics]]<br />
** [[Nobel Committee for Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]]<br />
** [[Norwegian Nobel Committee]]<br />
* [[Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute]]<br />
<br />
| group6 = Related<br />
| list6 =<br />
* [[Nobel Prize controversies|Controversies]]<br />
** [[Nobel Prize in Literature controversies|Literature]]<br />
** [[Nobel Prize in Physics controversies|Physics]]<br />
** [[Nobel Peace Prize controversies|Peace]]<br />
* [[Alfred Nobel]]<br />
* [[Björkborn Manor]]<br />
* [[Nobel Banquet]]<br />
* [[Nobel Laboratory]]<br />
* [[Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings]]<br />
* [[Nobel Monument]]<br />
* [[World Summit of Nobel Peace Laureates]]<br />
* [[List of prizes known as the Nobel or the highest honors of a field|Prizes known as the "Nobel" of their fields]]<br />
<br />
| below = {{sup|1}} Nobel Memorial Prize (not one of the original Nobel Prizes).<br/><br />
}}<noinclude><br />
<br />
{{documentation<br />
|content=<br />
{{collapsible option |statename=optional |default=collapsed}}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Template:Nobel laureates in economics]]<br />
* [[Template:Nobel Peace Prize]]<br />
* [[Template:Nobel Prize in Chemistry]]<br />
* [[Template:Nobel Prize in Literature]]<br />
* [[Template:Nobel Prize in Physics]]<br />
* [[Template:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]<br />
}}<!--(end documentation)--><br />
[[Category:Nobel Prize navigational boxes| ]]<br />
</noinclude></div>
Vigen
https://wiki.cern.ch/index.php?title=Module:Portal/images/o&diff=12639
Module:Portal/images/o
2026-05-06T13:13:48Z
<p>Vigen: 1 revision imported from :wikipedia:Module:Portal/images/o</p>
<hr />
<div>--[==[ This is the "O" list of portal image names. It contains a list of portal images for use with [[Module:Portal]]<br />
-- for portal names that start with the letter "O". For aliases to existing portal names, and for portal names that<br />
-- start with other letters, please use the appropriate page from the following list:<br />
<br />
-- [[Module:Portal/images/a]] - for portal names beginning with "A".<br />
-- [[Module:Portal/images/b]] - for portal names beginning with "B".<br />
-- [[Module:Portal/images/c]] - for portal names beginning with "C".<br />
-- [[Module:Portal/images/d]] - for portal names beginning with "D".<br />
-- [[Module:Portal/images/e]] - for portal names beginning with "E".<br />
-- [[Module:Portal/images/f]] - for portal names beginning with "F".<br />
-- [[Module:Portal/images/g]] - for portal names beginning with "G".<br />
-- [[Module:Portal/images/h]] - for portal names beginning with "H".<br />
-- [[Module:Portal/images/i]] - for portal names beginning with "I".<br />
-- [[Module:Portal/images/j]] - for portal names beginning with "J".<br />
-- [[Module:Portal/images/k]] - for portal names beginning with "K".<br />
-- [[Module:Portal/images/l]] - for portal names beginning with "L".<br />
-- [[Module:Portal/images/m]] - for portal names beginning with "M".<br />
-- [[Module:Portal/images/n]] - for portal names beginning with "N".<br />
-- [[Module:Portal/images/p]] - for portal names beginning with "P".<br />
-- [[Module:Portal/images/q]] - for portal names beginning with "Q".<br />
-- [[Module:Portal/images/r]] - for portal names beginning with "R".<br />
-- [[Module:Portal/images/s]] - for portal names beginning with "S".<br />
-- [[Module:Portal/images/t]] - for portal names beginning with "T".<br />
-- [[Module:Portal/images/u]] - for portal names beginning with "U".<br />
-- [[Module:Portal/images/v]] - for portal names beginning with "V".<br />
-- [[Module:Portal/images/w]] - for portal names beginning with "W".<br />
-- [[Module:Portal/images/x]] - for portal names beginning with "X".<br />
-- [[Module:Portal/images/y]] - for portal names beginning with "Y".<br />
-- [[Module:Portal/images/z]] - for portal names beginning with "Z".<br />
-- [[Module:Portal/images/other]] - for portal names beginning with any other letters. This includes numbers,<br />
-- letters with diacritics, and letters in non-Latin alphabets.<br />
-- [[Module:Portal/images/aliases]] - for adding aliases for existing portal names. Use this page for variations<br />
-- in spelling and diacritics, etc., no matter what letter the portal begins with.<br />
<br />
-- When adding entries, please use alphabetical order. The format of the images table entries is as follows:<br />
-- ["portal name"] = "image.svg",<br />
-- The portal name should be the name of your portal, in lower case. For example, the portal name for <br />
-- "Portal:United Kingdom" would be "united kingdom". The image name should be capitalised normally, and the "File:"<br />
-- namespace prefix should be omitted.<br />
]==]<br />
<br />
return {<br />
["oceania"] = "大洋.png|alt=icon",<br />
["oceans"] = "Waves in pacifica 1.jpg|alt=icon",<br />
["odisha"] = "Seal of Odisha.png|link=|alt=seal",<br />
["ohio"] = "Flag of Ohio.svg|link=|alt=flag",<br />
["oklahoma"] = "Flag of Oklahoma.svg|border|link=|alt=flag",<br />
["olympic games"] = "Olympic Rings.svg|link=|alt=",<br />
["oman"] = "Flag of Oman.svg|border|alt=flag",<br />
["ontario"] = "Flag of Ontario.svg|border|link=|alt=flag",<br />
["opera"] = "Operalogo.svg|alt=icon",<br />
["oregon"] = "Flag of Oregon.svg|border|link=|alt=flag",<br />
["organized labour"] = "Syndicalism.svg|alt=icon",<br />
["osaka university"] = "Toyonaka stone.png|alt=icon",<br />
["ossetian"] = "Idioma osetio.png|border|alt=map",<br />
["ottawa"] = "Flag of Ottawa, Ontario.svg|border|link=|alt=flag",<br />
["outlines"] = "Global thinking.svg|link=|alt=",<br />
["oxfordshire"] = "EnglandOxfordshire.png|alt=icon",<br />
["oz"] = "Oz flag.svg|alt=icon",<br />
}</div>
Vigen
https://wiki.cern.ch/index.php?title=Module:Spoken_Wikipedia/styles.css&diff=12637
Module:Spoken Wikipedia/styles.css
2026-05-06T13:13:48Z
<p>Vigen: 1 revision imported from :wikipedia:Module:Spoken_Wikipedia/styles.css</p>
<hr />
<div>/* {{pp|small=y}} */<br />
.spoken-wikipedia {<br />
border: 1px solid #a2a9b1;<br />
background-color: var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa);<br />
margin: 0.5em 0;<br />
padding: 0.2em;<br />
line-height: 1.5em;<br />
font-size: 90%;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.spoken-wikipedia-header {<br />
text-align: center;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.spoken-wikipedia-listen-to {<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.spoken-wikipedia-files {<br />
text-align: center;<br />
margin-top: 10px;<br />
margin-bottom: 0.4em;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.spoken-wikipedia-icon {<br />
float: left;<br />
margin-left: 5px;<br />
margin-top: 10px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer {<br />
margin-left: 60px;<br />
margin-top: 10px;<br />
font-size: 95%;<br />
line-height: 1.4em;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.spoken-wikipedia-footer {<br />
margin-top: 10px;<br />
text-align: center;<br />
}<br />
<br />
@media (min-width: 720px) {<br />
.spoken-wikipedia {<br />
width: 20em;<br />
/* @noflip */<br />
float: right;<br />
/* @noflip */<br />
clear: right;<br />
/* @noflip */<br />
margin-left: 1em;<br />
}<br />
}</div>
Vigen
https://wiki.cern.ch/index.php?title=Module:Spoken_Wikipedia/configuration&diff=12635
Module:Spoken Wikipedia/configuration
2026-05-06T13:13:48Z
<p>Vigen: 1 revision imported from :wikipedia:Module:Spoken_Wikipedia/configuration</p>
<hr />
<div>return {<br />
templatestyles = 'Module:Spoken Wikipedia/styles.css',<br />
i18n = {<br />
this_article = 'this article',<br />
this_page = 'this page',<br />
minute = 'minute',<br />
minutes = 'minutes',<br />
hour = 'hour',<br />
hours = 'hours',<br />
listento = 'Listen to %s',<br />
one_file_disclaimer = '[[:File:%s|This audio file]] was created from a revision of %s dated %s, and does not reflect subsequent edits.',<br />
-- first %s in n_files_disclaimer is a dummy<br />
n_files_disclaimer = '%sThese audio files were created from a revision of %s dated %s, and do not reflect subsequent edits.',<br />
one_file_length = ' (%s)',<br />
n_files_length = '<br/>(%s&nbsp;parts, %s)',<br />
one_file = '[[File:%s|200px|center]]',<br />
n_files = '\n# [[File:%s|180px|Part %d]]',<br />
topicon_multiwikilink = 'Wikipedia:WikiProject Spoken Wikipedia',<br />
icon = '[[File:Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg|45px|alt=Spoken Wikipedia icon|link=|Spoken Wikipedia]]',<br />
footer = '([[Project:Media help|Audio help]]&nbsp;· [[Project:Spoken articles|More spoken articles]])',<br />
err = {<br />
no_filename = 'Error: no filename provided',<br />
no_date = 'Error: no date provided'<br />
},<br />
cat = {<br />
no_filename = '[[Category:Spoken Wikipedia without file]]',<br />
no_date = '[[Category:Spoken Wikipedia without date]]',<br />
articles = '[[Category:Articles with hAudio microformats]][[Category:Spoken articles]]'<br />
},<br />
class = {<br />
err = 'error',<br />
box = 'spoken-wikipedia noprint haudio',<br />
header = 'spoken-wikipedia-header',<br />
listento = 'spoken-wikipedia-listen-to',<br />
icon = 'spoken-wikipedia-icon',<br />
files = 'spoken-wikipedia-files',<br />
disclaimer = 'spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer',<br />
footer = 'spoken-wikipedia-footer'<br />
}<br />
}<br />
}</div>
Vigen
https://wiki.cern.ch/index.php?title=Module:Spoken_Wikipedia&diff=12633
Module:Spoken Wikipedia
2026-05-06T13:13:48Z
<p>Vigen: 1 revision imported from :wikipedia:Module:Spoken_Wikipedia</p>
<hr />
<div>local getArgs = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs<br />
local yesno = require('Module:Yesno')<br />
local Date = require('Module:Date')._Date<br />
local lang = mw.language.new('en')<br />
local cfg = mw.loadData('Module:Spoken Wikipedia/configuration')<br />
<br />
p = {}<br />
<br />
local function wikiError(message)<br />
local ret = mw.html.create('div')<br />
:addClass(cfg.i18n.class.err)<br />
:wikitext(message)<br />
:done()<br />
return tostring(ret)<br />
end<br />
<br />
local function category(c, nocat)<br />
if nocat then<br />
return ''<br />
else<br />
return c<br />
end<br />
end<br />
<br />
local function formatPageText(page)<br />
if page then<br />
return '<span class="fn">[[' .. page .. ']]</span>'<br />
end<br />
if mw.title.getCurrentTitle().namespace == 0 then<br />
return cfg.i18n.this_article<br />
else<br />
return cfg.i18n.this_page<br />
end<br />
end<br />
<br />
local function formatFileLength(filenames)<br />
local length = 0<br />
for _, filename in ipairs(filenames) do<br />
local fileTitle = mw.title.new(filename, 'Media')<br />
if fileTitle and fileTitle.file and fileTitle.file.exists then<br />
length = length + fileTitle.file.length<br />
end<br />
end<br />
<br />
-- Add 30 to offset the rounding down<br />
local intervals = lang:getDurationIntervals(length + 30, { 'hours', 'minutes' })<br />
local ret = string.format(<br />
'<span class="min">%s</span> %s',<br />
intervals.minutes or 0,<br />
intervals.minutes == 1 and cfg.i18n.minute or cfg.i18n.minutes<br />
)<br />
if intervals.hours then<br />
ret = string.format(<br />
'<span class="h">%s</span> %s and %s',<br />
intervals.hours,<br />
intervals.hours == 1 and cfg.i18n.hour or cfg.i18n.hours,<br />
ret<br />
)<br />
end<br />
return '<span class="duration">' .. ret .. '</span>'<br />
end<br />
<br />
local function formatHeader(filenames, page)<br />
local listento = mw.html.create('span')<br />
:addClass(cfg.i18n.class.listento)<br />
:wikitext(string.format(<br />
cfg.i18n.listento,<br />
formatPageText(page)<br />
))<br />
:done()<br />
<br />
local file_length<br />
if #filenames > 1 then<br />
file_length = string.format(<br />
cfg.i18n.n_files_length,<br />
tostring(#filenames),<br />
formatFileLength(filenames)<br />
)<br />
else<br />
file_length = string.format(<br />
cfg.i18n.one_file_length,<br />
formatFileLength(filenames)<br />
)<br />
end<br />
return mw.html.create('div')<br />
:addClass(cfg.i18n.class.header)<br />
:node(listento)<br />
:wikitext(file_length)<br />
:done()<br />
end<br />
<br />
local function formatIcon()<br />
return mw.html.create('div')<br />
:addClass(cfg.i18n.class.icon)<br />
:wikitext(cfg.i18n.icon)<br />
:done()<br />
end<br />
<br />
local function formatFiles(filenames, nocat)<br />
if #filenames == 0 then<br />
return wikiError(cfg.i18n.err.no_filename) ..<br />
category(cfg.i18n.cat.no_filename, nocat)<br />
end<br />
<br />
-- TODO: the else branch really wants to be a mw.html <ol> object rather than wikitext<br />
