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Safety of the LHC

Vigen — Fri, 22 May 2026 17:33:28 GMT

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	{{blockquote		{{blockquote
	\|text=''The operation of the LHC is safe, not only in the old sense of that word, but in the more general sense that our most qualified scientists have thoroughly considered and analyzed the risks involved in the operation of the LHC. [Any concerns] are merely hypothetical and speculative, and contradicted by much evidence and scientific analysis.''		\|text=''The operation of the LHC is safe, not only in the old sense of that word, but in the more general sense that our most qualified scientists have thoroughly considered and analyzed the risks involved in the operation of the LHC. [Any concerns] are merely hypothetical and speculative, and contradicted by much evidence and scientific analysis.''
	\|author=[[wikipedia:Sheldon Glashow\|Sheldon Glashow]] (Nobel Laureate in Physics, Boston U.), [[wikipedia:Frank Wilczek\|Frank Wilczek]] (Nobel Laureate in Physics, MIT), and [[wikipedia:Richard Wilson\|Richard Wilson]] (Mallinckrodt Professor of Physics, Harvard U.)		\|author=[[wikipedia:Sheldon Glashow\|Sheldon Glashow]] (Nobel Laureate in Physics, Boston U.), [[wikipedia:Frank Wilczek\|Frank Wilczek]] (Nobel Laureate in Physics, MIT), and [[wikipedia:Richard Wilson (physicist)\|Richard Wilson]] (Mallinckrodt Professor of Physics, Harvard U.)
	}}		}}

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	The paper by Giddings and Mangano<ref name=":0" /> has been peer-reviewed by anonymous experts in astrophysics and particle physics and published in the professional scientific journal ''[[wikipedia:Physical Review#Journals\|Physical Review D]]''. The American Physical Society chose to highlight this as one of the most significant papers it has published recently, commissioning a commentary<ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Peskin \|first=Michael \|date=2008-08-18 \|title=The end of the world at the Large Hadron Collider? \|url=https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/Physics.1.14 \|journal=Physics \|language=en \|volume=1 \|doi=10.1103/Physics.1.14 \|issn=1943-2879}}</ref> by Prof. Peskin from the Stanford Linear Accelerator Laboratory in which he endorses its conclusions. The Executive Committee of the Division of Particles and Fields of the American Physical Society has issued a statement endorsing the LSAG report.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Statement by the Executive Committee of the DPF on the Safety of Collisions at the Large Hadron Collider \|url=http://www.aps.org/units/dpf/governance/reports/upload/lhc_saftey_statement.pdf \|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20081001161427/http://www.aps.org/units/dpf/governance/reports/upload/lhc_saftey_statement.pdf \|archive-date=2008-10-01 \|access-date=2026-05-22 \|website=www.aps.org}}</ref>		The paper by Giddings and Mangano<ref name=":0" /> has been peer-reviewed by anonymous experts in astrophysics and particle physics and published in the professional scientific journal ''[[wikipedia:Physical Review#Journals\|Physical Review D]]''. The American Physical Society chose to highlight this as one of the most significant papers it has published recently, commissioning a commentary<ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Peskin \|first=Michael \|date=2008-08-18 \|title=The end of the world at the Large Hadron Collider? \|url=https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/Physics.1.14 \|journal=Physics \|language=en \|volume=1 \|doi=10.1103/Physics.1.14 \|issn=1943-2879}}</ref> by Prof. Peskin from the Stanford Linear Accelerator Laboratory in which he endorses its conclusions. The Executive Committee of the Division of Particles and Fields of the American Physical Society has issued a statement endorsing the LSAG report.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Statement by the Executive Committee of the DPF on the Safety of Collisions at the Large Hadron Collider \|url=http://www.aps.org/units/dpf/governance/reports/upload/lhc_saftey_statement.pdf \|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20081001161427/http://www.aps.org/units/dpf/governance/reports/upload/lhc_saftey_statement.pdf \|archive-date=2008-10-01 \|access-date=2026-05-22 \|website=www.aps.org}}</ref>

	The LSAG report has been published by the UK Institute of Physics in its publication Journal of Physics G.<ref name=":1" /> The conclusions of the LSAG report were endorsed in a press release that announced this publication.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Physics \|first=Institute of \|title=LHC switch-on fears are completely unfounded \|url=https://www.iop.org/news/archive/page_64087.html \|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20160403154528/https://www.iop.org/news/archive/page_64087.html \|archive-date=2016-04-03 \|access-date=2026-05-22 \|website=www.iop.org \|language=en-GB}}</ref>		The LSAG report has been published by the UK Institute of Physics in its publication ''Journal of Physics G''.<ref name=":1" /> The conclusions of the LSAG report were endorsed in a press release that announced this publication.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Physics \|first=Institute of \|title=LHC switch-on fears are completely unfounded \|url=https://www.iop.org/news/archive/page_64087.html \|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20160403154528/https://www.iop.org/news/archive/page_64087.html \|archive-date=2016-04-03 \|access-date=2026-05-22 \|website=www.iop.org \|language=en-GB}}</ref>

	The conclusions of LSAG have also been endorsed by the Particle and Nuclear Physics Section (KET) of the German Physical Society.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Experten bestätigen: Der LHC ist sicher KET veröffentlicht Stellungnahme zu Schwarzen Löchern am LHC \|url=http://www.ketweb.de/oeffentlichkeitsarbeit/e204014/20080801_PM_Der_LHC_ist_sicher.pdf \|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20140422201438/http://www.ketweb.de/oeffentlichkeitsarbeit/e204014/20080801_PM_Der_LHC_ist_sicher.pdf \|archive-date=2014-04-22 \|access-date=2026-05-22 \|website=www.ketweb.de \|language=DE}}</ref> A translation into German of the complete LSAG report may be found on the KET website.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Bewertung der Sicherheit von Teilchenkollisionen am LHC \|url=https://lsag.web.cern.ch/LSAG-Report-German.pdf \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241212105929/https://lsag.web.cern.ch/LSAG-Report-German.pdf \|archive-date=2024-12-12 \|access-date=2026-05-22 \|website=lsag.web.cern.ch \|language=DE}}</ref> (A translation into French of the complete LSAG report is also available.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Rapport sur la sûreté des collisions au LHC \|url=https://lsag.web.cern.ch/LSAG-Report-French.pdf \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213000602/https://lsag.web.cern.ch/LSAG-Report-French.pdf \|archive-date=2024-12-13 \|access-date=2026-05-22 \|website=lsag.web.cern.ch \|language=FR}}</ref>)		The conclusions of LSAG have also been endorsed by the Particle and Nuclear Physics Section (KET) of the German Physical Society.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Experten bestätigen: Der LHC ist sicher KET veröffentlicht Stellungnahme zu Schwarzen Löchern am LHC \|url=http://www.ketweb.de/oeffentlichkeitsarbeit/e204014/20080801_PM_Der_LHC_ist_sicher.pdf \|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20140422201438/http://www.ketweb.de/oeffentlichkeitsarbeit/e204014/20080801_PM_Der_LHC_ist_sicher.pdf \|archive-date=2014-04-22 \|access-date=2026-05-22 \|website=www.ketweb.de \|language=DE}}</ref> A translation into German of the complete LSAG report may be found on the KET website.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Bewertung der Sicherheit von Teilchenkollisionen am LHC \|url=https://lsag.web.cern.ch/LSAG-Report-German.pdf \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241212105929/https://lsag.web.cern.ch/LSAG-Report-German.pdf \|archive-date=2024-12-12 \|access-date=2026-05-22 \|website=lsag.web.cern.ch \|language=DE}}</ref> (A translation into French of the complete LSAG report is also available.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Rapport sur la sûreté des collisions au LHC \|url=https://lsag.web.cern.ch/LSAG-Report-French.pdf \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213000602/https://lsag.web.cern.ch/LSAG-Report-French.pdf \|archive-date=2024-12-13 \|access-date=2026-05-22 \|website=lsag.web.cern.ch \|language=FR}}</ref>)

Large Hadron Collider

Vigen — Fri, 22 May 2026 17:27:35 GMT

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	The '''Large Hadron Collider''' ('''LHC''') is the world's largest and highest-energy [[particle accelerator]].<ref name="TheLHC">{{cite web \|url=https://home.cern/topics/large-hadron-collider \|title=The Large Hadron Collider \|date=28 June 2023 \|publisher=CERN}}</ref><ref name="Harman">{{cite journal\|author=Joel Achenbach\|date=March 2012\|title=The God Particle\|url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/03/god-particle/achenbach-text\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225104327/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/03/god-particle/achenbach-text\|archive-date=25 February 2008\|journal=[[National Geographic Magazine]]\|access-date=25 February 2008}}</ref> It was built by the [[CERN\|European Organization for Nuclear Research]] (CERN) between 1998 and 2008, in collaboration with over 10,000 scientists, and hundreds of universities and laboratories across more than 100 countries.<ref>{{cite news \|first=Roger \|last=Highfield \|date=16 September 2008 \|title=Large Hadron Collider: Thirteen ways to change the world \|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/large-hadron-collider/3351899/Large-Hadron-Collider-thirteen-ways-to-change-the-world.html \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090924011335/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/large-hadron-collider/3351899/Large-Hadron-Collider-thirteen-ways-to-change-the-world.html \|archive-date=24 September 2009 \|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] \|access-date=10 October 2008 \|location=London}}</ref> It lies in a tunnel 27 kilometres in circumference and as deep as 175 metres beneath the [[France–Switzerland border]] near [[Geneva]].		The '''Large Hadron Collider''' ('''LHC''') is the world's largest and highest-energy particle accelerator.<ref name="TheLHC">{{cite web \|url=https://home.cern/topics/large-hadron-collider \|title=The Large Hadron Collider \|date=28 June 2023 \|publisher=CERN}}</ref><ref name="Harman">{{cite journal\|author=Joel Achenbach\|date=March 2012\|title=The God Particle\|url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/03/god-particle/achenbach-text\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225104327/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/03/god-particle/achenbach-text\|archive-date=25 February 2008\|journal=[[National Geographic Magazine]]\|access-date=25 February 2008}}</ref> It was built by the [[CERN\|European Organization for Nuclear Research]] (CERN) between 1998 and 2008, in collaboration with over 10,000 scientists, and hundreds of universities and laboratories across more than 100 countries.<ref>{{cite news \|first=Roger \|last=Highfield \|date=16 September 2008 \|title=Large Hadron Collider: Thirteen ways to change the world \|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/large-hadron-collider/3351899/Large-Hadron-Collider-thirteen-ways-to-change-the-world.html \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090924011335/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/large-hadron-collider/3351899/Large-Hadron-Collider-thirteen-ways-to-change-the-world.html \|archive-date=24 September 2009 \|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] \|access-date=10 October 2008 \|location=London}}</ref> It lies in a tunnel 27 kilometres in circumference and as deep as 175 metres beneath the France–Switzerland border near Geneva.

	The first collisions were achieved in 2010 at an energy of 3.5 [[tera-~~]][[electronvolt]]s~~ (TeV) per beam, about four times the previous world record.<ref name=bbc20100330>{{cite news \|work=BBC News \|date=30 March 2010 \|title=CERN LHC sees high-energy success \|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/8593780.stm\|access-date=30 March 2010}}</ref> The discovery of the [[Higgs boson]] at the LHC was announced in 2012. Between 2013 and 2015, the LHC was shut down and upgraded; after those upgrades it reached 6.5 TeV per beam (13.0 TeV total collision energy).<ref>{{cite web \|last1=O'Luanaigh\|first1=Cian\|title=Proton beams are back in the LHC\|url=http://home.web.cern.ch/about/updates/2015/04/proton-beams-are-back-lhc \|publisher=CERN \|access-date=24 April 2015}}</ref><ref name="2015restart">{{cite news \|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-32976838\|title=Large Hadron Collider turns on 'data tap'\|access-date=28 August 2015\|date=3 June 2015\|last1=Rincon\|first1=Paul}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-32809636 \|title=LHC smashes energy record with test collisions\|access-date=28 August 2015\|date=21 May 2015\|last1=Webb\|first1=Jonathan}}</ref> At the end of 2018, it was shut down for maintenance and further upgrades, and reopened over three years later in April 2022.<ref>{{Cite web \|date=2023-10-07 \|title=2022 Digital Media Kit: Higgs10, LHC Run 3 and restart \|url=https://home.cern/press/2022 \|access-date=2023-10-10 \|website=CERN \|language=en}}</ref>		The first collisions were achieved in 2010 at an energy of 3.5 tera-electronvolts (TeV) per beam, about four times the previous world record.<ref name=bbc20100330>{{cite news \|work=BBC News \|date=30 March 2010 \|title=CERN LHC sees high-energy success \|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/8593780.stm\|access-date=30 March 2010}}</ref> The discovery of the Higgs boson at the LHC was announced in 2012. Between 2013 and 2015, the LHC was shut down and upgraded; after those upgrades it reached 6.5 TeV per beam (13.0 TeV total collision energy).<ref>{{cite web \|last1=O'Luanaigh\|first1=Cian\|title=Proton beams are back in the LHC\|url=http://home.web.cern.ch/about/updates/2015/04/proton-beams-are-back-lhc \|publisher=CERN \|access-date=24 April 2015}}</ref><ref name="2015restart">{{cite news \|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-32976838\|title=Large Hadron Collider turns on 'data tap'\|access-date=28 August 2015\|date=3 June 2015\|last1=Rincon\|first1=Paul}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-32809636 \|title=LHC smashes energy record with test collisions\|access-date=28 August 2015\|date=21 May 2015\|last1=Webb\|first1=Jonathan}}</ref> At the end of 2018, it was shut down for maintenance and further upgrades, and reopened over three years later in April 2022.<ref>{{Cite web \|date=2023-10-07 \|title=2022 Digital Media Kit: Higgs10, LHC Run 3 and restart \|url=https://home.cern/press/2022 \|access-date=2023-10-10 \|website=CERN \|language=en}}</ref>

	The collider has four crossing points where the accelerated particles collide. [[#Detectors\|Nine detectors]],<ref name="FactsFiguresAnoutLHC">{{cite web \|title=Facts and figures about the LHC \|url=https://home.cern/resources/faqs/facts-and-figures-about-lhc \|publisher=CERN \|access-date=17 April 2023}}</ref> each designed to detect different phenomena, are positioned around the crossing points. The LHC primarily collides proton beams, but it can also accelerate beams of heavy [[ions]], such as in ~~[[lead]]–lead~~ collisions and [[proton]]–lead collisions.<ref>{{Cite web \|date=2023-10-07 \|title=Time for lead collisions in the LHC \|url=https://home.cern/news/news/accelerators/time-lead-collisions-lhc \|access-date=2023-10-10 \|website=CERN \|language=en}}</ref>		The collider has four crossing points where the accelerated particles collide. [[#Detectors\|Nine detectors]],<ref name="FactsFiguresAnoutLHC">{{cite web \|title=Facts and figures about the LHC \|url=https://home.cern/resources/faqs/facts-and-figures-about-lhc \|publisher=CERN \|access-date=17 April 2023}}</ref> each designed to detect different phenomena, are positioned around the crossing points. The LHC primarily collides proton beams, but it can also accelerate beams of heavy ions, such as in lead–lead collisions and [[proton]]–lead collisions.<ref>{{Cite web \|date=2023-10-07 \|title=Time for lead collisions in the LHC \|url=https://home.cern/news/news/accelerators/time-lead-collisions-lhc \|access-date=2023-10-10 \|website=CERN \|language=en}}</ref>

	The LHC's goal is to allow physicists to test the predictions of different theories of [[particle physics]], including measuring the properties of the Higgs boson,<ref>{{cite web \|year=2008 \|title=Missing Higgs \|url=http://public.web.cern.ch/public/en/Science/Higgs-en.html \|publisher=CERN \|access-date=10 October 2008 \|archive-date=18 February 2013 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218020035/http://public.web.cern.ch/public/en/science/higgs-en.html }}</ref> searching for the large family of new particles predicted by ~~[[supersymmetry\|~~supersymmetric theories]],<ref>{{cite web \|year=2008 \|title=Towards a superforce \|url=http://public.web.cern.ch/public/en/Science/Superforce-en.html \|publisher=CERN \|access-date=10 October 2008 \|archive-date=18 February 2013 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218015509/http://public.web.cern.ch/public/en/science/Superforce-en.html }}</ref> and studying other ~~[[List of unsolved problems in physics#High-energy physics/particle physics\|~~unresolved questions in particle physics]].		The LHC's goal is to allow physicists to test the predictions of different theories of particle physics, including measuring the properties of the Higgs boson,<ref>{{cite web \|year=2008 \|title=Missing Higgs \|url=http://public.web.cern.ch/public/en/Science/Higgs-en.html \|publisher=CERN \|access-date=10 October 2008 \|archive-date=18 February 2013 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218020035/http://public.web.cern.ch/public/en/science/higgs-en.html }}</ref> searching for the large family of new particles predicted by supersymmetric theories,<ref>{{cite web \|year=2008 \|title=Towards a superforce \|url=http://public.web.cern.ch/public/en/Science/Superforce-en.html \|publisher=CERN \|access-date=10 October 2008 \|archive-date=18 February 2013 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218015509/http://public.web.cern.ch/public/en/science/Superforce-en.html }}</ref> and studying other unresolved questions in particle physics.