-- version of the same, so that we can style the numbers nicer<br />
local files = {}<br />
if #filenames == 1 then<br />
table.insert(files, string.format(cfg.i18n.one_file, filenames[1]))<br />
else<br />
for i, filename in ipairs(filenames) do<br />
table.insert(files, string.format(cfg.i18n.n_files, filename, i))<br />
end<br />
end<br />
<br />
return mw.html.create('div')<br />
:addClass(cfg.i18n.class.files)<br />
:wikitext(table.concat(files))<br />
:done()<br />
:newline()<br />
end<br />
<br />
local function formatDateText(frame, dateArg, nocat)<br />
local d = dateArg and Date(dateArg) or nil<br />
return d and frame:expandTemplate{<br />
title = 'Start date', args = {<br />
d.year,<br />
d.month,<br />
d.day,<br />
df='y'<br />
}<br />
} or (wikiError(cfg.i18n.err.no_date) .. category(cfg.i18n.cat.no_date, nocat))<br />
end<br />
<br />
local function formatDisclaimer(frame, filenames, page, dateArg, nocat)<br />
local thisFileText = ''<br />
local disclaimer<br />
if #filenames == 1 then<br />
thisFileText = filenames[1]<br />
disclaimer = cfg.i18n.one_file_disclaimer<br />
else<br />
disclaimer = cfg.i18n.n_files_disclaimer<br />
end<br />
return mw.html.create('div')<br />
:addClass(cfg.i18n.class.disclaimer)<br />
:wikitext(string.format(<br />
disclaimer,<br />
thisFileText,<br />
formatPageText(page),<br />
formatDateText(frame, dateArg, nocat)<br />
))<br />
:done()<br />
end<br />
<br />
local function formatFooter()<br />
return mw.html.create('div')<br />
:addClass(cfg.i18n.class.footer)<br />
:wikitext(cfg.i18n.footer)<br />
:done()<br />
end<br />
<br />
local function formatTopicon(frame, filenames)<br />
local wikilink<br />
if #filenames > 0 then<br />
wikilink = 'File:' .. filenames[1]<br />
else<br />
wikilink = cfg.i18n.topicon_multiwikilink<br />
end<br />
return frame:expandTemplate{<br />
title = "Top icon",<br />
args = {<br />
imagename = 'Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg',<br />
wikilink = wikilink,<br />
text = 'Listen to this article',<br />
id = 'spoken-icon'<br />
}<br />
}<br />
end<br />
<br />
local function extractFilenames(args)<br />
local filenames = {}<br />
for key, rawValue in ipairs(args) do<br />
local value = mw.text.trim(rawValue)<br />
if type(key) == "number" and value ~= '' then<br />
table.insert(filenames, value)<br />
end<br />
end<br />
return filenames<br />
end<br />
<br />
local function sidebox(nodes)<br />
root = mw.html.create('div')<br />
:addClass(cfg.i18n.class.box)<br />
for _, node in ipairs(nodes) do<br />
root:node(node)<br />
end<br />
return root<br />
end<br />
<br />
function main(frame)<br />
local args = getArgs(frame)<br />
<br />
-- Mandatory parameters<br />
local filenames = extractFilenames(args)<br />
local dateArg = args['date']<br />
-- Optional parameters<br />
local page = args['page']<br />
local nocat = yesno(args['nocat'], false) or false<br />
<br />
local root = sidebox({<br />
formatHeader(filenames, page),<br />
formatFiles(filenames, nocat),<br />
formatIcon(),<br />
formatDisclaimer(frame, filenames, page, dateArg, nocat),<br />
formatFooter()<br />
})<br />
<br />
if mw.title.getCurrentTitle().namespace == 0 then<br />
root:wikitext(formatTopicon(frame, filenames))<br />
root:wikitext(category(cfg.i18n.cat.articles, nocat))<br />
end<br />
<br />
return frame:extensionTag{<br />
name = 'templatestyles', args = { src = cfg.templatestyles }<br />
} .. tostring(root)<br />
end<br />
<br />
p.main = main<br />
<br />
return p</div>
Vigen
https://wiki.cern.ch/index.php?title=Template:Spoken_Wikipedia&diff=12631
Template:Spoken Wikipedia
2026-05-06T13:13:48Z
<p>Vigen: 1 revision imported from :wikipedia:Template:Spoken_Wikipedia</p>
<hr />
<div>{{#invoke:Spoken Wikipedia|main|1={{{1|<noinclude>example.ogg</noinclude>}}}|date={{{date|<noinclude>{{CURRENTYEAR}}-{{CURRENTMONTH}}-{{CURRENTDAY2}}</noinclude>}}}}}<noinclude><br />
{{documentation}}<!-- add categories to /doc page --><br />
</noinclude></div>
Vigen
https://wiki.cern.ch/index.php?title=Template:Cite_arXiv&diff=12629
Template:Cite arXiv
2026-05-06T13:13:47Z
<p>Vigen: 1 revision imported from :wikipedia:Template:Cite_arXiv</p>
<hr />
<div><noinclude>{{pp-template|small=yes}}</noinclude><includeonly>{{#ifexpr:<br />
{{#expr:{{#if:{{{title|}}}|1|0}}*<br />
{{#if:{{{last1|{{{last|{{{author1|{{{author|{{{vauthors|{{{surname|{{{surname1|}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}|1|0}}*<br />
{{#if:{{{arxiv|{{{eprint|}}}}}}<br />
|{{#iferror:{{#ifexpr:{{padleft:|4|{{{arxiv|{{{eprint|}}}}}}}}>0|1|0}}<br />
|1<br />
|{{#if:{{{class|}}}|1|0}}<br />
}}<br />
|0<br />
}}<br />
}}=0<br />
<!-- Some parameters missing-->|{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation|CitationClass=arxiv}} A bot will complete this citation soon. <small>[http://tools.wmflabs.org/citations/doibot.php?page={{FULLPAGENAMEE}} Click here to jump the queue]</small>{{#if:{{{nocat|}}}||{{#switch:{{lc:{{NAMESPACE}}}}||draft|template|wikipedia=[[Category:Articles with missing Cite arXiv inputs|{{PAGENAME}}]]|#default=}}}}<br />
<!-- All parameters present-->|{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation|CitationClass=arxiv}}<br />
}}</includeonly><noinclude><br />
{{documentation}}<br />
</noinclude></div>
Vigen
https://wiki.cern.ch/index.php?title=Template:Annotated_link&diff=12627
Template:Annotated link
2026-05-06T13:13:47Z
<p>Vigen: 1 revision imported from :wikipedia:Template:Annotated_link</p>
<hr />
<div><includeonly>{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}#invoke:Annotated link | main<br />
<br />
| wikidata = {{{ wikidata |}}}<br />
| not_wikidata_for_links_starting_with = List of # Index of # Glossary of # Outline of # Timeline of # History of<br />
| not_wikidata_descriptions_including = wikimedia # mediawiki # wikipedia # list # index # glossary # outline # overview<br />
<br />
| space_cat = {{{ space_cat | {{{ space-cat |}}} }}}<br />
| not_single_word = organization # organisation # term<br />
<br />
| none_is_valid = yes<br />
| none_is_nil = yes<br />
<br />
| name = {{{ 1 | {{{ name | {{{ title |}}} }}} }}}<br />
| display = {{{ 2 | {{{ display | {{{ disp |}}} }}} }}}<br />
| dash = {{{ 3 | {{{ dash | {{{ comma |}}} }}} }}}<br />
<br />
| template_link = {{{ template_link | {{{ template-link | {{{ tl |}}} }}} }}}<br />
<br />
| link_lang = {{{ link_lang | {{{ link-lang | {{{ ll |}}} }}} }}}<br />
| link_lang_italic = {{{ link_lang_italic | {{{ link-lang-italic | {{{ lli |}}} }}} }}}<br />
| link_lang_nocat = {{{ link_lang_nocat | {{{ link-lang-nocat | {{{ llnc |}}} }}} }}}<br />
| link_lang_size = {{{ link_lang_size | {{{ link-lang-size | {{{ lls |}}} }}} }}}<br />
| link_lang_cat = {{{ link_lang_cat | {{{ link-lang-cat | {{{ llc |}}} }}} }}}<br />
| link_lang_rtl = {{{ link_lang_rtl | {{{ link-lang-rtl | {{{ llr |}}} }}} }}}<br />
<br />
| quote = {{{ quote | {{{ quote_link | {{{ quote-link | {{{ ql |}}} }}} }}} }}}<br />
<br />
| abbr = {{{ abbr | {{{ abbreviation |}}} }}}<br />
| abbr_title = {{{ abbr_title | {{{ abbr-title | {{{ abbreviation_title | {{{ abbreviation-title | {{{ at |}}} }}} }}} }}} }}}<br />
<br />
| aka = {{{ aka |}}}<br />
| aka_lang = {{{ aka_lang | {{{ aka-lang | {{{ al |}}} }}} }}}<br />
| aka_lang_italic = {{{ aka_lang_italic | {{{ aka-lang-italic | {{{ ali |}}} }}} }}}<br />
| aka_lang_nocat = {{{ aka_lang_nocat | {{{ aka-lang-nocat | {{{ alnc |}}} }}} }}}<br />
| aka_lang_size = {{{ aka_lang_size | {{{ aka-lang-size | {{{ als |}}} }}} }}}<br />
| aka_lang_cat = {{{ aka_lang_cat | {{{ aka-lang-cat | {{{ alc |}}} }}} }}}<br />
| aka_lang_rtl = {{{ aka_lang_rtl | {{{ aka-lang-rtl | {{{ alr |}}} }}} }}}<br />
<br />
| wedge = {{{ wedge | {{{ insert | {{{ extra |}}} }}} }}}<br />
| wedge_lang = {{{ wedge_lang | {{{ wedge-lang | {{{ insert_lang | {{{ insert-lang | {{{ extra_lang | {{{ extra-lang | {{{ wl |}}} }}} }}} }}} }}} }}} }}}<br />
| wedge_lang_italic = {{{ wedge_lang_italic | {{{ wedge-lang-italic | {{{ insert_lang_italic | {{{ insert-lang-italic | {{{ extra_lang_italic | {{{ extra-lang-italic | {{{ wli |}}} }}} }}} }}} }}} }}} }}}<br />
| wedge_lang_nocat = {{{ wedge_lang_nocat | {{{ wedge-lang_nocat | {{{ insert_lang_nocat | {{{ insert-lang-nocat | {{{ extra_lang_nocat | {{{ extra-lang-nocat | {{{ wlnc |}}} }}} }}} }}} }}} }}} }}}<br />
| wedge_lang_size = {{{ wedge_lang_size | {{{ wedge-lang-size | {{{ insert_lang_size | {{{ insert-lang-size | {{{ extra_lang_size | {{{ extra-lang-size | {{{ wls |}}} }}} }}} }}} }}} }}} }}}<br />
| wedge_lang_cat = {{{ wedge_lang_cat | {{{ wedge-lang-cat | {{{ insert_lang_cat | {{{ insert-lang-cat | {{{ extra_lang_cat | {{{ extra-lang-cat | {{{ wlc |}}} }}} }}} }}} }}} }}} }}}<br />
| wedge_lang_rtl = {{{ wedge_lang_rtl | {{{ wedge-lang-rtl | {{{ insert_lang_rtl | {{{ insert-lang-rtl | {{{ extra_lang_rtl | {{{ extra-lang-rtl | {{{ wlr |}}} }}} }}} }}} }}} }}} }}}<br />
<br />
| desc_first_letter_case = {{{ desc_first_letter_case | {{{ desc-first-letter-case | {{{ desc_case | {{{ desc-case | {{{ case | {{{ dflc |}}} }}} }}} }}} }}} }}}<br />
<br />
| only = {{{ only |}}}<br />
| prefer = {{{ prefer |}}}<br />
| fallback = {{{ fallback |}}}<br />
<br />
| desc_lang_italic = {{{ desc_lang_italic | {{{ desc-lang-italic | {{{ dli |}}} }}} }}}<br />
| desc_lang_nocat = {{{ desc_lang_nocat | {{{ desc-lang-nocat | {{{ dlnc |}}} }}} }}}<br />
| desc_lang_size = {{{ desc_lang_size | {{{ desc-lang-size | {{{ dls |}}} }}} }}}<br />
| desc_lang_cat = {{{ desc_lang_cat | {{{ desc-lang-cat | {{{ dlc |}}} }}} }}}<br />
| desc_lang_rtl = {{{ desc_lang_rtl | {{{ desc-lang-rtl | {{{ dlr |}}} }}} }}}<br />
| desc_lang_no = {{{ desc_lang_no | {{{ desc-lang-no | {{{ dlno |}}} }}} }}}<br />
<br />
}}</includeonly><noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude></div>
Vigen
https://wiki.cern.ch/index.php?title=Module:Wikidata&diff=12625
Module:Wikidata
2026-05-06T13:13:47Z
<p>Vigen: 1 revision imported from :wikipedia:Module:Wikidata</p>
<hr />
<div>-- vim: set noexpandtab ft=lua ts=4 sw=4:<br />
require('strict')<br />
<br />
local p = {}<br />
local debug = false<br />
<br />
<br />
------------------------------------------------------------------------------<br />
-- module local variables and functions<br />
<br />
local wiki =<br />
{<br />
langcode = mw.language.getContentLanguage().code<br />
}<br />
<br />
-- internationalisation<br />
local i18n =<br />
{<br />
["errors"] =<br />
{<br />
["property-not-found"] = "Property not found.",<br />
["entity-not-found"] = "Wikidata entity not found.",<br />
["unknown-claim-type"] = "Unknown claim type.",<br />
["unknown-entity-type"] = "Unknown entity type.",<br />
["qualifier-not-found"] = "Qualifier not found.",<br />
["site-not-found"] = "Wikimedia project not found.",<br />
["unknown-datetime-format"] = "Unknown datetime format.",<br />
["local-article-not-found"] = "Article is not yet available in this wiki."<br />
},<br />
["datetime"] =<br />
{<br />
-- $1 is a placeholder for the actual number<br />
[0] = "$1 billion years", -- precision: billion years<br />
[1] = "$100 million years", -- precision: hundred million years<br />
[2] = "$10 million years", -- precision: ten million years<br />
[3] = "$1 million years", -- precision: million years<br />
[4] = "$100,000 years", -- precision: hundred thousand years<br />
[5] = "$10,000 years", -- precision: ten thousand years<br />
[6] = "$1 millennium", -- precision: millennium<br />
[7] = "$1 century", -- precision: century<br />
[8] = "$1s", -- precision: decade<br />
-- the following use the format of #time parser function<br />
[9] = "Y", -- precision: year,<br />
[10] = "F Y", -- precision: month<br />
[11] = "F j, Y", -- precision: day<br />
[12] = "F j, Y ga", -- precision: hour<br />
[13] = "F j, Y g:ia", -- precision: minute<br />
[14] = "F j, Y g:i:sa", -- precision: second<br />
["beforenow"] = "$1 BCE", -- how to format negative numbers for precisions 0 to 5<br />
["afternow"] = "$1 CE", -- how to format positive numbers for precisions 0 to 5<br />
["bc"] = '$1 "BCE"', -- how print negative years<br />
["ad"] = "$1", -- how print positive years<br />
-- the following are for function getDateValue() and getQualifierDateValue()<br />
["default-format"] = "dmy", -- default value of the #3 (getDateValue) or<br />
-- #4 (getQualifierDateValue) argument<br />
["default-addon"] = "BC", -- default value of the #4 (getDateValue) or<br />
-- #5 (getQualifierDateValue) argument<br />
["prefix-addon"] = false, -- set to true for languages put "BC" in front of the<br />
-- datetime string; or the addon will be suffixed<br />