			For more information see [[wikipedia:Large_Hadron_Collider\|Wikipedia]].
	For more information see [[wikipedia:Large_Hadron_Collider\|Wikipedia]]
	[[Category:CERN particle accelerators]]		[[Category:CERN particle accelerators]]
	<references />		<references />
	[[Category:LHC]]		[[Category:LHC]]

Safety of the LHC

Vigen — Fri, 22 May 2026 17:25:50 GMT

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	A hypothetical scenario for possibly dangerous metastable black holes has recently been proposed by Dr. Plaga.<ref>{{Citation \|last=Plaga \|first=R. \|title=On the potential catastrophic risk from metastable quantum-black holes produced at particle colliders \|date=2009-08-09 \|url=http://arxiv.org/abs/0808.1415 \|access-date=2026-05-22 \|publisher=arXiv \|doi=10.48550/arXiv.0808.1415 \|id=arXiv:0808.1415}}</ref> The conclusions of this work have been shown to be inconsistent in a second paper by Giddings and Mangano,<ref>{{Citation \|last=Giddings \|first=Steven B. \|title=Comments on claimed risk from metastable black holes \|date=2008-08-29 \|url=http://arxiv.org/abs/0808.4087 \|access-date=2026-05-22 \|publisher=arXiv \|doi=10.48550/arXiv.0808.4087 \|id=arXiv:0808.4087 \|last2=Mangano \|first2=Michelangelo L.}}</ref> where it is also stated that the safety of this class of metastable black hole scenarios is already established by their original work.<ref name=":0" />		A hypothetical scenario for possibly dangerous metastable black holes has recently been proposed by Dr. Plaga.<ref>{{Citation \|last=Plaga \|first=R. \|title=On the potential catastrophic risk from metastable quantum-black holes produced at particle colliders \|date=2009-08-09 \|url=http://arxiv.org/abs/0808.1415 \|access-date=2026-05-22 \|publisher=arXiv \|doi=10.48550/arXiv.0808.1415 \|id=arXiv:0808.1415}}</ref> The conclusions of this work have been shown to be inconsistent in a second paper by Giddings and Mangano,<ref>{{Citation \|last=Giddings \|first=Steven B. \|title=Comments on claimed risk from metastable black holes \|date=2008-08-29 \|url=http://arxiv.org/abs/0808.4087 \|access-date=2026-05-22 \|publisher=arXiv \|doi=10.48550/arXiv.0808.4087 \|id=arXiv:0808.4087 \|last2=Mangano \|first2=Michelangelo L.}}</ref> where it is also stated that the safety of this class of metastable black hole scenarios is already established by their original work.<ref name=":0" />

	== ~~Additional sources~~ ==		== Further reading ==

	* Summary of the LSAG report. Translations are available in the following languages : fr de el es it jp no pl ru.		* Summary of the LSAG report. Translations are available in the following languages : fr de el es it jp no pl ru.
	* Specialist report published in Europe (2003): [http://dx.doi.org/10.5170/CERN-2003-001 Study of potentially dangerous events during heavy-ion collisions at the LHC : report of the LHC safety study group].		* Specialist report published in Europe (2003): [http://dx.doi.org/10.5170/CERN-2003-001 Study of potentially dangerous events during heavy-ion collisions at the LHC : report of the LHC safety study group].
	* [https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/9910333 Specialist report published in the United States (1999): Review of speculative "disaster scenarios" at RHIC].		* [https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/9910333 Specialist report published in the United States (1999): Review of speculative "disaster scenarios" at RHIC].
			* Wikipedia: [[Wikipedia:Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments\|Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments]]

	== References ==		== References ==
	<references />		<references />
			[[Category:LHC]]

Category:CS1 français-language sources (fr)

Vigen — Fri, 22 May 2026 17:23:41 GMT

Created page with "__HIDDENCAT__"

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Category:CS1 Deutsch-language sources (de)

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Safety of the LHC

Vigen — Fri, 22 May 2026 15:34:49 GMT

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 The LSAG report has been published by the UK Institute of Physics in its publication Journal of Physics G.<ref name=":1" /> The conclusions of the LSAG report were endorsed in a press release that announced this publication.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Physics |first=Institute of |title=LHC switch-on fears are completely unfounded |url=https://www.iop.org/news/archive/page_64087.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20160403154528/https://www.iop.org/news/archive/page_64087.html |archive-date=2016-04-03 |access-date=2026-05-22 |website=www.iop.org |language=en-GB}}</ref>
 == References ==
 <references />

Safety of the LHC

Vigen — Fri, 22 May 2026 09:34:10 GMT

Created page with "The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) can achieve an energy that no other particle accelerators have reached before, but Nature routinely produces higher energies in cosmic-ray collisions. Concerns about the safety of whatever may be created in such high-energy particle collisions have been addressed for many years. In the light of new experimental data and theoretical understanding, the LHC Safety Assessment Group (LSAG) has updated a review of the analysis made in 20..."

New page

The [[Large Hadron Collider]] (LHC) can achieve an energy that no other particle accelerators have reached before, but Nature routinely produces higher energies in cosmic-ray collisions. Concerns about the safety of whatever may be created in such high-energy particle collisions have been addressed for many years. In the light of new experimental data and theoretical understanding, the LHC Safety Assessment Group ([[LSAG]]) has updated a review of the analysis made in 2003 by the LHC Safety Study Group, a group of independent scientists.

LSAG reaffirms and extends the conclusions of the 2003 report that LHC collisions present no danger and that there are no reasons for concern. Whatever the LHC will do, Nature has already done many times over during the lifetime of the Earth and other astronomical bodies. The LSAG report has been reviewed and endorsed by CERN’s Scientific Policy Committee, a group of external scientists that advises CERN’s governing body, its Council.

''The following summarises the main arguments given in the'' LSAG report''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ellis |first=John R. |last2=Giudice |first2=Gian |last3=Mangano |first3=Michelangelo L. |last4=Tkachev |first4=Igor |last5=Wiedemann |first5=Urs |date=2008 |title=Review of the Safety of LHC Collisions |url=https://cds.cern.ch/record/1111112 |journal=J. Phys. G |volume=35 |issue=11 |pages=115004 |doi=10.1088/0954-3899/35/11/115004}}</ref> Anyone interested in more details is encouraged to consult it directly, and the technical scientific papers to which it refers.''

== Cosmic rays ==
The LHC, like other particle accelerators, recreates the natural phenomena of cosmic rays<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cosmic rays: particles from outer space |url=https://home.web.cern.ch/science/physics/cosmic-rays-particles-outer-space |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250930155540/https://home.web.cern.ch/science/physics/cosmic-rays-particles-outer-space |archive-date=2025-09-30 |access-date=2026-05-22 |website=CERN |language=en}}</ref> under controlled laboratory conditions, enabling them to be studied in more detail. Cosmic rays are particles produced in outer space, some of which are accelerated to energies far exceeding those of the LHC. The energy and the rate at which they reach the Earth’s atmosphere have been measured in experiments for some 70 years. Over the past billions of years, Nature has already generated on Earth as many collisions as about a million LHC experiments – and the planet still exists. Astronomers observe an enormous number of larger astronomical bodies throughout the Universe, all of which are also struck by cosmic rays. The Universe as a whole conducts more than 10 million million LHC-like experiments per second. The possibility of any dangerous consequences contradicts what astronomers see—stars and galaxies still exist.

== Microscopic black holes ==
Nature forms black holes when certain stars, much larger than our Sun, collapse on themselves at the end of their lives. They concentrate a very large amount of matter in a very small space. Speculations about microscopic black holes at the LHC refer to particles produced in the collisions of pairs of protons, each of which has an energy comparable to that of a mosquito in flight. Astronomical black holes are much heavier than anything that could be produced at the LHC.

According to the well-established properties of gravity, described by Einstein’s relativity, it is impossible for microscopic black holes to be produced at the LHC. There are, however, some speculative theories that predict the production of such particles at the LHC. All these theories predict that these particles would disintegrate immediately. Black holes, therefore, would have no time to start accreting matter and to cause macroscopic effects.