["addon-sep"] = " ", -- separator between datetime string and addon (or inverse)<br />
["format"] = -- options of the 3rd argument<br />
{<br />
["mdy"] = "F j, Y",<br />
["my"] = "F Y",<br />
["y"] = "Y",<br />
["dmy"] = "j F Y",<br />
["ymd"] = "Y-m-d",<br />
["ym"] = "Y-m"<br />
}<br />
},<br />
["monolingualtext"] = '<span lang="%language">%text</span>',<br />
["warnDump"] = "[[Category:Called function 'Dump' from module Wikidata]]",<br />
["ordinal"] =<br />
{<br />
[1] = "st",<br />
[2] = "nd",<br />
[3] = "rd",<br />
["default"] = "th"<br />
}<br />
}<br />
<br />
if wiki.langcode ~= "en" then<br />
--require("Module:i18n").loadI18n("Module:Wikidata/i18n", i18n)<br />
-- got idea from [[:w:Module:Wd]]<br />
local module_title; if ... == nil then<br />
module_title = mw.getCurrentFrame():getTitle()<br />
else<br />
module_title = ...<br />
end<br />
require('Module:i18n').loadI18n(module_title..'/i18n', i18n)<br />
end<br />
<br />
-- this function needs to be internationalised along with the above:<br />
-- takes cardinal numer as a numeric and returns the ordinal as a string<br />
-- we need three exceptions in English for 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 21st, .. 31st, etc.<br />
local function makeOrdinal (cardinal)<br />
local ordsuffix = i18n.ordinal.default<br />
if cardinal % 10 == 1 then<br />
ordsuffix = i18n.ordinal[1]<br />
elseif cardinal % 10 == 2 then<br />
ordsuffix = i18n.ordinal[2]<br />
elseif cardinal % 10 == 3 then<br />
ordsuffix = i18n.ordinal[3]<br />
end<br />
-- In English, 1, 21, 31, etc. use 'st', but 11, 111, etc. use 'th'<br />
-- similarly for 12 and 13, etc.<br />
if (cardinal % 100 == 11) or (cardinal % 100 == 12) or (cardinal % 100 == 13) then<br />
ordsuffix = i18n.ordinal.default<br />
end<br />
return tostring(cardinal) .. ordsuffix<br />
end<br />
<br />
local function printError(code)<br />
return '<span class="error">' .. (i18n.errors[code] or code) .. '</span>'<br />
end<br />
local function parseDateFormat(f, timestamp, addon, prefix_addon, addon_sep) <br />
local year_suffix<br />
local tstr = ""<br />
local lang_obj = mw.language.new(wiki.langcode)<br />
local f_parts = mw.text.split(f, 'Y', true)<br />
for idx, f_part in pairs(f_parts) do<br />
year_suffix = ''<br />
if string.match(f_part, "x[mijkot]$") then<br />
-- for non-Gregorian year<br />
f_part = f_part .. 'Y'<br />
elseif idx < #f_parts then<br />
-- supress leading zeros in year<br />
year_suffix = lang_obj:formatDate('Y', timestamp)<br />
year_suffix = string.gsub(year_suffix, '^0+', '', 1)<br />
end<br />
tstr = tstr .. lang_obj:formatDate(f_part, timestamp) .. year_suffix<br />
end<br />
if addon ~= "" and prefix_addon then<br />
return addon .. addon_sep .. tstr<br />
elseif addon ~= "" then<br />
return tstr .. addon_sep .. addon<br />
else<br />
return tstr<br />
end<br />
end<br />
local function parseDateValue(timestamp, date_format, date_addon)<br />
local prefix_addon = i18n["datetime"]["prefix-addon"]<br />
local addon_sep = i18n["datetime"]["addon-sep"]<br />
local addon = ""<br />
<br />
-- check for negative date<br />
if string.sub(timestamp, 1, 1) == '-' then<br />
timestamp = '+' .. string.sub(timestamp, 2)<br />
addon = date_addon<br />
end<br />
local _date_format = i18n["datetime"]["format"][date_format]<br />
if _date_format ~= nil then<br />
return parseDateFormat(_date_format, timestamp, addon, prefix_addon, addon_sep)<br />
else<br />
return printError("unknown-datetime-format")<br />
end<br />
end<br />
<br />
-- This local function combines the year/month/day/BC/BCE handling of parseDateValue{}<br />
-- with the millennium/century/decade handling of formatDate()<br />
local function parseDateFull(timestamp, precision, date_format, date_addon)<br />
local prefix_addon = i18n["datetime"]["prefix-addon"]<br />
local addon_sep = i18n["datetime"]["addon-sep"]<br />
local addon = ""<br />
<br />
-- check for negative date<br />
if string.sub(timestamp, 1, 1) == '-' then<br />
timestamp = '+' .. string.sub(timestamp, 2)<br />
addon = date_addon<br />
end<br />
<br />
-- get the next four characters after the + (should be the year now in all cases)<br />
-- ok, so this is dirty, but let's get it working first<br />
local intyear = tonumber(string.sub(timestamp, 2, 5))<br />
if intyear == 0 and precision <= 9 then<br />
return ""<br />
end<br />
<br />
-- precision is 10000 years or more<br />
if precision <= 5 then<br />
local factor = 10 ^ ((5 - precision) + 4)<br />
local y2 = math.ceil(math.abs(intyear) / factor)<br />
local relative = mw.ustring.gsub(i18n.datetime[precision], "$1", tostring(y2))<br />
if addon ~= "" then<br />
-- negative date<br />
relative = mw.ustring.gsub(i18n.datetime.beforenow, "$1", relative)<br />
else<br />
relative = mw.ustring.gsub(i18n.datetime.afternow, "$1", relative)<br />
end<br />
return relative<br />
end<br />
<br />
-- precision is decades (8), centuries (7) and millennia (6)<br />
local era, card<br />
if precision == 6 then<br />
card = math.floor((intyear - 1) / 1000) + 1<br />
era = mw.ustring.gsub(i18n.datetime[6], "$1", makeOrdinal(card))<br />
end<br />
if precision == 7 then<br />
card = math.floor((intyear - 1) / 100) + 1<br />
era = mw.ustring.gsub(i18n.datetime[7], "$1", makeOrdinal(card))<br />
end<br />
if precision == 8 then<br />
era = mw.ustring.gsub(i18n.datetime[8], "$1", tostring(math.floor(math.abs(intyear) / 10) * 10))<br />
end<br />
if era then<br />
if addon ~= "" then<br />
era = mw.ustring.gsub(mw.ustring.gsub(i18n.datetime.bc, '"', ""), "$1", era)<br />
else<br />
era = mw.ustring.gsub(mw.ustring.gsub(i18n.datetime.ad, '"', ""), "$1", era)<br />
end<br />
return era<br />
end<br />
<br />
local _date_format = i18n["datetime"]["format"][date_format]<br />
if _date_format ~= nil then<br />
-- check for precision is year and override supplied date_format<br />
if precision == 9 then<br />
_date_format = i18n["datetime"][9]<br />
end<br />
return parseDateFormat(_date_format, timestamp, addon, prefix_addon, addon_sep)<br />
else<br />
return printError("unknown-datetime-format")<br />
end<br />
end<br />
<br />
-- the "qualifiers" and "snaks" field have a respective "qualifiers-order" and "snaks-order" field<br />
-- use these as the second parameter and this function instead of the built-in "pairs" function<br />
-- to iterate over all qualifiers and snaks in the intended order.<br />
local function orderedpairs(array, order)<br />
if not order then return pairs(array) end<br />
<br />
-- return iterator function<br />
local i = 0<br />
return function()<br />
i = i + 1<br />
if order[i] then<br />
return order[i], array[order[i]]<br />
end<br />
end<br />
end<br />
<br />
-- precision: 0 - billion years, 1 - hundred million years, ..., 6 - millennia, 7 - century, 8 - decade, 9 - year, 10 - month, 11 - day, 12 - hour, 13 - minute, 14 - second<br />
local function normalizeDate(date)<br />
date = mw.text.trim(date, "+")<br />
-- extract year<br />
local yearstr = mw.ustring.match(date, "^\-?%d+")<br />
local year = tonumber(yearstr)<br />
-- remove leading zeros of year<br />
return year .. mw.ustring.sub(date, #yearstr + 1), year<br />
end<br />
<br />
local function formatDate(date, precision, timezone)<br />
precision = precision or 11<br />
local date, year = normalizeDate(date)<br />
if year == 0 and precision <= 9 then return "" end<br />
<br />
-- precision is 10000 years or more<br />
if precision <= 5 then<br />
local factor = 10 ^ ((5 - precision) + 4)<br />
local y2 = math.ceil(math.abs(year) / factor)<br />
local relative = mw.ustring.gsub(i18n.datetime[precision], "$1", tostring(y2))<br />
if year < 0 then<br />
relative = mw.ustring.gsub(i18n.datetime.beforenow, "$1", relative)<br />
else<br />
relative = mw.ustring.gsub(i18n.datetime.afternow, "$1", relative)<br />
end<br />
return relative<br />
end<br />
<br />
-- precision is decades, centuries and millennia<br />
local era<br />
if precision == 6 then era = mw.ustring.gsub(i18n.datetime[6], "$1", tostring(math.floor((math.abs(year) - 1) / 1000) + 1)) end<br />
if precision == 7 then era = mw.ustring.gsub(i18n.datetime[7], "$1", tostring(math.floor((math.abs(year) - 1) / 100) + 1)) end<br />
if precision == 8 then era = mw.ustring.gsub(i18n.datetime[8], "$1", tostring(math.floor(math.abs(year) / 10) * 10)) end<br />
if era then<br />
if year < 0 then era = mw.ustring.gsub(mw.ustring.gsub(i18n.datetime.bc, '"', ""), "$1", era)<br />
elseif year > 0 then era = mw.ustring.gsub(mw.ustring.gsub(i18n.datetime.ad, '"', ""), "$1", era) end<br />
return era<br />
end<br />
<br />
-- precision is year<br />
if precision == 9 then<br />
return year<br />
end<br />
<br />
-- precision is less than years<br />
if precision > 9 then<br />
--[[ the following code replaces the UTC suffix with the given negated timezone to convert the global time to the given local time<br />
timezone = tonumber(timezone)<br />
if timezone and timezone ~= 0 then<br />
timezone = -timezone<br />
timezone = string.format("%.2d%.2d", timezone / 60, timezone % 60)<br />
if timezone[1] ~= '-' then timezone = "+" .. timezone end<br />
date = mw.text.trim(date, "Z") .. " " .. timezone<br />
end<br />
]]--<br />
<br />
local formatstr = i18n.datetime[precision]<br />
if year == 0 then formatstr = mw.ustring.gsub(formatstr, i18n.datetime[9], "")<br />
elseif year < 0 then<br />
-- Mediawiki formatDate doesn't support negative years<br />
date = mw.ustring.sub(date, 2)<br />
formatstr = mw.ustring.gsub(formatstr, i18n.datetime[9], mw.ustring.gsub(i18n.datetime.bc, "$1", i18n.datetime[9]))<br />
elseif year > 0 and i18n.datetime.ad ~= "$1" then<br />
formatstr = mw.ustring.gsub(formatstr, i18n.datetime[9], mw.ustring.gsub(i18n.datetime.ad, "$1", i18n.datetime[9]))<br />
end<br />
return mw.language.new(wiki.langcode):formatDate(formatstr, date)<br />
end<br />
end<br />
<br />
local function printDatavalueEntity(data, parameter)<br />
-- data fields: entity-type [string], numeric-id [int, Wikidata id]<br />
local id<br />
<br />
if data["entity-type"] == "item" then id = "Q" .. data["numeric-id"]<br />
elseif data["entity-type"] == "property" then id = "P" .. data["numeric-id"]<br />
else return printError("unknown-entity-type")<br />
end<br />
<br />
if parameter then<br />
if parameter == "link" then<br />
local linkTarget = mw.wikibase.getSitelink(id)<br />
local linkName = mw.wikibase.getLabel(id)<br />
if linkTarget then<br />
-- if there is a local Wikipedia article link to it using the label or the article title<br />
return "[[" .. linkTarget .. "|" .. (linkName or linkTarget) .. "]]"<br />
else<br />
-- if there is no local Wikipedia article output the label or link to the Wikidata object to let the user input a proper label<br />
if linkName then return linkName else return "[[:d:" .. id .. "|" .. id .. "]]" end<br />
end<br />
else<br />
return data[parameter]<br />
end<br />
else<br />
return mw.wikibase.getLabel(id) or id<br />
end<br />
end<br />
<br />
local function printDatavalueTime(data, parameter)<br />
-- data fields: time [ISO 8601 time], timezone [int in minutes], before [int], after [int], precision [int], calendarmodel [wikidata URI]<br />
-- precision: 0 - billion years, 1 - hundred million years, ..., 6 - millennia, 7 - century, 8 - decade, 9 - year, 10 - month, 11 - day, 12 - hour, 13 - minute, 14 - second<br />
-- calendarmodel: e.g. http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1985727 for the proleptic Gregorian calendar or http://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11184 for the Julian calendar]<br />
if parameter then<br />
if parameter == "calendarmodel" then data.calendarmodel = mw.ustring.match(data.calendarmodel, "Q%d+") -- extract entity id from the calendar model URI<br />
elseif parameter == "time" then data.time = normalizeDate(data.time) end<br />
return data[parameter]<br />
else<br />
return formatDate(data.time, data.precision, data.timezone)<br />
end<br />
end<br />
<br />
local function printDatavalueMonolingualText(data, parameter)<br />
-- data fields: language [string], text [string]<br />
if parameter then<br />
return data[parameter]<br />
else<br />
local result = mw.ustring.gsub(mw.ustring.gsub(i18n.monolingualtext, "%%language", data["language"]), "%%text", data["text"])<br />
return result<br />
end<br />
end<br />
<br />
local function findClaims(entity, property)<br />
if not property or not entity or not entity.claims then return end<br />
<br />
if mw.ustring.match(property, "^P%d+$") then<br />
-- if the property is given by an id (P..) access the claim list by this id<br />
return entity.claims[property]<br />
else<br />
property = mw.wikibase.resolvePropertyId(property)<br />
if not property then return end<br />
<br />
return entity.claims[property]<br />
end<br />
end<br />
<br />
local function getSnakValue(snak, parameter)<br />
if snak.snaktype == "value" then<br />
-- call the respective snak parser<br />
if snak.datavalue.type == "string" then return snak.datavalue.value<br />
elseif snak.datavalue.type == "globecoordinate" then return printDatavalueCoordinate(snak.datavalue.value, parameter)<br />
elseif snak.datavalue.type == "quantity" then return printDatavalueQuantity(snak.datavalue.value, parameter)<br />
elseif snak.datavalue.type == "time" then return printDatavalueTime(snak.datavalue.value, parameter)<br />
elseif snak.datavalue.type == "wikibase-entityid" then return printDatavalueEntity(snak.datavalue.value, parameter)<br />
elseif snak.datavalue.type == "monolingualtext" then return printDatavalueMonolingualText(snak.datavalue.value, parameter)<br />
end<br />
end<br />
return mw.wikibase.renderSnak(snak)<br />
end<br />
<br />
local function getQualifierSnak(claim, qualifierId)<br />
-- a "snak" is Wikidata terminology for a typed key/value pair<br />
-- a claim consists of a main snak holding the main information of this claim,<br />
-- as well as a list of attribute snaks and a list of references snaks<br />
if qualifierId then<br />
-- search the attribute snak with the given qualifier as key<br />
if claim.qualifiers then<br />
local qualifier = claim.qualifiers[qualifierId]<br />
if qualifier then return qualifier[1] end<br />
end<br />
return nil, printError("qualifier-not-found")<br />
else<br />
-- otherwise return the main snak<br />
return claim.mainsnak<br />
end<br />
end<br />
<br />
local function getValueOfClaim(claim, qualifierId, parameter)<br />
local error<br />
local snak<br />
snak, error = getQualifierSnak(claim, qualifierId)<br />
if snak then<br />
return getSnakValue(snak, parameter)<br />
else<br />
return nil, error<br />
end<br />
end<br />
<br />
local function getReferences(frame, claim)<br />
local result = ""<br />
-- traverse through all references<br />
for ref in pairs(claim.references or {}) do<br />
local refparts<br />
-- traverse through all parts of the current reference<br />
for snakkey, snakval in orderedpairs(claim.references[ref].snaks or {}, claim.references[ref]["snaks-order"]) do<br />
if refparts then refparts = refparts .. ", " else refparts = "" end<br />
-- output the label of the property of the reference part, e.g. "imported from" for P143<br />
refparts = refparts .. tostring(mw.wikibase.getLabel(snakkey)) .. ": "<br />
-- output all values of this reference part, e.g. "German Wikipedia" and "English Wikipedia" if the referenced claim was imported from both sites<br />
for snakidx = 1, #snakval do<br />
if snakidx > 1 then refparts = refparts .. ", " end<br />
refparts = refparts .. getSnakValue(snakval[snakidx])<br />
end<br />
end<br />
if refparts then result = result .. frame:extensionTag("ref", refparts) end<br />
end<br />
return result<br />
end<br />
<br />
local function parseInput(frame)<br />
local qid = frame.args.qid<br />
if qid and (#qid == 0) then qid = nil end<br />
local propertyID = mw.text.trim(frame.args[1] or "")<br />
local input_parm = mw.text.trim(frame.args[2] or "")<br />
if input_parm ~= "FETCH_WIKIDATA" then<br />
return false, input_parm, nil, nil<br />
end<br />
local entity = mw.wikibase.getEntity(qid)<br />
local claims<br />
if entity and entity.claims then<br />
claims = entity.claims[propertyID]<br />
if not claims then<br />
return false, "", nil, nil<br />
end<br />
else<br />
return false, "", nil, nil<br />
end<br />
return true, entity, claims, propertyID<br />
end<br />
local function isType(claims, type)<br />
return claims[1] and claims[1].mainsnak.snaktype == "value" and claims[1].mainsnak.datavalue.type == type<br />
end<br />
local function getValue(entity, claims, propertyID, delim, labelHook) <br />
if labelHook == nil then<br />
labelHook = function (qnumber)<br />
return nil;<br />
end<br />
end<br />
if isType(claims, "wikibase-entityid") then<br />
local out = {}<br />
for k, v in pairs(claims) do<br />
local qnumber = "Q" .. v.mainsnak.datavalue.value["numeric-id"]<br />
local sitelink = mw.wikibase.getSitelink(qnumber)<br />
local label = labelHook(qnumber) or mw.wikibase.getLabel(qnumber) or qnumber<br />
if sitelink then<br />
out[#out + 1] = "[[" .. sitelink .. "|" .. label .. "]]"<br />
else<br />
out[#out + 1] = "[[:d:" .. qnumber .. "|" .. label .. "]]<abbr title='" .. i18n["errors"]["local-article-not-found"] .. "'>[*]</abbr>"<br />
end<br />
end<br />
return table.concat(out, delim)<br />
else<br />
-- just return best values<br />
return entity:formatPropertyValues(propertyID).value<br />
end<br />
end<br />
<br />
------------------------------------------------------------------------------<br />
-- module global functions<br />
<br />
if debug then<br />
function p.inspectI18n(frame)<br />
local val = i18n<br />
for _, key in pairs(frame.args) do<br />
key = mw.text.trim(key)<br />
val = val[key]<br />
end<br />
return val<br />
end<br />
end<br />
<br />
function p.descriptionIn(frame)<br />
local langcode = frame.args[1]<br />
local id = frame.args[2]<br />
-- return description of a Wikidata entity in the given language or the default language of this Wikipedia site<br />
return mw.wikibase.getEntity(id):getDescription(langcode or wiki.langcode)<br />
end<br />
<br />
function p.labelIn(frame)<br />
local langcode = frame.args[1]<br />
local id = frame.args[2]<br />
-- return label of a Wikidata entity in the given language or the default language of this Wikipedia site<br />
return mw.wikibase.getEntity(id):getLabel(langcode or wiki.langcode)<br />
end<br />
<br />
-- This is used to get a value, or a comma separated list of them if multiple values exist<br />
p.getValue = function(frame)<br />
local delimdefault = ", " -- **internationalise later**<br />
local delim = frame.args.delimiter or ""<br />
delim = string.gsub(delim, '"', '')<br />
if #delim == 0 then<br />
delim = delimdefault<br />
end<br />
local go, errorOrentity, claims, propertyID = parseInput(frame)<br />
if not go then<br />
return errorOrentity<br />
end<br />
return getValue(errorOrentity, claims, propertyID, delim)<br />
end<br />
<br />
-- Same as above, but uses the short name property for label if available.<br />
p.getValueShortName = function(frame)<br />
local go, errorOrentity, claims, propertyID = parseInput(frame)<br />
if not go then<br />
return errorOrentity<br />
end<br />
local entity = errorOrentity<br />
-- if wiki-linked value output as link if possible<br />
local function labelHook (qnumber)<br />
local label<br />
local claimEntity = mw.wikibase.getEntity(qnumber)<br />
if claimEntity ~= nil then<br />
if claimEntity.claims.P1813 then<br />
for k2, v2 in pairs(claimEntity.claims.P1813) do<br />
if v2.mainsnak.datavalue.value.language == "en" then<br />
label = v2.mainsnak.datavalue.value.text<br />
end<br />
end<br />
end<br />
end<br />
if label == nil or label == "" then return nil end<br />
return label<br />
end<br />
return getValue(errorOrentity, claims, propertyID, ", ", labelHook);<br />
end<br />
<br />
-- This is used to get a value, or a comma separated list of them if multiple values exist<br />
-- from an arbitrary entry by using its QID.<br />
-- Use : {{#invoke:Wikidata|getValueFromID|<ID>|<Property>|FETCH_WIKIDATA}}<br />
-- E.g.: {{#invoke:Wikidata|getValueFromID|Q151973|P26|FETCH_WIKIDATA}} - to fetch value of 'spouse' (P26) from 'Richard Burton' (Q151973)<br />
-- Please use sparingly - this is an *expensive call*.<br />
p.getValueFromID = function(frame)<br />
local itemID = mw.text.trim(frame.args[1] or "")<br />
local propertyID = mw.text.trim(frame.args[2] or "")<br />
local input_parm = mw.text.trim(frame.args[3] or "")<br />
if input_parm == "FETCH_WIKIDATA" then<br />
local entity = mw.wikibase.getEntity(itemID)<br />
local claims<br />
if entity and entity.claims then<br />
claims = entity.claims[propertyID]<br />
end<br />
if claims then<br />
return getValue(entity, claims, propertyID, ", ")<br />
else<br />
return ""<br />
end<br />
else<br />
return input_parm<br />
end<br />
end<br />
local function getQualifier(frame, outputHook) <br />
local propertyID = mw.text.trim(frame.args[1] or "")<br />
local qualifierID = mw.text.trim(frame.args[2] or "")<br />
local input_parm = mw.text.trim(frame.args[3] or "")<br />
if input_parm == "FETCH_WIKIDATA" then<br />
local entity = mw.wikibase.getEntity()<br />
if entity.claims[propertyID] ~= nil then<br />
local out = {}<br />
for k, v in pairs(entity.claims[propertyID]) do<br />
for k2, v2 in pairs(v.qualifiers[qualifierID]) do<br />
if v2.snaktype == 'value' then<br />
out[#out + 1] = outputHook(v2);<br />
end<br />
end<br />
end<br />
return table.concat(out, ", "), true<br />
else<br />
return "", false<br />
end<br />
else<br />
return input_parm, false<br />
end<br />
end<br />
p.getQualifierValue = function(frame)<br />
local function outputValue(value)<br />
local qnumber = "Q" .. value.datavalue.value["numeric-id"]<br />
if (mw.wikibase.getSitelink(qnumber)) then<br />
return "[[" .. mw.wikibase.getSitelink(qnumber) .. "]]"<br />
else<br />
return "[[:d:" .. qnumber .. "|" ..qnumber .. "]]<abbr title='" .. i18n["errors"]["local-article-not-found"] .. "'>[*]</abbr>"<br />
end<br />
end<br />
return (getQualifier(frame, outputValue))<br />
end<br />
<br />
-- This is used to get a value like 'male' (for property p21) which won't be linked and numbers without the thousand separators<br />
p.getRawValue = function(frame)<br />
local go, errorOrentity, claims, propertyID = parseInput(frame)<br />
if not go then<br />
return errorOrentity<br />
end<br />
local entity = errorOrentity<br />
local result = entity:formatPropertyValues(propertyID, mw.wikibase.entity.claimRanks).value<br />
-- if number type: remove thousand separators, bounds and units<br />
if isType(claims, "quantity") then<br />
result = mw.ustring.gsub(result, "(%d),(%d)", "%1%2")<br />
result = mw.ustring.gsub(result, "(%d)±.*", "%1")<br />
end<br />
return result<br />
end<br />
<br />
-- This is used to get the unit name for the numeric value returned by getRawValue<br />
p.getUnits = function(frame)<br />
local go, errorOrentity, claims, propertyID = parseInput(frame)<br />
if not go then<br />
return errorOrentity<br />
end<br />
local entity = errorOrentity<br />
local result = entity:formatPropertyValues(propertyID, mw.wikibase.entity.claimRanks).value<br />
if isType(claims, "quantity") then<br />
result = mw.ustring.sub(result, mw.ustring.find(result, " ")+1, -1)<br />
end<br />
return result<br />
end<br />
<br />
-- This is used to get the unit's QID to use with the numeric value returned by getRawValue<br />
p.getUnitID = function(frame)<br />
local go, errorOrentity, claims = parseInput(frame)<br />
if not go then<br />
return errorOrentity<br />
end<br />
local entity = errorOrentity<br />
local result<br />
if isType(claims, "quantity") then<br />
-- get the url for the unit entry on Wikidata:<br />
result = claims[1].mainsnak.datavalue.value.unit<br />
-- and just reurn the last bit from "Q" to the end (which is the QID):<br />
result = mw.ustring.sub(result, mw.ustring.find(result, "Q"), -1)<br />
end<br />
return result<br />
end<br />
<br />
p.getRawQualifierValue = function(frame)<br />
local function outputHook(value)<br />
if value.datavalue.value["numeric-id"] then<br />
return mw.wikibase.getLabel("Q" .. value.datavalue.value["numeric-id"])<br />
else<br />
return value.datavalue.value<br />
end<br />
end<br />
local ret, gotData = getQualifier(frame, outputHook)<br />
if gotData then<br />
ret = string.upper(string.sub(ret, 1, 1)) .. string.sub(ret, 2)<br />
end<br />
return ret<br />
end<br />
<br />
-- This is used to get a date value for date_of_birth (P569), etc. which won't be linked<br />
-- Dates and times are stored in ISO 8601 format (sort of).<br />
-- At present the local formatDate(date, precision, timezone) function doesn't handle timezone<br />
-- So I'll just supply "Z" in the call to formatDate below:<br />
p.getDateValue = function(frame)<br />
local date_format = mw.text.trim(frame.args[3] or i18n["datetime"]["default-format"])<br />
local date_addon = mw.text.trim(frame.args[4] or i18n["datetime"]["default-addon"])<br />
local go, errorOrentity, claims = parseInput(frame)<br />
if not go then<br />