Although theory predicts that microscopic black holes decay rapidly, even hypothetical stable black holes can be shown to be harmless by studying the consequences of their production by cosmic rays. Whilst collisions at the LHC differ from cosmic-ray collisions with astronomical bodies like the Earth in that new particles produced in LHC collisions tend to move more slowly than those produced by cosmic rays, one can still demonstrate their safety. The specific reasons for this depend whether the black holes are electrically charged, or neutral. Many stable black holes would be expected to be electrically charged, since they are created by charged particles. In this case they would interact with ordinary matter and be stopped while traversing the Earth or Sun, whether produced by cosmic rays or the LHC. The fact that the Earth and Sun are still here rules out the possibility that cosmic rays or the LHC could produce dangerous charged microscopic black holes. If stable microscopic black holes had no electric charge, their interactions with the Earth would be very weak. Those produced by cosmic rays would pass harmlessly through the Earth into space, whereas those produced by the LHC could remain on Earth. However, there are much larger and denser astronomical bodies than the Earth in the Universe. Black holes produced in cosmic-ray collisions with bodies such as neutron stars and white dwarf stars would be brought to rest. The continued existence of such dense bodies, as well as the Earth, rules out the possibility of the LHC producing any dangerous black holes.

== Strangelets ==
Strangelet is the term given to a hypothetical microscopic lump of ‘strange matter’ containing almost equal numbers of particles called up, down and strange quarks. According to most theoretical work, strangelets should change to ordinary matter within a thousand-millionth of a second. But could strangelets coalesce with ordinary matter and change it to strange matter? This question was first raised before the start up of the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider, RHIC, in 2000 in the United States. A study at the time showed that there was no cause for concern, and RHIC has now run for eight years, searching for strangelets without detecting any. At times, the LHC will run with beams of heavy nuclei, just as RHIC does. The LHC’s beams will have more energy than RHIC, but this makes it even less likely that strangelets could form. It is difficult for strange matter to stick together in the high temperatures produced by such colliders, rather as ice does not form in hot water. In addition, quarks will be more dilute at the LHC than at RHIC, making it more difficult to assemble strange matter. Strangelet production at the LHC is therefore less likely than at RHIC, and experience there has already validated the arguments that strangelets cannot be produced.

The analysis of the first LHC data from heavy ion collisions has now confirmed the key ingredients used in the LSAG report to evaluate the upper limit on the production of hypothetical strangelets. For more details see this addendum to the LSAG report: ''Implications of LHC heavy ion data for multi-strange baryon production'' (2011).<ref>{{Citation |title=Implications of LHC heavy ion data for multi-strange baryon production |date=2011 |url=https://cds.cern.ch/record/2959318 |access-date=2026-05-22 |doi=10.17181/CERN.T914.LBN1}}</ref>

== Vacuum bubbles ==
There have been speculations that the Universe is not in its most stable configuration, and that perturbations caused by the LHC could tip it into a more stable state, called a vacuum bubble, in which we could not exist. If the LHC could do this, then so could cosmic-ray collisions. Since such vacuum bubbles have not been produced anywhere in the visible Universe, they will not be made by the LHC.

== Magnetic monopoles ==
Magnetic monopoles are hypothetical particles with a single magnetic charge, either a north pole or a south pole. Some speculative theories suggest that, if they do exist, magnetic monopoles could cause protons to decay. These theories also say that such monopoles would be too heavy to be produced at the LHC. Nevertheless, if the magnetic monopoles were light enough to appear at the LHC, cosmic rays striking the Earth’s atmosphere would already be making them, and the Earth would very effectively stop and trap them. The continued existence of the Earth and other astronomical bodies therefore rules out dangerous proton-eating magnetic monopoles light enough to be produced at the LHC.

== Other aspects of LHC safety ==
Concern has recently been expressed that a 'runaway fusion reaction' might be created in the LHC carbon beam dump. The safety of the LHC beam dump had previously been reviewed by the relevant regulatory authorities of the CERN host states, France and Switzerland. The specific concerns expressed more recently have been addressed in a technical memorandum by Assmann ''et al.''<ref>{{Citation |last=Assmann |first=R |title=Interaction of the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) beam with the beam dump block |date=2008 |url=https://cds.cern.ch/record/2959319 |access-date=2026-05-22 |doi=10.17181/CERN.1WMJ.6HQR |last2=Ferrari |first2=A |last3=Goddard |first3=B |last4=Schmidt |first4=R |last5=Tahir |first5=N A}}</ref> As they point out, fusion reactions can be maintained only in material compressed by some external pressure, such as that provided by gravity inside a star, a fission explosion in a thermonuclear device, a magnetic field in a Tokamak, or by continuing isotropic laser or particle beams in the case of inertial fusion. In the case of the LHC beam dump, it is struck once by the beam coming from a single direction. There is no countervailing pressure, so the dump material is not compressed, and no fusion is possible.

{{blockquote
|text=''To think that LHC particle collisions at high energies can lead to dangerous black holes is rubbish. Such rumors were spread by unqualified people seeking sensation or publicity.''
|author=[[wikipedia:Vitaly Ginzburg|Vitaly Ginzburg]]
|source=Nobel Laureate in Physics, Lebedev Physical Institute, Moscow, and the Russian Academy of Sciences
}}Concern has been expressed that a 'runaway fusion reaction' might be created in a nitrogen tank inside the LHC tunnel. There are no such nitrogen tanks. Moreover, the arguments in the previous paragraph prove that no fusion would be possible even if there were.

Finally, concern has also been expressed that the LHC beam might somehow trigger a "Bose-Nova" in the liquid helium used to cool the LHC magnets. A study by Fairbairn and McElrath has clearly shown there is no possibility of the LHC beam triggering a fusion reaction in helium.<ref>{{Citation |last=Fairbairn |first=Malcolm |title=There is no explosion risk associated with superfluid Helium in the LHC cooling system |date=2008-09-23 |url=http://arxiv.org/abs/0809.4004 |access-date=2026-05-22 |publisher=arXiv |doi=10.48550/arXiv.0809.4004 |id=arXiv:0809.4004 |last2=McElrath |first2=Bob}}</ref>

{{blockquote
|text=''The operation of the LHC is safe, not only in the old sense of that word, but in the more general sense that our most qualified scientists have thoroughly considered and analyzed the risks involved in the operation of the LHC. [Any concerns] are merely hypothetical and speculative, and contradicted by much evidence and scientific analysis.''
|author=[[wikipedia:Sheldon Glashow|Sheldon Glashow]] (Nobel Laureate in Physics, Boston U.), [[wikipedia:Frank Wilczek|Frank Wilczek]] (Nobel Laureate in Physics, MIT), and [[wikipedia:Richard Wilson|Richard Wilson]] (Mallinckrodt Professor of Physics, Harvard U.)
}}

==== Comments on the papers by Giddings and Mangano, and by LSAG ====
The papers by Giddings and Mangano<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Giddings |first=Steven B. |last2=Mangano |first2=Michelangelo M. |date=2008-08-18 |title=Astrophysical implications of hypothetical stable TeV-scale black holes |url=http://arxiv.org/abs/0806.3381 |journal=Physical Review D |volume=78 |issue=3 |pages=035009 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.78.035009 |issn=1550-7998}}</ref> and LSAG<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Ellis |first=John R. |last2=Giudice |first2=Gian |last3=Mangano |first3=Michelangelo L. |last4=Tkachev |first4=Igor |last5=Wiedemann |first5=Urs |date=2008 |title=Review of the Safety of LHC Collisions |url=https://cds.cern.ch/record/1111112 |journal=J. Phys. G |volume=35 |issue=11 |pages=115004 |doi=10.1088/0954-3899/35/11/115004}}</ref> demonstrating the safety of the LHC have been studied, reviewed and endorsed by leading experts from the CERN Member States, Japan, Russia and the United States, working in astrophysics, cosmology, general relativity, mathematics, particle physics and risk analysis, including several Nobel Laureates in Physics. They all agree that the LHC is safe.

The paper by Giddings and Mangano<ref name=":0" /> has been peer-reviewed by anonymous experts in astrophysics and particle physics and published in the professional scientific journal ''[[wikipedia:Physical Review#Journals|Physical Review D]]''. The American Physical Society chose to highlight this as one of the most significant papers it has published recently, commissioning a commentary<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Peskin |first=Michael |date=2008-08-18 |title=The end of the world at the Large Hadron Collider? |url=https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/Physics.1.14 |journal=Physics |language=en |volume=1 |doi=10.1103/Physics.1.14 |issn=1943-2879}}</ref> by Prof. Peskin from the Stanford Linear Accelerator Laboratory in which he endorses its conclusions. The Executive Committee of the Division of Particles and Fields of the American Physical Society has issued a statement endorsing the LSAG report.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement by the Executive Committee of the DPF on the Safety of Collisions at the Large Hadron Collider |url=http://www.aps.org/units/dpf/governance/reports/upload/lhc_saftey_statement.pdf |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20081001161427/http://www.aps.org/units/dpf/governance/reports/upload/lhc_saftey_statement.pdf |archive-date=2008-10-01 |access-date=2026-05-22 |website=www.aps.org}}</ref>

The LSAG report has been published by the UK Institute of Physics in its publication Journal of Physics G.<ref name=":1" /> The conclusions of the LSAG report were endorsed in a press release that announced this publication.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Physics |first=Institute of |title=LHC switch-on fears are completely unfounded |url=https://www.iop.org/news/archive/page_64087.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20160403154528/https://www.iop.org/news/archive/page_64087.html |archive-date=2016-04-03 |access-date=2026-05-22 |website=www.iop.org |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

LSAG

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LHC Safety Assessment Group
[[Category:Abbreviations]]
[[Category:LHC]]

Cernipedia:About

Vigen — Thu, 21 May 2026 04:16:54 GMT

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	Within the context of CERN, the development of CERNipedia represents an effort to create a structured repository of knowledge related specifically to CERN’s history, people, ~~infrastructure~~, and the specific high-energy physics (HEP) jargon.		Within the context of CERN, the development of CERNipedia represents an effort to create a structured repository of knowledge related specifically to CERN’s history, people, infrastructures, and the specific high-energy physics (HEP) jargon.

Cernipedia:About

Vigen — Thu, 21 May 2026 04:16:26 GMT

Created page with "Within the context of CERN, the development of CERNipedia represents an effort to create a structured repository of knowledge related specifically to CERN’s history, people, infrastructure, and the specific high-energy physics (HEP) jargon."

New page

Within the context of CERN, the development of CERNipedia represents an effort to create a structured repository of knowledge related specifically to CERN’s history, people, infrastructure, and the specific high-energy physics (HEP) jargon.

Cernipedia:General disclaimer

Vigen — Thu, 21 May 2026 04:14:07 GMT

Cernipedia:General disclaimer

Vigen — Thu, 21 May 2026 04:10:57 GMT

Created page with "CERNipedia is based on the same principles as Wikimedia [https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policy:Terms_of_Use]. '''Anybody is free to:''' * Read and print our articles and other media free of charge * Share and reuse our articles and other media under free and open licenses '''Anybody with a CERN computing account is free to:''' * Contribute content and edit material '''Under the following conditions:''' * Responsibility — Contributors take responsibility for t..."

New page

CERNipedia is based on the same principles as Wikimedia [https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policy:Terms_of_Use].

'''Anybody is free to:'''
* Read and print our articles and other media free of charge
* Share and reuse our articles and other media under free and open licenses

'''Anybody with a CERN computing account is free to:'''
* Contribute content and edit material

'''Under the following conditions:'''
* Responsibility — Contributors take responsibility for their edits (since CERNipedia only host the content).
* Civility — Contributors support a civil environment and do not harass other users.
* Lawful behavior — Contributors do not violate copyright, post illegal content, or violate other applicable laws that follow human rights principles and CERN regulations.
* No Harm — Contributors do not harm our technology infrastructure and follow the policies for the infrastructure [https://cds.cern.ch/record/2842993/files/OC%205%20Rev1%20.pdf].
* Terms of use and policies — Contributors adhere to the below Terms of Use, to the CERN Code of Conduct [https://repository.cern/records/fe7kx-e4a22/preview/BrochureCodeofConductEN.pdf], and to the applicable community policies.

'''With the understanding that:'''
* Contributors license freely their contributions — Contributors generally must license their contributions and edits to CERNipedia under a free and open license (unless the contribution is in the public domain).
* No professional advice — The content of articles on CERNipedia is for informational purposes only and does not constitute professional advice.

---Terms of Use---
The Terms of Use for Wikipedia are the same as for Wikimedia [https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policy:Terms_of_Use], unless CERN regulations are stricter.

Cernipedia:Privacy policy

Vigen — Thu, 21 May 2026 03:46:35 GMT

Created page with "Contributors to CERNipedia are subject to CERN rules, in particular as outlined in: * Operational Circular No. 05 (Rev. 1 - January 2023): Use of CERN computing facilities [https://cds.cern.ch/record/2842993/files/OC%205%20Rev1%20.pdf] * Operational Circular No. 11 (Rev.1) – The Processing of Personal Data at CERN [https://cds.cern.ch/record/2953827/files/CERN_Circ_Op_Angl_No11_rev1.pdf] All contributors are solely responsible for the information added to the platform."

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Contributors to CERNipedia are subject to CERN rules, in particular as outlined in:
* Operational Circular No. 05 (Rev. 1 - January 2023): Use of CERN computing facilities [https://cds.cern.ch/record/2842993/files/OC%205%20Rev1%20.pdf]
* Operational Circular No. 11 (Rev.1) – The Processing of Personal Data at CERN [https://cds.cern.ch/record/2953827/files/CERN_Circ_Op_Angl_No11_rev1.pdf]

All contributors are solely responsible for the information added to the platform.

The CERN Library

Vigen — Mon, 18 May 2026 12:34:05 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:34, 18 May 2026
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	The CERN Library has been in operation since the Organization was founded in 1954. The renovation work, completed in 2022, has expanded and modernized the library’s offerings, with the aim of providing a welcoming, functional space that meets the needs of employees <ref name=":1">CERN website, https://home.cern/new-cern-library-one-year/</ref>.		The CERN Library has been in operation since the Organization was founded in 1954. The renovation work, completed in 2022, has expanded and modernized the library’s offerings, with the aim of providing a welcoming, functional space that meets the needs of employees <ref name=":1">CERN website, https://home.cern/new-cern-library-one-year/</ref>.

	The library is part of the [[SIS\|Scientific Information Service]] (SIS), a department that also includes the CERN Archives, the Open Science service, and the [[INSPIRE]] platform, a leading resource for literature in particle physics <ref>The Scientific Information Service's website, https://sis.web.cern.ch/about-us/structure</ref>.		The library is part of the [[SIS\|Scientific Information Service]] (SIS), a department that also includes the [[CERN Archives]], the Open Science service, and the [[INSPIRE]] platform, a leading resource for literature in particle physics <ref>The Scientific Information Service's website, https://sis.web.cern.ch/about-us/structure</ref>.

	== The collection ==		== The collection ==

The CERN Library

Voppizzi — Wed, 13 May 2026 13:06:50 GMT

The catalog

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:06, 13 May 2026
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	== The catalog ==		== The catalog ==
	Originally, the library catalog was in paper format and organized using index cards divided into two sections: alphabetical and subject-based. The subject classification was based—and continues to be based—on the [https://udc-hub.com/index.php Universal Decimal Classification (UDC)], an internationally recognized library classification system.		Originally, the library catalog was in paper format and organized using index cards divided into two sections: alphabetical and subject-based. The subject classification was based—and continues to be based—on the [https://udc-hub.com/index.php Universal Decimal Classification (UDC)], an internationally recognized library classification system.
			[[File:63-8-121.jpg\|thumb\|Librarian searching in the Library card catalog, © CERN]]
	With technological advancements, the catalog has been progressively digitized to simplify the management of bibliographic information. Today, it is fully online and allows users to access both physical documents and available electronic resources<ref name=":0" />.		With technological advancements, the catalog has been progressively digitized to simplify the management of bibliographic information. Today, it is fully online and allows users to access both physical documents and available electronic resources<ref name=":0" />.

File:63-8-121.jpg

Voppizzi — Wed, 13 May 2026 13:04:52 GMT

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Librarian searching in the Library card catalog
© CERN

The CERN Library

Voppizzi — Wed, 13 May 2026 13:03:12 GMT

The collection

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:03, 13 May 2026
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	The CERN Library has been in operation since the Organization was founded in 1954. The renovation work, completed in 2022, has expanded and modernized the library’s offerings, with the aim of providing a welcoming, functional space that meets the needs of employees <ref>CERN website, https://home.cern/new-cern-library-one-year/</ref>.		The CERN Library has been in operation since the Organization was founded in 1954. The renovation work, completed in 2022, has expanded and modernized the library’s offerings, with the aim of providing a welcoming, functional space that meets the needs of employees <ref name=":1">CERN website, https://home.cern/new-cern-library-one-year/</ref>.

	The library is part of the [[SIS\|Scientific Information Service]] (SIS), a department that also includes the CERN Archives, the Open Science service, and the [[INSPIRE]] platform, a leading resource for literature in particle physics <ref>The Scientific Information Service's website, https://sis.web.cern.ch/about-us/structure</ref>.		The library is part of the [[SIS\|Scientific Information Service]] (SIS), a department that also includes the CERN Archives, the Open Science service, and the [[INSPIRE]] platform, a leading resource for literature in particle physics <ref>The Scientific Information Service's website, https://sis.web.cern.ch/about-us/structure</ref>.
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	To meet the needs of a broader audience, popular science materials have also been added over time, including works of fiction, art books related to science, and a section dedicated to children, designed to introduce them to the world of science.		To meet the needs of a broader audience, popular science materials have also been added over time, including works of fiction, art books related to science, and a section dedicated to children, designed to introduce them to the world of science.