return errorOrentity<br />
end<br />
local entity = errorOrentity<br />
local out = {}<br />
for k, v in pairs(claims) do<br />
if v.mainsnak.datavalue.type == 'time' then<br />
local timestamp = v.mainsnak.datavalue.value.time<br />
local dateprecision = v.mainsnak.datavalue.value.precision<br />
-- A year can be stored like this: "+1872-00-00T00:00:00Z",<br />
-- which is processed here as if it were the day before "+1872-01-01T00:00:00Z",<br />
-- and that's the last day of 1871, so the year is wrong.<br />
-- So fix the month 0, day 0 timestamp to become 1 January instead:<br />
timestamp = timestamp:gsub("%-00%-00T", "-01-01T")<br />
out[#out + 1] = parseDateFull(timestamp, dateprecision, date_format, date_addon)<br />
end<br />
end<br />
return table.concat(out, ", ")<br />
end<br />
p.getQualifierDateValue = function(frame)<br />
local date_format = mw.text.trim(frame.args[4] or i18n["datetime"]["default-format"])<br />
local date_addon = mw.text.trim(frame.args[5] or i18n["datetime"]["default-addon"])<br />
local function outputHook(value)<br />
local timestamp = value.datavalue.value.time<br />
return parseDateValue(timestamp, date_format, date_addon)<br />
end<br />
return (getQualifier(frame, outputHook))<br />
end<br />
<br />
-- This is used to fetch all of the images with a particular property, e.g. image (P18), Gene Atlas Image (P692), etc.<br />
-- Parameters are | propertyID | value / FETCH_WIKIDATA / nil | separator (default=space) | size (default=frameless)<br />
-- It will return a standard wiki-markup [[File:Filename | size]] for each image with a selectable size and separator (which may be html)<br />
-- e.g. {{#invoke:Wikidata|getImages|P18|FETCH_WIKIDATA}}<br />
-- e.g. {{#invoke:Wikidata|getImages|P18|FETCH_WIKIDATA|<br>|250px}}<br />
-- If a property is chosen that is not of type "commonsMedia", it will return empty text.<br />
p.getImages = function(frame)<br />
local sep = mw.text.trim(frame.args[3] or " ")<br />
local imgsize = mw.text.trim(frame.args[4] or "frameless")<br />
local go, errorOrentity, claims = parseInput(frame)<br />
if not go then<br />
return errorOrentity<br />
end<br />
local entity = errorOrentity<br />
if (claims[1] and claims[1].mainsnak.datatype == "commonsMedia") then<br />
local out = {}<br />
for k, v in pairs(claims) do<br />
local filename = v.mainsnak.datavalue.value<br />
out[#out + 1] = "[[File:" .. filename .. "|" .. imgsize .. "]]"<br />
end<br />
return table.concat(out, sep)<br />
else<br />
return ""<br />
end<br />
end<br />
<br />
-- This is used to get the TA98 (Terminologia Anatomica first edition 1998) values like 'A01.1.00.005' (property P1323)<br />
-- which are then linked to https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/01.1.00.005%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm<br />
-- uses the newer mw.wikibase calls instead of directly using the snaks<br />
-- formatPropertyValues returns a table with the P1323 values concatenated with ", " so we have to split them out into a table in order to construct the return string<br />
p.getTAValue = function(frame)<br />
local ent = mw.wikibase.getEntity()<br />
local props = ent:formatPropertyValues('P1323')<br />
local out = {}<br />
local t = {}<br />
for k, v in pairs(props) do<br />
if k == 'value' then<br />
t = mw.text.split( v, ", ")<br />
for k2, v2 in pairs(t) do<br />
out[#out + 1] = "[https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/" .. string.sub(v2, 2) .. "%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm " .. v2 .. "]"<br />
end<br />
end<br />
end<br />
local ret = table.concat(out, "<br> ")<br />
if #ret == 0 then<br />
ret = "Invalid TA"<br />
end<br />
return ret<br />
end<br />
<br />
--[[<br />
This is used to return an image legend from Wikidata<br />
image is property P18<br />
image legend is property P2096<br />
<br />
Call as {{#invoke:Wikidata |getImageLegend | <PARAMETER> | lang=<ISO-639code> |id=<QID>}}<br />
Returns PARAMETER, unless it is equal to "FETCH_WIKIDATA", from Item QID (expensive call)<br />
If QID is omitted or blank, the current article is used (not an expensive call)<br />
If lang is omitted, it uses the local wiki language, otherwise it uses the provided ISO-639 language code<br />
ISO-639: https://docs.oracle.com/cd/E13214_01/wli/docs92/xref/xqisocodes.html#wp1252447<br />
<br />
Ranks are: 'preferred' > 'normal'<br />
This returns the label from the first image with 'preferred' rank<br />
Or the label from the first image with 'normal' rank if preferred returns nothing<br />
Ranks: https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Wikibase_Client/Lua<br />
]]<br />
<br />
p.getImageLegend = function(frame)<br />
-- look for named parameter id; if it's blank make it nil<br />
local id = frame.args.id<br />
if id and (#id == 0) then<br />
id = nil<br />
end<br />
<br />
-- look for named parameter lang<br />
-- it should contain a two-character ISO-639 language code<br />
-- if it's blank fetch the language of the local wiki<br />
local lang = frame.args.lang<br />
if (not lang) or (#lang < 2) then<br />
lang = mw.language.getContentLanguage().code<br />
end<br />
<br />
-- first unnamed parameter is the local parameter, if supplied<br />
local input_parm = mw.text.trim(frame.args[1] or "")<br />
if input_parm == "FETCH_WIKIDATA" then<br />
local ent = mw.wikibase.getEntity(id)<br />
local imgs<br />
if ent and ent.claims then<br />
imgs = ent.claims.P18<br />
end<br />
local imglbl<br />
if imgs then<br />
-- look for an image with 'preferred' rank<br />
for k1, v1 in pairs(imgs) do<br />
if v1.rank == "preferred" and v1.qualifiers and v1.qualifiers.P2096 then<br />
local imglbls = v1.qualifiers.P2096<br />
for k2, v2 in pairs(imglbls) do<br />
if v2.datavalue.value.language == lang then<br />
imglbl = v2.datavalue.value.text<br />
break<br />
end<br />
end<br />
end<br />
end<br />
-- if we don't find one, look for an image with 'normal' rank<br />
if (not imglbl) then<br />
for k1, v1 in pairs(imgs) do<br />
if v1.rank == "normal" and v1.qualifiers and v1.qualifiers.P2096 then<br />
local imglbls = v1.qualifiers.P2096<br />
for k2, v2 in pairs(imglbls) do<br />
if v2.datavalue.value.language == lang then<br />
imglbl = v2.datavalue.value.text<br />
break<br />
end<br />
end<br />
end<br />
end<br />
end<br />
end<br />
return imglbl<br />
else<br />
return input_parm<br />
end<br />
end<br />
<br />
-- This is used to get the QIDs of all of the values of a property, as a comma separated list if multiple values exist<br />
-- Usage: {{#invoke:Wikidata |getPropertyIDs |<PropertyID> |FETCH_WIKIDATA}}<br />
-- Usage: {{#invoke:Wikidata |getPropertyIDs |<PropertyID> |<InputParameter> |qid=<QID>}}<br />
<br />
p.getPropertyIDs = function(frame)<br />
local go, errorOrentity, propclaims = parseInput(frame)<br />
if not go then<br />
return errorOrentity<br />
end<br />
local entity = errorOrentity<br />
-- if wiki-linked value collect the QID in a table<br />
if (propclaims[1] and propclaims[1].mainsnak.snaktype == "value" and propclaims[1].mainsnak.datavalue.type == "wikibase-entityid") then<br />
local out = {}<br />
for k, v in pairs(propclaims) do<br />
out[#out + 1] = "Q" .. v.mainsnak.datavalue.value["numeric-id"]<br />
end<br />
return table.concat(out, ", ")<br />
else<br />
-- not a wikibase-entityid, so return empty<br />
return ""<br />
end<br />
end<br />
<br />
-- returns the page id (Q...) of the current page or nothing of the page is not connected to Wikidata<br />
function p.pageId(frame)<br />
return mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForCurrentPage()<br />
end<br />
<br />
function p.claim(frame)<br />
local property = frame.args[1] or ""<br />
local id = frame.args["id"]<br />
local qualifierId = frame.args["qualifier"]<br />
local parameter = frame.args["parameter"]<br />
local list = frame.args["list"]<br />
local references = frame.args["references"]<br />
local showerrors = frame.args["showerrors"]<br />
local default = frame.args["default"]<br />
if default then showerrors = nil end<br />
<br />
-- get wikidata entity<br />
local entity = mw.wikibase.getEntity(id)<br />
if not entity then<br />
if showerrors then return printError("entity-not-found") else return default end<br />
end<br />
-- fetch the first claim of satisfying the given property<br />
local claims = findClaims(entity, property)<br />
if not claims or not claims[1] then<br />
if showerrors then return printError("property-not-found") else return default end<br />
end<br />
<br />
-- get initial sort indices<br />
local sortindices = {}<br />
for idx in pairs(claims) do<br />
sortindices[#sortindices + 1] = idx<br />
end<br />
-- sort by claim rank<br />
local comparator = function(a, b)<br />
local rankmap = { deprecated = 2, normal = 1, preferred = 0 }<br />
local ranka = rankmap[claims[a].rank or "normal"] .. string.format("%08d", a)<br />
local rankb = rankmap[claims[b].rank or "normal"] .. string.format("%08d", b)<br />
return ranka < rankb<br />
end<br />
table.sort(sortindices, comparator)<br />
<br />
local result<br />
local error<br />
if list then<br />
local value<br />
-- iterate over all elements and return their value (if existing)<br />
result = {}<br />
for idx in pairs(claims) do<br />
local claim = claims[sortindices[idx]]<br />
value, error = getValueOfClaim(claim, qualifierId, parameter)<br />
if not value and showerrors then value = error end<br />
if value and references then value = value .. getReferences(frame, claim) end<br />
result[#result + 1] = value<br />
end<br />
result = table.concat(result, list)<br />
else<br />
-- return first element<br />
local claim = claims[sortindices[1]]<br />
result, error = getValueOfClaim(claim, qualifierId, parameter)<br />
if result and references then result = result .. getReferences(frame, claim) end<br />
end<br />
<br />
if result then return result else<br />
if showerrors then return error else return default end<br />
end<br />
end<br />
<br />
-- look into entity object<br />
function p.ViewSomething(frame)<br />
local f = (frame.args[1] or frame.args.id) and frame or frame:getParent()<br />
local id = f.args.id<br />
if id and (#id == 0) then<br />
id = nil<br />
end<br />
local data = mw.wikibase.getEntity(id)<br />
if not data then<br />
return nil<br />
end<br />
<br />
local i = 1<br />
while true do<br />
local index = f.args[i]<br />
if not index then<br />
if type(data) == "table" then<br />
return mw.text.jsonEncode(data, mw.text.JSON_PRESERVE_KEYS + mw.text.JSON_PRETTY)<br />
else<br />
return tostring(data)<br />
end<br />
end<br />
<br />
data = data[index] or data[tonumber(index)]<br />
if not data then<br />
return<br />
end<br />
<br />
i = i + 1<br />
end<br />
end<br />
<br />
-- getting sitelink of a given wiki<br />
-- get sitelink of current item if qid not supplied<br />
function p.getSiteLink(frame)<br />
local qid = frame.args.qid<br />
if qid == "" then qid = nil end<br />
local f = mw.text.trim( frame.args[1] or "")<br />
local entity = mw.wikibase.getEntity(qid)<br />
if not entity then<br />
return<br />
end<br />
local link = entity:getSitelink( f )<br />
if not link then<br />
return<br />
end<br />
return link<br />
end<br />
<br />
function p.Dump(frame)<br />
local f = (frame.args[1] or frame.args.id) and frame or frame:getParent()<br />
local data = mw.wikibase.getEntity(f.args.id)<br />
if not data then<br />
return i18n.warnDump<br />
end<br />
<br />
local i = 1<br />
while true do<br />
local index = f.args[i]<br />
if not index then<br />
return "<pre>"..mw.dumpObject(data).."</pre>".. i18n.warnDump<br />
end<br />
<br />
data = data[index] or data[tonumber(index)]<br />
if not data then<br />
return i18n.warnDump<br />
end<br />
<br />
i = i + 1<br />
end<br />
end<br />
<br />
return p</div>
Vigen
https://wiki.cern.ch/index.php?title=Template:Start_date&diff=12623
Template:Start date
2026-05-06T13:13:47Z
<p>Vigen: 1 revision imported from :wikipedia:Template:Start_date</p>
<hr />
<div><includeonly>{{#invoke:Date time|generate_date}}<!-- Tracking categories<br />
-->{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown={{Main other|[[Category:Pages using start date with unknown parameters|_VALUE_]]}}|preview=Page using [[Template:Start date]] with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|showblankpositional=1| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | df }}</includeonly><noinclude><br />
{{documentation}}<br />
</noinclude></div>
Vigen
https://wiki.cern.ch/index.php?title=Module:Is_infobox_in_lead&diff=12621
Module:Is infobox in lead
2026-05-06T13:13:46Z