	The catalog includes a wide range of resources: books, conference proceedings, scientific articles, preprints, standards, and journals. Today, much of this material is also available in digital format, in the form of e-books, electronic journals, videos, and audiobooks.		The [https://catalogue.library.cern/ catalog] includes a wide range of resources: books, conference proceedings, scientific articles, preprints, standards, and journals. Today, much of this material is also available in digital format, in the form of e-books, electronic journals, videos, and audiobooks.

	Over the years, the collection has grown significantly: from the initial 533 volumes in 1954 <ref name=":0">The Cern Courier, Volume 8, Issue 9, pp. 215-219, 1968, https://repository.cern/records/myxtz-1aa53</ref>, it has grown to over 16,500 books currently available on-site, in addition to more than 40,500 volumes stored in the archives. The digital collection also includes approximately 121,000 e-books, 6,800 videos, and 2,900 audiobooks.		Over the years, the collection has grown significantly: from the initial 533 volumes in 1954 <ref name=":0">The Cern Courier, Volume 8, Issue 9, pp. 215-219, 1968, https://repository.cern/records/myxtz-1aa53</ref>, it has grown to over 16,500 books currently available on-site, in addition to more than 40,500 volumes stored in the archives. The digital collection also includes approximately 121,000 e-books, 6,800 videos, and 2,900 audiobooks <ref name=":1" />.

	== The catalog ==		== The catalog ==
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	With technological advancements, the catalog has been progressively digitized to simplify the management of bibliographic information. Today, it is fully online and allows users to access both physical documents and available electronic resources<ref name=":0" />.		With technological advancements, the catalog has been progressively digitized to simplify the management of bibliographic information. Today, it is fully online and allows users to access both physical documents and available electronic resources<ref name=":0" />.

	== The mission of the CERN Library <ref>The CERN Library website, https://library.cern/about-us/mission</ref> ==		== The mission of the CERN Library <ref>The CERN Library website, the mission of the Library, https://library.cern/about-us/mission</ref> ==
	The library plays a key role in preserving and promoting CERN’s scientific production. It is responsible for cataloging and distributing articles, books, and reports produced by the Organization’s staff.		The library plays a key role in preserving and promoting CERN’s scientific production. It is responsible for cataloging and distributing articles, books, and reports produced by the Organization’s staff.

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	The CERN Central Library is located on the first floor of Building 52. As early as 1967, it covered approximately 450 square meters and had over 275 linear meters of shelving<ref name=":0" />.		The CERN Central Library is located on the first floor of Building 52. As early as 1967, it covered approximately 450 square meters and had over 275 linear meters of shelving<ref name=":0" />.

	Today, the reading rooms are open 24 hours a day, every day, offering a flexible study environment that is always available to staff. The facility also houses a bookstore<ref>The CERN Library website, https://library.cern/practical-information/library-opening-hours</ref>.		Today, the reading rooms are open 24 hours a day, every day, offering a flexible study environment that is always available to staff. The facility also houses a bookstore<ref>The CERN Library website, practical information, https://library.cern/practical-information/library-opening-hours</ref>.

	== The events ==		== The events <ref>The Scientific Information Service's website, events at the Library, https://scientific-info.cern/events</ref> ==
	The CERN Library regularly organizes events and activities for the Organization’s staff, with the aim of promoting scientific culture and fostering the exchange of ideas.		The CERN Library regularly organizes events and activities for the Organization’s staff, with the aim of promoting scientific culture and fostering the exchange of ideas.

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	===== "Meet the Artist" =====		===== "Meet the Artist" =====
	A newer format that introduces the artists involved in the Art at CERN program, fostering the intersection of science and art.		A newer format that introduces the artists involved in the Art at CERN program, fostering the intersection of science and art.

			== References ==

The CERN Library

Voppizzi — Wed, 13 May 2026 12:55:44 GMT

Created page with "The CERN Library has been in operation since the Organization was founded in 1954. The renovation work, completed in 2022, has expanded and modernized the library’s offerings, with the aim of providing a welcoming, functional space that meets the needs of employees <ref>CERN website, https://home.cern/new-cern-library-one-year/</ref>. The library is part of the Scientific Information Service (SIS), a department that also includes the CERN Archives, the Open Sc..."

New page

The CERN Library has been in operation since the Organization was founded in 1954. The renovation work, completed in 2022, has expanded and modernized the library’s offerings, with the aim of providing a welcoming, functional space that meets the needs of employees <ref>CERN website, https://home.cern/new-cern-library-one-year/</ref>.

The library is part of the [[SIS|Scientific Information Service]] (SIS), a department that also includes the CERN Archives, the Open Science service, and the [[INSPIRE]] platform, a leading resource for literature in particle physics <ref>The Scientific Information Service's website, https://sis.web.cern.ch/about-us/structure</ref>.

== The collection ==
Since its establishment, the library has been committed to providing CERN staff with the reference materials necessary for their research activities. The collection focuses primarily on key disciplines such as: particle physics (theoretical and experimental), accelerator technology and mathematics.

To meet the needs of a broader audience, popular science materials have also been added over time, including works of fiction, art books related to science, and a section dedicated to children, designed to introduce them to the world of science.

The catalog includes a wide range of resources: books, conference proceedings, scientific articles, preprints, standards, and journals. Today, much of this material is also available in digital format, in the form of e-books, electronic journals, videos, and audiobooks.

Over the years, the collection has grown significantly: from the initial 533 volumes in 1954 <ref name=":0">The Cern Courier, Volume 8, Issue 9, pp. 215-219, 1968, https://repository.cern/records/myxtz-1aa53</ref>, it has grown to over 16,500 books currently available on-site, in addition to more than 40,500 volumes stored in the archives. The digital collection also includes approximately 121,000 e-books, 6,800 videos, and 2,900 audiobooks.

== The catalog ==
Originally, the library catalog was in paper format and organized using index cards divided into two sections: alphabetical and subject-based. The subject classification was based—and continues to be based—on the [https://udc-hub.com/index.php Universal Decimal Classification (UDC)], an internationally recognized library classification system.

With technological advancements, the catalog has been progressively digitized to simplify the management of bibliographic information. Today, it is fully online and allows users to access both physical documents and available electronic resources<ref name=":0" />.

== The mission of the CERN Library <ref>The CERN Library website, https://library.cern/about-us/mission</ref> ==
The library plays a key role in preserving and promoting CERN’s scientific production. It is responsible for cataloging and distributing articles, books, and reports produced by the Organization’s staff.

Its primary mission is to ensure rapid and comprehensive access to up-to-date scientific information, including:

* books and manuals
* conference proceedings
* scientific journals
* technical reports and standards

In collaboration with the Open Science section, the library is also involved in promoting open access and developing new models of scientific communication. These models aim to make publication costs more sustainable through agreements between authors and publishers.

== The location ==
The CERN Central Library is located on the first floor of Building 52. As early as 1967, it covered approximately 450 square meters and had over 275 linear meters of shelving<ref name=":0" />.

Today, the reading rooms are open 24 hours a day, every day, offering a flexible study environment that is always available to staff. The facility also houses a bookstore<ref>The CERN Library website, https://library.cern/practical-information/library-opening-hours</ref>.

== The events ==
The CERN Library regularly organizes events and activities for the Organization’s staff, with the aim of promoting scientific culture and fostering the exchange of ideas.

===== ''"Meet the Author"'' =====
Meetings with researchers and authors who present their publications to the CERN community. Guests have included Avi Loeb, Gian Francesco Giudice, and Claudia de Rham.

===== ''"Library Science Talk"'' =====
A series of lectures for information professionals and archivists, featuring presentations by international experts. The initiative is organized with the support of the Association of International Librarians and Information Specialists (AILIS), CERN’s Scientific Information Service, and the Zurich Central Library.

===== "The Voice of Science" =====
This series focuses on science communication and how to make it accessible and engaging for the general public. Speakers include Claire Malone, Zach Weinersmith, and Katie Mack.

===== "Meet the Artist" =====
A newer format that introduces the artists involved in the Art at CERN program, fostering the intersection of science and art.

CERN Archives

Vigen — Mon, 11 May 2026 12:05:26 GMT

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	[[File:83-2-018.jpg\|thumb\|The Archives of CERN]]		[[File:83-2-018.jpg\|thumb\|The Archives of CERN]]
	The CERN Archives serve as the institutional repository for documentary material relating to the Organization from its foundation to the present day. ~~They~~ preserve a wide range of records, including correspondence, memoranda, reports, photographs, notes, historical objects, and other documents created or received during the mandates of successive Directors-General and senior management, as well as records produced by the CERN Council and its subordinate committees, Departments, and Experiments. <ref name=":0">''About the CERN Archives'': CERN Scientific Information Service webite, https://sis.web.cern.ch/archives/CERN_archive/about		The '''CERN Archives''' serve as the institutional repository for documentary material relating to the Organization from its foundation to the present day. The archives preserve a wide range of records, including correspondence, memoranda, reports, photographs, notes, historical objects, and other documents created or received during the mandates of successive Directors-General and senior management, as well as records produced by the CERN Council and its subordinate committees, Departments, and Experiments. <ref name=":0">''About the CERN Archives'': CERN Scientific Information Service webite, https://sis.web.cern.ch/archives/CERN_archive/about
	</ref>		</ref>

Line 7:		Line 7:
	The CERN Archives operate in accordance with the [https://www.ica.org/?lid=5555 code of ethics] of the International Council on Archives (ICA).		The CERN Archives operate in accordance with the [https://www.ica.org/?lid=5555 code of ethics] of the International Council on Archives (ICA).

	Since 1997, the ~~Archives~~ of ~~CERN adopted~~ the Operational Circular N° 3.<ref>Operational Circular N° 3, https://sis.web.cern.ch/archives/divisional_records_officers/guidelines_DRO/operational_circular3</ref>		Since 1997, the operation of the Archives is regulated by Operational Circular N° 3.<ref>Operational Circular N° 3, https://sis.web.cern.ch/archives/divisional_records_officers/guidelines_DRO/operational_circular3</ref>

	== History ==		== History ==

The CERN Archives

Vigen — Mon, 11 May 2026 11:27:53 GMT

Vigen moved page The CERN Archives to CERN Archives without leaving a redirect

New page

[[File:83-2-018.jpg|thumb|The Archives of CERN]]
The CERN Archives serve as the institutional repository for documentary material relating to the Organization from its foundation to the present day. They preserve a wide range of records, including correspondence, memoranda, reports, photographs, notes, historical objects, and other documents created or received during the mandates of successive Directors-General and senior management, as well as records produced by the CERN Council and its subordinate committees, Departments, and Experiments. <ref name=":0">''About the CERN Archives'': CERN Scientific Information Service webite, https://sis.web.cern.ch/archives/CERN_archive/about
</ref>

The Archives also hold the papers of [[Wolfgang Pauli]], comprising correspondence, manuscripts, photographies and other materials documenting his scientific work, together with his [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] awarded in 1945.<ref name=":0" /> [https://sis.web.cern.ch/archives/Pauli_archive/guide Pauli’s archival collection] was donated by his wife in 1960 to CERN after his death in 1958. <ref>''CERN commemorates Wolfgang Pauli'', https://timeline.web.cern.ch/cern-commemorates-wolfgang-pauli</ref><ref>''Wolfgang Pauli Archive,'' https://sis.web.cern.ch/archives/Pauli_archive</ref>

The CERN Archives operate in accordance with the [https://www.ica.org/?lid=5555 code of ethics] of the International Council on Archives (ICA).

Since 1997, the Archives of CERN adopted the Operational Circular N° 3.<ref>Operational Circular N° 3, https://sis.web.cern.ch/archives/divisional_records_officers/guidelines_DRO/operational_circular3</ref>

== History ==
Initially launched as a project in 1979 to support the writing of [[History books|CERN’s history]] on the occasion of its 25th Anniversary, the CERN Archives have since evolved into a permanent service with the mission of “supporting and preserving CERN’s documentary heritage for future generations.” <ref>''Discover the hidden treasures of CERN’s archive'', Anita Hollier, 2017, https://home.cern/news/news/cern/discover-hidden-treasures-cerns-archive</ref>

In 1979, the then Director-General, [[John Adams]], requested Division Leaders to make relevant documentation available to the Historical Archives and to appoint [[DRO|Divisional Records Officers]] (DROs) within each department to ensure the systematic identification and transfer of historically significant records.

The CERN Archives were formally established in 1981, and the volume of archival holdings has continued to grow steadily since that time. <ref>''CERN Annual report 1982'', p. 148, 1982, https://cds.cern.ch/record/1475748/files/Annual%20Report%201982.pdf</ref>

In 1997, a CERN Working Group on digital records was established, culminating in the publication, in 2001, of a report on Long-Term Electronic Archiving (LTEA).<ref>Long-Term Electronic Archiving (LTEA), https://repository.cern/records/1whrv-e2683</ref>

For further information, please visit the [https://sis.web.cern.ch/archives CERN Archives website].

== References ==
<references />

The CERN Archives

Voppizzi — Wed, 06 May 2026 13:24:49 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:24, 6 May 2026
(One intermediate revision by the same user not shown)
Line 1:		Line 1:
			[[File:83-2-018.jpg\|thumb\|The Archives of CERN]]
	The CERN Archives serve as the institutional repository for documentary material relating to the Organization from its foundation to the present day. They preserve a wide range of records, including correspondence, memoranda, reports, photographs, notes, historical objects, and other documents created or received during the mandates of successive Directors-General and senior management, as well as records produced by the CERN Council and its subordinate committees, Departments, and Experiments. <ref name=":0">''About the CERN Archives'': CERN Scientific Information Service webite, https://sis.web.cern.ch/archives/CERN_archive/about		The CERN Archives serve as the institutional repository for documentary material relating to the Organization from its foundation to the present day. They preserve a wide range of records, including correspondence, memoranda, reports, photographs, notes, historical objects, and other documents created or received during the mandates of successive Directors-General and senior management, as well as records produced by the CERN Council and its subordinate committees, Departments, and Experiments. <ref name=":0">''About the CERN Archives'': CERN Scientific Information Service webite, https://sis.web.cern.ch/archives/CERN_archive/about
	</ref>		</ref>

	The Archives also hold the papers of [[Wolfgang Pauli]], comprising correspondence, manuscripts, photographies and other materials documenting his scientific work, together with his [[Nobel Prize]] awarded in 1945.<ref name=":0" /> [https://sis.web.cern.ch/archives/Pauli_archive/guide Pauli’s archival collection] was donated by his wife in 1960 to CERN after his death in 1958. <ref>''CERN commemorates Wolfgang Pauli'', https://timeline.web.cern.ch/cern-commemorates-wolfgang-pauli</ref><ref>''Wolfgang Pauli Archive,'' https://sis.web.cern.ch/archives/Pauli_archive</ref>		The Archives also hold the papers of [[Wolfgang Pauli]], comprising correspondence, manuscripts, photographies and other materials documenting his scientific work, together with his [[Nobel Prize in Physics\|Nobel Prize]] awarded in 1945.<ref name=":0" /> [https://sis.web.cern.ch/archives/Pauli_archive/guide Pauli’s archival collection] was donated by his wife in 1960 to CERN after his death in 1958. <ref>''CERN commemorates Wolfgang Pauli'', https://timeline.web.cern.ch/cern-commemorates-wolfgang-pauli</ref><ref>''Wolfgang Pauli Archive,'' https://sis.web.cern.ch/archives/Pauli_archive</ref>

	The CERN Archives operate in accordance with the [https://www.ica.org/?lid=5555 code of ethics] of the International Council on Archives (ICA).		The CERN Archives operate in accordance with the [https://www.ica.org/?lid=5555 code of ethics] of the International Council on Archives (ICA).

			Since 1997, the Archives of CERN adopted the Operational Circular N° 3.<ref>Operational Circular N° 3, https://sis.web.cern.ch/archives/divisional_records_officers/guidelines_DRO/operational_circular3</ref>

	== History ==		== History ==
	Initially launched as a project in 1979 to support the writing of [[History books\|CERN’s history]] on the occasion of its 25th Anniversary, the CERN Archives have since evolved into a permanent service with the mission of “supporting and preserving CERN’s documentary heritage for future generations.” <ref>''Discover the hidden treasures of CERN’s archive'', Anita Hollier, 2017, https://home.cern/news/news/cern/discover-hidden-treasures-cerns-archive</ref>		Initially launched as a project in 1979 to support the writing of [[History books\|CERN’s history]] on the occasion of its 25th Anniversary, the CERN Archives have since evolved into a permanent service with the mission of “supporting and preserving CERN’s documentary heritage for future generations.” <ref>''Discover the hidden treasures of CERN’s archive'', Anita Hollier, 2017, https://home.cern/news/news/cern/discover-hidden-treasures-cerns-archive</ref>

	In 1979, the then Director-General, [[John Adams]], requested Division Leaders to make relevant documentation available to the Historical Archives and to appoint [[Divisional Records Officers]] (DROs) within each department to ensure the systematic identification and transfer of historically significant records.		In 1979, the then Director-General, [[John Adams]], requested Division Leaders to make relevant documentation available to the Historical Archives and to appoint [[DRO\|Divisional Records Officers]] (DROs) within each department to ensure the systematic identification and transfer of historically significant records.