<p>Vigen: 1 revision imported from :wikipedia:Module:Is_infobox_in_lead</p>
<hr />
<div>local p = {}<br />
<br />
function p.main (frame)<br />
return p._main (frame.args[1])<br />
end<br />
<br />
function p._main (searchString)<br />
local content = mw.title.getCurrentTitle():getContent()<br />
local offset = string.find(content, "==", 1 , true)<br />
if offset then<br />
local lead = string.sub(content, 1, offset-1)<br />
if (string.find(lead, searchString)) then<br />
lead = lead<br />
:gsub( "{{%s-[Ii]nfobox%s-mapframe", "") --don't check for infobox mapframe<br />
:gsub( "{{%s-[Ii]nfobo[^}]-%|%s-embed%s-=%s-yes", "") --don't check for embeded infoboxes<br />
:gsub( "{{%s-[Ii]nfobo[^}]-%|%s-child%s-=%s-yes", "") --don't check for child infoboxes<br />
local iter = string.gmatch(lead, "{{%s-[Ii]nfobox")<br />
iter()<br />
if not iter() then --if able to find two infoboxes in the lead, then don't return true<br />
local iter2 = string.gmatch(content, searchString)<br />
iter2()<br />
if not iter2() then --if able to find two of the specific infobox in the article, then don't return true<br />
return true<br />
end<br />
end<br />
end<br />
end<br />
end<br />
<br />
return p</div>
Vigen
https://wiki.cern.ch/index.php?title=Template:Infobox_award&diff=12619
Template:Infobox award
2026-05-06T13:13:46Z
<p>Vigen: 1 revision imported from :wikipedia:Template:Infobox_award</p>
<hr />
<div><includeonly>{{#if:{{#invoke:is infobox in lead|main|[Ii]nfobox ?%a* [Aa]ward}}|{{#ifeq:{{#invoke:String|match|{{lc:{{PAGENAME}}}}|award}}|award||{{short description|Award|noreplace}}}}}}</includeonly>{{Infobox<br />
| bodyclass = vevent<br />
<br />
| above = {{if empty|{{{name|}}}|{{{awardname|}}}|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}<br />
| aboveclass = summary<br />
<br />
| labelstyle = width: 33%;<br />
<br />
| subheader = {{<br />
#if:{{{subheader|}}}|{{{subheader}}}|{{#if:{{{previous_awards|}}}|''Previous: [[{{{previous_awards|}}}]]''|{{#if:{{{current_awards|}}}|''Current: [[{{{current_awards|}}}]]''}}}}<br />
}} {{<br />
#if:{{{previous_date|}}}|<br />{{{previous_date|}}}|{{#if:{{{current_date|}}}|<br />{{{current_date|}}}}}<br />
}} {{<br />
#if:{{{pending_awards|}}}|<br />''Pending: [[{{{pending_awards|}}}]]''|{{#if:{{{next_awards|}}}|<br />''Next: [[{{{next_awards|}}}]]''}}<br />
}} {{<br />
#if:{{{pending_date|}}}|<br />{{{pending_date|}}}|{{#if:{{{next_date|}}}|<br />{{{next_date|}}}}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
| image = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image|}}}|size={{if empty|{{{image size|}}}|{{{image_size|}}}|{{{imagesize|}}}}}|upright={{if empty|{{{image_upright|}}}|1}}|alt={{{alt|}}}|class={{{image_class|}}}|suppressplaceholder=yes}}<br />
| caption = {{if empty|{{{image caption|}}}|{{{caption|}}}|{{{image_caption|}}}|{{#invoke:Wikidata|getImageLegend|FETCH_WIKIDATA}}}}<br />
<br />
| label1 = Native name<br />
| data1 = {{{native_name|}}}<br />
<br />
| label2 = Type<br />
| data2 = {{{type|}}}<br />
<br />
| label3 = Awarded for<br />
| data3 = {{{awarded_for|}}}<br />
<br />
| label4 = Description<br />
| data4 = {{{description|}}}<br />
<br />
| label5 = Sponsored by<br />
| data5 = {{{sponsor|}}}<br />
<br />
| label6 = Date<br />
| data6 = {{{date|}}}<br />
<br />
| label7 = {{#if:{{{venue|}}}|Venue|{{#if:{{{location|}}}|Location|Site}}}}<br />
| data7 = {{if empty|{{{venue|}}}|{{{location|}}}|{{{site|}}}}}<br />
| class7 = location<br />
<br />
| label8 = Country<br />
| data8 = {{#invoke:WikidataIB |getValue |P17 |name=country |qid={{{qid|}}} |suppressfields={{{suppressfields|}}} |fetchwikidata={{if empty|{{{fetchwikidata|}}}|ALL}} |onlysourced={{{onlysourced|}}} |noicon={{{noicon|}}} | {{{country|}}} }}<br />
| class8 = location<br />
<br />
| label9 = Presented by<br />
| data9 = {{#invoke:WikidataIB |getValue |P1027 |name=presenter |qid={{{qid|}}} |suppressfields={{{suppressfields|}}} |fetchwikidata={{if empty|{{{fetchwikidata|}}}|ALL}} |onlysourced={{{onlysourced|}}} |noicon={{{noicon|}}} | {{{presenter|}}} }}<br />
| class9 = attendee<br />
<br />
| label10 = Eligibility<br />
| data10 = {{{eligibility|}}}<br />
<br />
| label11 = Post-nominals<br />
| data11 = {{{post-nominals|}}}<br />
<br />
| label12 = Ribbon<br />
| data12 = {{{ribbon|}}}<br />
<br />
| label13 = Obverse<br />
| data13 = {{{obverse|}}}<br />
<br />
| label14 = Reverse<br />
| data14 = {{{reverse|}}}<br />
<br />
<!-- Film / television --><br />
| label15 = {{#if:{{{host|}}}|Hosted by|Hosted by}}<br />
| data15 = {{if empty|{{{host|}}}|{{{hosts|}}}}}<br />
| class15 = attendee<br />
<br />
| label16 = Formerly called<br />
| data16 = {{if empty|{{{former name|}}}|{{{former_name|}}}}}<br />
<br />
| label17 = Preshow host{{pluralize from text|{{{preshow_host|}}}|plural=s}}<br />
| data17 = {{{preshow_host|}}}<br />
| class17 = attendee<br />
<br />
| label18 = Act{{pluralize from text|{{{acts|}}}|plural=s}}<br />
| data18 = {{{acts|}}}<br />
| class18 = attendee<br />
<!-- End Film / television --><br />
<br />
<!-- Military --><br />
| label19 = Campaign{{pluralize from text|{{{campaign|}}}|plural=s}}<br />
| data19 = {{{campaign|}}}<br />
<br />
| label20 = Motto<br />
| data20 = {{{motto|}}}<br />
<br />
| label21 = [[Campaign clasp|Clasps]]<br />
| data21 = {{{clasps|}}}<br />
<!-- End Military --><br />
<br />
| label22 = Reward{{pluralize from text|{{{reward|}}}|plural=s}}<br />
| data22 = {{{reward|}}}<br />
<br />
| label23 = Status<br />
| data23 = {{{status|}}}<br />
<br />
| label24 = Established<br />
| data24 = {{{established|}}}<br />
<br />
| label25 = First award<br />
| data25 = {{if empty|{{{firstawarded|}}}|{{{year|}}}}}<br />
<br />
| label26 = Final award<br />
| data26 = {{#if:{{{final_award|}}}|{{{final_award}}}|{{if empty|{{{lastawarded|}}}|{{{year2|}}}}}}}<br />
<br />
| label27 = {{#if:{{{holder|}}}<br />
|{{if empty|{{{holder_label|}}}|Currently held by}}<br />
|{{#if:{{{winner|}}}<br />
| Winner<br />
| Winners<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
| data27 = {{if empty|{{{holder|}}}|{{{winner|}}}|{{{winners|}}}}}<br />
<br />
| header28 = {{#if:{{Both|{{{award1_type|}}}|{{{award1_winner|}}}}}{{Both|{{{award2_type|}}}|{{{award2_winner|}}}}}{{Both|{{{award3_type|}}}|{{{award3_winner|}}}}}|Highlights}}<br />
<br />
| label29 = {{#if:{{{most_wins|}}}|Most wins|Most awards}}<br />
| data29 = {{if empty|{{{most_wins|}}}|{{{most_awards|}}}}}<br />
<br />
| label30 = Most nominations<br />
| data30 = {{{most_nominations|}}}<br />
<br />
| label31 = Total<br />
| data31 = {{{total_awarded|}}}<br />
<br />
| label32 = Total awarded posthumously<br />
| data32 = {{{total_awarded_posthumously|}}}<br />
<br />
| label33 = Total recipients<br />
| data33 = {{{total_recipients|}}}<br />
<br />
| label34 = {{{award1_type}}}<br />
| data34 = {{#if:{{{award1_type|}}}|{{{award1_winner|}}}}}<br />
<br />
| label35 = {{{award2_type}}}<br />
| data35 = {{#if:{{{award2_type|}}}|{{{award2_winner|}}}}}<br />
<br />
| label36 = {{{award3_type}}}<br />
| data36 = {{#if:{{{award3_type|}}}|{{{award3_winner|}}}}}<br />
<br />
| label37 = {{{award4_type}}}<br />
| data37 = {{#if:{{{award4_type|}}}|{{{award4_winner|}}}}}<br />
<br />
| label38 = {{{award5_type}}}<br />
| data38 = {{#if:{{{award5_type|}}}|{{{award5_winner|}}}}}<br />
<br />
| label39 = Website<br />
| data39 = {{#invoke:WikidataIB |getValue |P856 |name=website |qid={{{qid|}}} |suppressfields={{{suppressfields|}}} |fetchwikidata={{if empty|{{{fetchwikidata|}}}|ALL}} |onlysourced={{if empty|{{{onlysourced|}}}|no}} |noicon={{{noicon|}}} | {{if empty|{{{website|}}}|{{{url|}}}}} }}<br />
<br />
<!-- Film / television block --><br />
| header40 = {{#if:{{{network|}}}{{{network_list|}}}{{{runtime|}}}{{{ratings|}}}{{{producer|}}}{{{director|}}}|{{if empty|{{{coverage|}}}|Television/radio}} coverage}}<br />
<br />
| label41 = {{#if:{{{network_list|}}}|Networks|Network}}<br />
| data41 = {{#if:{{{network_list|}}}|<nowiki />|{{{network|}}}}}<br />
<br />
| data42 = {{#if:{{{network_list|}}}|<div style="text-align: left; padding-left: 0.5em"><br />
{{{network_list}}}</div>}}<br />
<br />
| label43 = Runtime<br />
| data43 = {{{runtime|}}}<br />
<br />
| label44 = Viewership<br />
| data44 = {{if empty|{{{viewership|}}}|{{{ratings|}}}}}<br />
<br />
| label45 = Produced by<br />
| data45 = {{{producer|}}}<br />
<br />
| label46 = Directed by<br />
| data46 = {{{director|}}}<br />
<!-- End Film / television block --><br />
<br />
| header47 = {{#if:{{{image2|}}}|{{Infobox<br />
| child = yes | decat = yes<br />
<br />
| image = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image2|}}}|size={{{image2_size|}}}|sizedefault=frameless|upright={{if empty|{{{image_upright2|}}}|1}}|alt={{{alt2|}}}|class={{{image2_class|}}}}}<br />
| caption = {{{caption2|}}}<br />
}}}}<br />
<br />
| header48 = {{#if:{{{higher|}}}{{{same|}}}{{{lower|}}}{{{individual|}}}|{{if empty|{{{precedence_label|}}}|Precedence}}}}<br />
<br />
| label49 = Next&nbsp;(higher)<br />
| data49 = {{{higher|}}}<br />
<br />
| label50 = Equivalent<br />
| data50 = {{{same|}}}<br />
<br />
| label51 = Individual<br />equivalent<br />
| data51 = {{{individual|}}}<br />
<br />
| label52 = Next&nbsp;(lower)<br />
| data52 = {{{lower|}}}<br />
<br />
| label53 = Related<br />
| data53 = {{{related|}}}<br />
<br />
| data55 = {{{module|}}}<br />
<br />
| below = {{#if:{{{previous|}}}{{{main|}}}{{{next|}}}|<br />
{{succession links|bullets=yes<br />
| left = {{{previous|}}}<br />
| center = {{{main|}}}<br />
| right = {{{next|}}}<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
| belowclass = noprint nowrap<br />
| belowstyle = border-top: 1px solid #000; padding-top: 5px; font-weight: bold; <br />
| decat = {{#if:{{{previous|}}}{{{main|}}}{{{next|}}}|yes|no}}<br />
}}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown={{main other|[[Category:Pages using infobox award with unknown parameters|_VALUE_{{PAGENAME}}]]}}|preview=Page using [[Template:Infobox award]] with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| acts | alt | alt2 | award1_type | award1_winner | award2_type | award2_winner | award3_type | award3_winner | award4_type | award4_winner | award5_type | award5_winner | awarded_for | awardname | campaign | caption | caption2 | clasps | country | coverage | current_awards | current_date | date | description | description | director | eligibility | established | fetchwikidata | final_award | firstawarded | former name | former_name | higher | holder | holder_label | host | hosts | image | image caption | image size | image_caption | image_size | image_upright | image_class | image_upright2 | image2 | image2_size | image2_class | imagesize | individual | lastawarded | location | lower | main | module | most_awards | most_nominations | most_wins | motto | name | native_name | network | network_list | next | next_awards | next_date | noicon | obverse | onlysourced | pending_awards | pending_date | post-nominals | precedence_label | presenter | preshow_host | previous | previous_awards | previous_date | producer | qid | ratings | related | reverse | reward | ribbon | runtime | same | site | sponsor | status | subheader | suppressfields | total_awarded | total_awarded_posthumously | total_recipients | type | url | venue | viewership | website | winner | winners | year | year2 }}{{#invoke:Check for conflicting parameters|check<br />
| template = [[Template:Infobox award]]<br />
| cat = {{main other|Category:Pages using infobox award with conflicting parameters}}<br />
| image size; image_size; imagesize <br />
| location; site <br />
| host; hosts <br />
| former name; former_name <br />
| firstawarded; year <br />
| lastawarded; year2 <br />
| holder; winner; winners <br />
| most_wins; most_awards <br />
| website; url <br />
| viewership; ratings <br />
}}<noinclude><br />
{{documentation}}</noinclude></div>
Vigen
https://wiki.cern.ch/index.php?title=Template:Quote&diff=12617
Template:Quote
2026-05-06T13:13:45Z
<p>Vigen: 1 revision imported from :wikipedia:Template:Quote</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[Template:Blockquote]]<br />
<br />
{{Redirect category shell|<br />
{{R from move}}<br />
{{R from modification}}<br />
{{R from template shortcut}}<br />
}}</div>
Vigen
https://wiki.cern.ch/index.php?title=Template:Notelist&diff=12615
Template:Notelist
2026-05-06T13:13:45Z
<p>Vigen: 1 revision imported from :wikipedia:Template:Notelist</p>
<hr />
<div>{{reflist|{{{1|{{{colwidth|}}}}}}|refs={{{refs|{{{notes|}}}}}}|group={{safesubst<noinclude />:#switch: {{{group|}}}<br />
| note<br />
| upper-alpha<br />
| upper-roman<br />
| lower-alpha<br />
| lower-greek<br />
| lower-roman = {{{group|}}}<br />
| #default = lower-alpha<br />
}}}}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown={{main other|[[Category:Pages using notelist with unknown parameters|_VALUE_{{PAGENAME}}]]}}|preview=Page using [[Template:Notelist]] with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | colwidth | group | notes | refs }}<noinclude><br />
{{documentation}}</noinclude></div>
Vigen
https://wiki.cern.ch/index.php?title=Template:Efn&diff=12613
Template:Efn
2026-05-06T13:13:45Z
<p>Vigen: 1 revision imported from :wikipedia:Template:Efn</p>
<hr />
<div><includeonly>{{safesubst<noinclude />:#if:{{{name|}}}<br />
|{{#tag:ref|{{{1|{{{reference|{{{content|{{{text|}}}}}}}}}}}}|name={{{name|}}}|group={{safesubst<noinclude />:#switch: {{{group|}}}<br />
| note<br />
| upper-alpha<br />
| upper-roman<br />
| lower-alpha<br />
| lower-greek<br />
| lower-roman = {{{group|}}}<br />
| #default = lower-alpha<br />
}}}}<br />
|{{#tag:ref|{{{1|{{{reference|{{{content|{{{text|}}}}}}}}}}}}|group={{safesubst<noinclude />:#switch: {{{group|}}}<br />
| note<br />
| upper-alpha<br />
| upper-roman<br />
| lower-alpha<br />
| lower-greek<br />
| lower-roman = {{{group|}}}<br />
| #default = lower-alpha<br />
}}}}<br />
}}</includeonly><noinclude><br />
{{documentation}}<br />
</noinclude></div>
Vigen
https://wiki.cern.ch/index.php?title=Module:Portal/images/aliases&diff=12611
Module:Portal/images/aliases
2026-05-06T13:13:45Z
<p>Vigen: 1 revision imported from :wikipedia:Module:Portal/images/aliases</p>
<hr />
<div>--[==[ This is the "aliases" list of portal image names. It contains a list of portal image aliases for use with [[Module:Portal]].<br />
-- The aliases can be used to point to an existing portal image entry. For portals who do not yet have a portal image entry, please<br />
-- use the appropriate page from the following list instead:<br />
<br />
-- [[Module:Portal/images/a]] - for portal names beginning with "A".<br />
-- [[Module:Portal/images/b]] - for portal names beginning with "B".<br />
-- [[Module:Portal/images/c]] - for portal names beginning with "C".<br />
-- [[Module:Portal/images/d]] - for portal names beginning with "D".<br />
-- [[Module:Portal/images/e]] - for portal names beginning with "E".<br />
-- [[Module:Portal/images/f]] - for portal names beginning with "F".<br />
-- [[Module:Portal/images/g]] - for portal names beginning with "G".<br />
-- [[Module:Portal/images/h]] - for portal names beginning with "H".<br />
-- [[Module:Portal/images/i]] - for portal names beginning with "I".<br />
-- [[Module:Portal/images/j]] - for portal names beginning with "J".<br />
-- [[Module:Portal/images/k]] - for portal names beginning with "K".<br />
-- [[Module:Portal/images/l]] - for portal names beginning with "L".<br />
-- [[Module:Portal/images/m]] - for portal names beginning with "M".<br />
-- [[Module:Portal/images/n]] - for portal names beginning with "N".<br />
-- [[Module:Portal/images/o]] - for portal names beginning with "O".<br />
-- [[Module:Portal/images/p]] - for portal names beginning with "P".<br />
-- [[Module:Portal/images/q]] - for portal names beginning with "Q".<br />
-- [[Module:Portal/images/r]] - for portal names beginning with "R".<br />
-- [[Module:Portal/images/s]] - for portal names beginning with "S".<br />
-- [[Module:Portal/images/t]] - for portal names beginning with "T".<br />
-- [[Module:Portal/images/u]] - for portal names beginning with "U".<br />
-- [[Module:Portal/images/v]] - for portal names beginning with "V".<br />
-- [[Module:Portal/images/w]] - for portal names beginning with "W".<br />
-- [[Module:Portal/images/x]] - for portal names beginning with "X".<br />
-- [[Module:Portal/images/y]] - for portal names beginning with "Y".<br />
-- [[Module:Portal/images/z]] - for portal names beginning with "Z".<br />
-- [[Module:Portal/images/other]] - for portal names beginning with any other letters. This includes numbers,<br />
-- letters with diacritics, and letters in non-Latin alphabets.<br />
<br />
-- When adding entries, please use alphabetical order. The format of the alias table entries is as follows:<br />
-- ["portal name"] = {"alias 1", "alias 2", "alias 3"},<br />
-- Both the portal name and the alias names should be in lower case, and the "Portal:" namespace prefix<br />
-- should be omitted. For example, if you wanted "UK" to be an alias for "Portal:United Kingdom", then the<br />
-- alias name would be "uk" and the portal name would be "united kingdom".<br />
]==]<br />
<br />
return {<br />
["1990s"] = {"1990's"},<br />
["2000s"] = {"2000's"},<br />
["ac/dc"] = {"ac dc"},<br />
["academy award"] = {"academy awards"},<br />
["africa"] = {"african"},<br />
["african american"] = {"african-american", "african-americans", "african americans"},<br />
["african union"] = {"au"},<br />
["agriculture"] = {"agriculture and agronomy", "farming"},<br />
["american civil war"] = {"acw"},<br />
["american revolutionary war"] = {"american revolution"},<br />
["amphibians"] = {"amphibian"},<br />
["aviation"] = {"airplanes"},<br />
["åland"] = {"åland islands", "aland islands", "aland", "ax", "ala"},<br />
["albania"] = {"albanian", "al", "alb"},<br />
["alpine rhine"] = {"alpine rhine valley"},<br />
["american football"] = {"college football", "arena football league"},<br />
["ancient rome"] = {"roman empire"},<br />
["android (operating system)"] = {"android", "android os"},<br />
["animals"] = {"animal", "zoology"},<br />
["anime and manga"] = {"anime", "manga"},<br />
["apple inc."] = {"apple", "apple inc"},<br />
["arabic language"] = {"arabic"},<br />
["archaeology"] = {"archeology"},<br />
["argentina"] = {"argentine"},<br />
["arizona"] = {"phoenix, arizona"},<br />
["asian americans"] = {"asian american"},<br />
["association football"] = {"soccer", "football (soccer)", "football"},<br />
["assyrians"] = {"assyria"},<br />
["atlas"] = {"cartography"},<br />
["atmospheric science"] = {"atmosphere","atmospheric sciences"},<br />
["australia"] = {"australian", "aus"},<br />
["australian capital territory"] = {"canberra"},<br />
["bangalore"] = {"bengaluru"},<br />
["banks"] = {"bank", "banking"},<br />
["baseball"] = {"college baseball", "little league"},<br />
["basketball"] = {"national basketball league of canada", "wnba"},<br />
["biography"] = {"people", "biographies"},<br />
["birds"] = {"bird"},<br />
["björk"] = {"bjork"},<br />
["books"] = {"book"},<br />
["brunei"] = {"brunei darussalam", "bn", "brn"},<br />
["business and economics"] = {"advertising", "business", "economics", "economy", "marketing"},<br />
["buses"] = {"bus"},<br />
["california roads"] = {"roads in california"},<br />
["california state polytechnic university, pomona"] = {"cal poly pomona"},<br />
["canada"] = {"canadian", "ca", "can"},<br />
["canadian armed forces"] = {"canadian forces", "military history of canada"},<br />
["canary islands"] = {"spanish africa"},<br />
["cape verde"] = {"cabo verde"},<br />
["caribbean"] = {"caribbean sea", "the caribbean", "west indies"},<br />
["cars"] = {"car", "automobile","automobiles"},<br />
["cartoon"] = {"cartoons"},<br />
["catalan-speaking countries"] = {"catalan", "catalonia"},<br />
["catholic church"] = {"catholic", "catholicism"},<br />
["cats"] = {"cat"},<br />
["celtic studies"] = {"celts"},<br />
["central african republic"] = {"the central african republic"},<br />
["cetaceans"] = {"cetacea"},<br />
["chemistry"] = {"chemical"},<br />
["children's literature"] = {"children's and young adult literature", "children and young adult literature"},<br />
["china"] = {"chinese", "cn", "chn", "people's republic of china"},<br />
["christiantiy"] = {"christ", "christian"},<br />
["christianity in india"] = {"indian christianity"},<br />
["cities"] = {"city"},<br />
["classical civilisation"] = {"classical civilization", "classics"},<br />
["cleveland"] = {"cleveland, ohio"},<br />
["clothing"] = {"textile"},<br />
["coconuts"] = {"coconut"},<br />
["color"] = {"colour"},<br />
["comedy"] = {"humour", "humor"},<br />
["commonwealth realms"] = {"commonwealth"},<br />
["communism"] = {"marxism"},<br />
["compact disc"] = {"cd", "compact disk"},<br />
["companies"] = {"company"},<br />
["computer-generated imagery"] = {"computer generated imagery"},<br />
["computer programming"] = {"programming"},<br />
["countries"] = {"country"},<br />
["county kilkenny"] = {"kilkenny"},<br />
["côte d'ivoire"] = {"ivory coast"},<br />
["covid-19"] = {"coronavirus disease 2019","coronavirus disease-2019"},<br />
["criminal justice"] = {"crime"},<br />
["current events"] = {"events", "news"},<br />
["cycling"] = {"bicycling", "bicycles"},<br />
["czech republic"] = {"czechia", "czech", "the czech republic"},<br />
["dallas – fort worth metroplex"] = {"dallas", "dallas-fort worth", "dallas - fort worth metroplex"},<br />
["democratic republic of the congo"] = {"zaire", "zaïre", "cod", "drc", "the democratic republic of the congo"},<br />
["denmark"] = {"kingdom of denmark", "danish", "dk", "dnk"},<br />
["disasters"] = {"disaster"},<br />
["dravidian languages"] = {"dravidian", "dravidia", "dravidian peoples", "dravidian civilization"},<br />
["drink"] = {"drinks"},<br />
["dominican republic"] = {"the dominican republic"},<br />
["durham, north carolina"] = {"durham nc"},<br />
["dungeons & dragons"] = {"d&d"},<br />
["earth sciences"] = {"earth science", "climate"},<br />
["east timor"] = {"timor leste", "timor-leste", "tl"},<br />
["electromagnetism"] = {"em"},<br />
["energy"] = {"electricity"},<br />
["english football"] = {"football in england"},<br />
["english language"] = {"english"},<br />
["english law"] = {"law of england and wales"},<br />
["erotica and pornography"] = {"porn", "pornography"},<br />
["european military history"] = {"military history of europe"},<br />
["european union"] = {"eu"},<br />
["evolutionary biology"] = {"evolution"},<br />
["extinct and endangered species"] = {"extinction", "endangered species"},<br />
["falkland islands"] = {"falkland", "malvinas", "fk", "flk"},<br />
["faroe islands"] = {"the faroe islands"},<br />
["federated states of micronesia"] = {"fm", "fsm"},<br />
["feminism"] = {"women"},<br />
["film"] = {"cinema", "films", "movie", "filmmaking"},<br />
["fish"] = {"fishes"},<br />
["florida"] = {"miami"},<br />
["food"] = {"eating", "nutrition"},<br />
["football"] = {"association football", "soccer", "soccer ball"},<br />
["formula one"] = {"f1", "formula 1"},<br />
["france"] = {"overseas france"},<br />
["free and open-source software"] = {"floss", "foss", "free and open source software", "free software", "freeware", "open source", "open source software", "open-source software", "oss"},<br />
["freedom of speech"] = {"censorship", "free speech"},<br />
["french and francophone literature"] = {"french literature"},<br />
["french politics"] = {"politics of france"},<br />
["frogs"] = {"frogs and toads"},<br />
["fungi"] = {"mycology"},<br />
["gardening"] = {"garden", "gardens", "gardening and horticulture"},<br />
["gemology and jewelry"] = {"gemmology and jewellery", "gemmology and jewelry", "gemology and jewellery"},<br />
["geographical coordinates"] = {"geographic coordinates", "geographic coordinate systems"},<br />
["georgia (country)"] = {"georgia", "republic of georgia", "ge", "geo"},<br />
["georgia (u.s. state)"] = {"georgia (state)", "state of georgia", "georgia usa"},<br />
["germany"] = {"west germany"},<br />
["globalization"] = {"globalisation"},<br />
["greater manchester"] = {"manchester"},<br />
["guernsey"] = {"bailiwick of guernsey"},<br />
["gullah"] = {"gullah people"},<br />
["hawaii"] = {"hawaiian kingdom", "hawai'i", "hawaiʻi", "us-hi"},<br />
["hazardous materials"] = {"dangerous goods"},<br />
["health and fitness"] = {"health"},<br />
["himalayas"] = {"himalaya region"},<br />
["hindi cinema"] = {"bollywood", "indian cinema"},<br />
["hindustani"] = {"hindustani language", "hindustani and allied languages"},<br />
["hip hop"] = {"hip-hop"},<br />
["hispanic and latino americans"] = {"hispanic and latino american", "latino and hispanic americans", "latino and hispanic american"},<br />
["history"] = {"victorian era"},<br />
["hitchhiker's guide to the galaxy"] = {"hitchhiker's"},<br />
["horror fiction"] = {"horror"},<br />
["horticulture and gardening"] = {"horticulture"},<br />
["horses"] = {"horse"},<br />
["housing"] = {"home", "houses"},<br />
["human sexuality"] = {"sex", "sexuality"},<br />
["hunger relief"] = {"hunger"},<br />
["ice hockey"] = {"hockey"},<br />
["india"] = {"indian", "in", "ind", "republic of india","india localisation","india translation"},<br />
["indian women"] = {"women of india", "indian women and gender issues"},<br />
["indiana"] = {"hoosier", "us-in"},<br />
["indigenous peoples of north america"] = {"indigenous people of north america"},<br />
["information technology"] = {"computing", "computer science", "it"},<br />
["insects"] = {"insect"},<br />
["internet"] = {"web"},<br />
["iran"] = {"persia"},<br />
["ireland"] = {"irish"},<br />
["islam"] = {"muslim history"},<br />
["islamic state of iraq and the levant"] = {"daesh", "isil", "isis"},<br />
["islands"] = {"island"},<br />
["italy"] = {"italian", "ita", "papal states"},<br />
["jacksonville, florida"] = {"jacksonville"},<br />
["jersey"] = {"bailiwick of jersey"},<br />
["judaism"] = {"jewish"},<br />
["kazi nazrul islam"] = {"nazrul"},<br />
["kurdistan"] = {"iraqi kurdistan"},<br />
["language"] = {"languages"},<br />
["latin american music"] = {"latin america music"},<br />
["latter day saint movement"] = {"latter day saints", "latter-day saints", "lds", "lds church"},<br />
["lemony snicket"] = {"a series of unfortunate events"},<br />
["lists"] = {"list"},<br />
["lgbt"] = {"lgbt studies", "lgbtq", "lgbtqa"},<br />
["library and information science"] = {"information science"},<br />
["linguistics"] = {"linguistic"},<br />
["madonna (entertainer)"] = {"madonna"},<br />
["mammals"] = {"mammal"},<br />
["marine life"] = {"marine biology"},<br />
["mathematics"] = {"math", "maths"},<br />
["mecklenburg-vorpommern"] = {"mecklenburg-western pomerania"},<br />
["medicine"] = {"health care", "public health", "medical"},<br />
["mediterranean"] = {"mediterranean sea"},<br />
["mexico"] = {"méxico", "mx", "mex"},<br />
["middle tennessee state university"] = {"mtsu"},<br />
["michigan"] = {"detroit", "metro detroit"},<br />
["michigan highways"] = {"highways in michigan"},<br />
["military history of australia"] = {"royal australian air force", "military of australia"},<br />
["military history of germany"] = {"military of germany"},<br />
["molecular and cell biology"] = {"molecular and cellular biology"},<br />
["moldova"] = {"republic of moldova"},<br />
["mongolia"] = {"mongols"},<br />
["mountains"] = {"mountain"},<br />
["music of australia"] = {"australian music"},<br />
["myanmar"] = {"burma", "burmese", "mm", "mmr"},<br />
["myths"] = {"mythology"},<br />
["national register of historic places"] = {"nrhp"},<br />
["native americans"] = {"american indians"},<br />
["nazism"] = {"nazi germany"},<br />
["netherlands"] = {"kingdom of the netherlands", "nl", 'nld', 'caribbean netherlands', 'the netherlands', 'dutch empire', 'the dutch empire', 'dutch republic'},<br />
["nevada"] = {"las vegas"},<br />
["new guinea"] = {"western new guinea"},<br />
["new south wales"] = {"nsw"},<br />
["new york (state)"] = {"new york state", "new york", "us-ny"},<br />
["new york city"] = {"nyc"},<br />
["new zealand"] = {"nz", "nzl", "auckland"},<br />
["north korea"] = {"dprk", "democratic people's republic of korea"},<br />
["north macedonia"] = {"republic of north macedonia", "republic of macedonia", "the republic of macedonia", "mk", "mkd"},<br />
["north rhine-westphalia"] = {"nrw"},<br />
["north west england"] = {"liverpool"},<br />
["novels"] = {"novel"},<br />
["oceans"] = {"ocean", "world ocean"},<br />
["odisha"] = {"orissa"},<br />
["olympic games"] = {"olympics"},<br />
["opera"] = {"operas"},<br />
["organized labour"] = {"labor", "organised labour", "organized labor", "trade unions", "trade unionism"},<br />
["pakistan"] = {"pakistani", "pk", "pak"},<br />
["paleontology"] = {"palaeontology", "prehistoric life"},<br />
["palestine"] = {"gaza strip", "the state of palestine","state of palestine","palestinian territories", "Palestine"},<br />
["paralympic games"] = {"paralympics"},<br />
["pan-africanism"] = {"pan-african"},<br />
["pandemics"] = {"pandemic"},<br />
["people's republic of china"] = {"prc"},<br />
["pharmacy and pharmacology"] = {"pharmacy"},<br />
["philippines"] = {"the philippines"},<br />
["pitcairn islands"] = {"pitcairn, henderson, ducie and oeno islands"},<br />
["politics"] = {"government"},<br />
["portugal"] = {"portuguese empire"},<br />
["prince edward island"] = {"pei", "ca-pe"},<br />
["protected areas of india"] = {"biodiversity, protected areas & environment of india", "biodiversity of india", "environment of india"},<br />
["puducherry"] = {"pondicherry", "in-py"},<br />
["punjab, india"] = {"punjab (india)", "in-pb"},<br />
["punjab, pakistan"] = {"punjab (pakistan)", "western punjab", "pk-pb"},<br />
["python programming"] = {"python"},<br />
["quebec"] = {"québec", "ca-qc"},<br />
["reformed christianity"] = {"calvinism"},<br />
["religion"] = {"religions", "religious", "theology"},<br />
["reptiles"] = {"amphibians and reptiles","herpetology"},<br />
["republic of ireland"] = {"éire", "ie", "irl", "irish republicanism"},<br />
["republic of the congo"] = {"the republic of the congo", "republic of congo", "french congo"},<br />
["rhythm and blues"] = {"r&b and soul music"},<br />
["roads"] = {"road", "roadway", "highway", "highways"},<br />
["roads of canada"] = {"canada roads"},<br />
["rock music"] = {"rock and roll"},<br />
["romani"] = {"roma", "romani people"},<br />
["saint barthelemy"] = {"saint-barthélemy", "saint barthélemy"},<br />
["saint helena, ascension and tristan da cunha"] = {"saint helena"},<br />
["salad dressing"] = {"salad dressings"},<br />
["san francisco bay area"] = {"bay area", "san francisco"},<br />
["sandwich"] = {"sandwiches"},<br />
["schools"] = {"school"},<br />
["science fiction"] = {"science-fiction"},<br />
["social science"] = {"social sciences"},<br />
["serer people"] = {"serer"},<br />
["september 11 attacks"] = {"september 11, 2001"},<br />
["shia islam"] = {"shia"},<br />
["somalia"] = {"puntland"},<br />
["spain"] = {"castile"},<br />
["spaceflight"] = {"space flight"},<br />
["sri lanka"] = {"sri lankan"},<br />
["stars"] = {"star"},<br />
["systems science"] = {"system science"},<br />
["soap operas and telenovelas"] = {"soap operas", "telenovelas"},<br />
["south africa"] = {"za", "zaf"},<br />
["south georgia and the south sandwich islands"] = {"south georgia", "south sandwich islands", "gs", "sgs"},<br />
["soviet union"] = {"ussr", "soviet", "the soviet union"},<br />
["space"] = {"outer space"},<br />
["speculative fiction"] = {"sf"},<br />
["speculative fiction/fantasy"] = {"fantasy"},<br />
["speculative fiction/horror"] = {"horror", "horror fiction"},<br />
["spices"] = {"herbs and spices"},<br />
["sports in canada"] = {"canadian sports", "canadian sport", "sports of canada", "sport in canada"},<br />
["sports"] = {"sport"},<br />
["st. john's, newfoundland and labrador"] = {"st. john's"},<br />
["state of georgia"] = {"georgia (u.s. state)", "georgia usa", "us-ga"},<br />
["state of mexico"] = {"mexico (state)", "mx-mex"},<br />
["state university of new york"] = {"suny"},<br />
["supermarkets"] = {"supermarket"},<br />
["taiwan"] = {"republic of china", "roc", "tw", "twn"},<br />
["tamils"] = {"tamil","tamil people"},<br />
["tanks"] = {"tank"},<br />
["telecommunication"] = {"telecommunications", "telecoms", "telecomms", "telecomm", "telecom"},<br />
["telephones"] = {"telephone"},<br />
["television"] = {"tv"},<br />
["texas"] = {"republic of texas"},<br />
["texas a&m university"] = {"texas a&m"},<br />
["texas tech university"] = {"texas tech"},<br />
["thailand"] = {"siam"},<br />
["theatre"] = {"theater"},<br />
["the arts"] = {"arts"},<br />
["the bahamas"] = {"bahamas", "bs", "bhs"},<br />
["the gambia"] = {"gambia", "gm", "gmb"},<br />
["the legend of zelda"] = {"legend of zelda"},<br />
["tiruchirappalli"] = {"trichy", "tiruchi"},<br />
["traditional african religions"] = {"traditional african religion"},<br />
["trains"] = {"rail", "rail transport"},<br />
["transportation"] = {"transport"},<br />
["trauma and orthopaedics"] = {"trauma & orthopaedics"},<br />
["trinidad and tobago"] = {"trinidad"},<br />
["tropical cyclones"] = {"hurricanes", "tropical cyclone"},<br />
["turkey"] = {"anatolia"},<br />
["united arab emirates"] = {"emirates", "ae", "uae", "emirati", "the united arab emirates"},<br />
["united kingdom"] = {"the united kingdom", "uk", "gb", "gbr", "britain", "british", "great britain", "british overseas territories"},<br />
["united nations"] = {"un"},<br />
["united states"] = {"us", "usa", "u.s.", "united states armed forces", "america", "american", "territories of the united states", "the united states", "african americans"},<br />
["united states arms"] = {"united states armed forces", "united states military", "united states military history", "u.s. armed forces", "u.s. military"},<br />
["united states congress"] = {"u.s. congress"},<br />
["united states counties"] = {"u.s. counties"},<br />
["united states presidents"] = {"u.s. presidents"},<br />
["united states roads"] = {"u.s. roads"},<br />
["united states state legislatures"] = {"u.s. state legislatures", "us state legislatures"},<br />
["united states streets"] = {"u.s. streets"},<br />
["united states supreme court"] = {"u.s. supreme court cases"},<br />
["united states territories"] = {"territories of the united states"},<br />
["universities"] = {"university"},<br />
["university of missouri"] = {"mizzou"},<br />
["university of notre dame"] = {"notre dame"},<br />
["university of pittsburgh"] = {"pitt"},<br />
["vatican city"] = {"vatican","the holy see"},<br />
["video games"] = {"gaming", "vg", "video game"},<br />
["vietnam"] = {"south vietnam"},<br />
["war"] = {"military"},<br />
["washington (state)"] = {"washington", "us-wa"},<br />
["washington, d.c."] = {"district of columbia", "dc", "washington dc", "us-dc"},<br />
["weather"] = {"meteorology"},<br />
["western asia"] = {"west asia"},<br />
["western sahara"] = {"sahrawi arab democratic republic", "eh", "esh", "the sahrawi arab democratic republic"},<br />
["wind power"] = {"windmills"},<br />
["world"] = {"earth"},<br />
["world war i"] = {"first world war", "wwi"},<br />
["world war ii"] = {"second world war", "world war 2", "wwii"},<br />
["zoos"] = {"zoo"}<br />
}</div>
Vigen
https://wiki.cern.ch/index.php?title=Template:Portal_bar&diff=12609
Template:Portal bar
2026-05-06T13:13:44Z
<p>Vigen: 1 revision imported from :wikipedia:Template:Portal_bar</p>
<hr />
<div>{{#invoke:Portal bar|main}}<noinclude><br />
{{documentation}}<br />
<!-- Categories go on the /doc subpage, and interwikis go on Wikidata. --><br />
</noinclude></div>
Vigen
https://wiki.cern.ch/index.php?title=Module:About&diff=12607
Module:About
2026-05-06T13:13:44Z
<p>Vigen: 1 revision imported from :wikipedia:Module:About</p>
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<div>local mArguments --initialize lazily<br />
local mHatnote = require('Module:Hatnote')<br />
local mHatList = require('Module:Hatnote list')<br />
local libraryUtil = require('libraryUtil')<br />
local checkType = libraryUtil.checkType<br />
local p = {}<br />
<br />
function p.about (frame)<br />
-- A passthrough that gets args from the frame and all<br />
mArguments = require('Module:Arguments')<br />
args = mArguments.getArgs(frame)<br />
return p._about(args)<br />
end<br />
<br />
<br />
function p._about (args, options)<br />
-- Produces "about" hatnote.<br />
<br />
-- Type checks and defaults<br />
checkType('_about', 1, args, 'table', true)<br />
args = args or {}<br />
checkType('_about', 2, options, 'table', true)<br />
options = options or {}<br />
local defaultOptions = {<br />
aboutForm = 'This %s is about %s. ',<br />
PageType = require('Module:Pagetype').main(),<br />
otherText = nil, --included for complete list<br />
sectionString = 'section'<br />
}<br />
for k, v in pairs(defaultOptions) do<br />
if options[k] == nil then options[k] = v end<br />
end<br />
<br />
-- Set initial "about" string<br />
local pageType = (args.section and options.sectionString) or options.PageType<br />
local about = ''<br />
if args[1] then<br />
about = string.format(options.aboutForm, pageType, args[1])<br />
end<br />
<br />
--Allow passing through certain options<br />
local fsOptions = {<br />
otherText = options.otherText,<br />
extratext = args.text<br />
}<br />
local hnOptions = {<br />
selfref = args.selfref<br />
}<br />
<br />
-- Set for-see list<br />
local forSee = mHatList._forSee(args, 2, fsOptions)<br />
<br />
-- Concatenate and return<br />
return mHatnote._hatnote(about .. forSee, hnOptions)<br />
end<br />
<br />
return p</div>
Vigen