	The CERN Archives were formally established in 1981, and the volume of archival holdings has continued to grow steadily since that time. <ref>''CERN Annual report 1982'', p. 148, 1982, https://cds.cern.ch/record/1475748/files/Annual%20Report%201982.pdf</ref>		The CERN Archives were formally established in 1981, and the volume of archival holdings has continued to grow steadily since that time. <ref>''CERN Annual report 1982'', p. 148, 1982, https://cds.cern.ch/record/1475748/files/Annual%20Report%201982.pdf</ref>

	In 1997, a CERN Working Group on digital records was established, culminating in the publication, in 2001, of a report on Long-Term Electronic Archiving (LTEA).		In 1997, a CERN Working Group on digital records was established, culminating in the publication, in 2001, of a report on Long-Term Electronic Archiving (LTEA).<ref>Long-Term Electronic Archiving (LTEA), https://repository.cern/records/1whrv-e2683</ref>

	For further information, please visit the [https://sis.web.cern.ch/archives CERN Archives website].		For further information, please visit the [https://sis.web.cern.ch/archives CERN Archives website].

Module:Date time

Vigen — Wed, 06 May 2026 13:13:59 GMT

Vigen imported Module:Date time from wikipedia:Module:Date time (1 revision)

New page

--[[
Module:Date time – Date formatting and validation module.

This module provides functions for validating and formatting dates in templates such as
{{Start date}}, {{End date}}, {{Start date and age}}, and {{End date and age}}.
It handles:
- Validation of date components (year, month, day)
- Validation of time components (hour, minute, second)
- Timezone formatting and validation
- Generation of appropriate hCalendar microformat markup
- "time-ago" calculations

Design notes:
- Functions are organized into helper, validation, and formatting sections
- Error handling uses a consistent pattern with centralized error messages
- Timezone validation supports standard ISO 8601 formats
- Leap year calculation is cached for performance
]]

require("strict")

local p = {}

---------------
-- Constants --
---------------

local HTML_SPACE = " "
local HTML_NBSP = " "

-- Error message constants
local ERROR_MESSAGES = {
integers = "All values must be integers",
has_leading_zeros = "Values cannot have unnecessary leading zeros",
missing_year = "Year value is required",
invalid_month = "Value is not a valid month",
missing_month = "Month value is required when a day is provided",
invalid_day = "Value is not a valid day (Month %d has %d days)",
invalid_hour = "Value is not a valid hour",
invalid_minute = "Value is not a valid minute",
invalid_second = "Value is not a valid second",
timezone_incomplete_date = "A timezone cannot be set without a day and hour",
invalid_timezone = "Value is not a valid timezone",
yes_value_parameter = '%s must be either "yes" or "y"',
duplicate_parameters = 'Duplicate parameters used: %s and %s',
template = "Template not supported",
time_without_hour = "Minutes and seconds require an hour value"
}

-- Template class mapping
-- "itvstart" and "itvend" are unique classes used by the TV infoboxes,
-- which only allow the usage of {{Start date}} and {{End date}}.
local TEMPLATE_CLASSES = {
["start date"] = "bday dtstart published updated itvstart",
["start date and age"] = "bday dtstart published updated",
["end date"] = "dtend itvend",
["end date and age"] = "dtend"
}

-- Templates that require "time ago" calculations
local TIME_AGO = {
["start date and age"] = true,
["end date and age"] = true
}

-- English month names
local MONTHS = {
"January", "February", "March", "April", "May", "June",
"July", "August", "September", "October", "November", "December"
}

-- Error category
local ERROR_CATEGORY = "[[Category:Pages using Module:Date time with invalid values]]"

-- Namespaces where error categories should be applied
local CATEGORY_NAMESPACES = {
[0] = true, -- Article
[1] = true, -- Article talk
[4] = true, -- Wikipedia
[10] = true, -- Template
[100] = true, -- Portal
[118] = true -- Draft
}

-- Cached leap year calculations for performance
local leap_year_cache = {}

-- Local variables for error handling
local help_link

----------------------
-- Helper Functions --
----------------------

--- Pads a number with leading zeros to ensure a minimum of two digits.
-- @param value (number|string) The value to pad with leading zeros
-- @return string The value padded to at least two digits, or nil if input is nil
local function pad_left_zeros(value)
if value == nil then
return nil
end

local str = tostring(value)
return string.rep("0", math.max(0, 2 - #str)) .. str
end

--- Replaces [[U+2212]] (Unicode minus) with [[U+002D]] (ASCII hyphen) or vice versa.
-- @param value (string) The string value to process
-- @param to_unicode (boolean) If true, converts ASCII hyphen to Unicode minus;
-- If false, converts Unicode minus to ASCII hyphen
-- @return string The processed string with appropriate minus characters, or nil if input is nil
local function replace_minus_character(value, to_unicode)
if not value then
return nil
end

if to_unicode then
return value:gsub("-", "−")
end

return value:gsub("−", "-")
end

--- Normalizes timezone format by ensuring proper padding of hours.
-- @param timezone (string) The timezone string to normalize
-- @return string The normalized timezone string with properly padded hours, or nil if input is nil
local function fix_timezone(timezone)
if not timezone then
return nil
end

-- Replace U+2212 (Unicode minus) with U+002D (ASCII hyphen)
timezone = replace_minus_character(timezone, false)

-- Match the timezone pattern for ±H:MM format
local sign, hour, minutes = timezone:match("^([+-])(%d+):(%d+)$")

if sign and hour and minutes then
-- Pad the hour with a leading zero if necessary
hour = pad_left_zeros(hour)
return sign .. hour .. ":" .. minutes
end

-- If no match, return the original timezone (this handles invalid or already padded timezones)
return timezone
end

--- Checks if a timezone string is valid according to standard timezone formats.
-- Valid timezones range from UTC-12:00 to UTC+14:00.
-- @param timezone (string) The timezone string to validate
-- @return boolean true if the timezone is valid, false otherwise
local function is_timezone_valid(timezone)
-- Consolidated timezone pattern for better performance
local valid_patterns = {
-- Z (UTC)
"^Z$",
-- Full timezone with minutes ±HH:MM
"^[+]0[1-9]:[0-5][0-9]$",
"^[+-]0[1-9]:[0-5][0-9]$",
"^[+-]1[0-2]:[0-5][0-9]$",
"^[+]1[34]:[0-5][0-9]$",
-- Whole hour timezones ±HH
"^[+-]0[1-9]$",
"^[+-]1[0-2]$",
"^[+]1[34]$",
-- Special cases
"^[+]00:00$",
"^[+]00$"
}

-- Additional checks for invalid -00 and -00:00 cases
if timezone == "-00" or timezone == "-00:00" then
return false
end

for _, pattern in ipairs(valid_patterns) do
if string.match(timezone, pattern) then
return true
end
end

return false
end

--- Checks if a given year is a leap year.
-- Uses a cache for better performance.
-- @param year (number) The year to check for leap year status
-- @return boolean true if the year is a leap year, false otherwise
local function is_leap_year(year)
if leap_year_cache[year] == nil then
leap_year_cache[year] = (year % 4 == 0 and year % 100 ~= 0) or (year % 400 == 0)
end
return leap_year_cache[year]
end

--- Returns the number of days in a given month of a specified year.
-- Handles leap years for February.
-- @param year (number) The year to check for leap year conditions
-- @param month (number) The month (1-12) for which to return the number of days
-- @return number The number of days in the specified month, accounting for leap years
local function get_days_in_month(year, month)
local days_in_month = { 31, 28, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31 }

if month == 2 and is_leap_year(year) then
return 29
end

return days_in_month[month] or 0
end

--- Checks if a given value has invalid leading zeros.
-- @param value (string) The value to check for leading zeros
-- @param field_type (string) Field type ("day", "month", "hour", "minute", "second")
-- @return boolean true if the value has invalid leading zeros, false otherwise
local function has_leading_zeros(value, field_type)
value = tostring(value)

-- Common checks for day and month
if field_type == "day" or field_type == "month" then
-- Reject "00" and values with leading zero followed by more than one digit
return value == "00" or
string.match(value, "^0[0-9][0-9]$") ~= nil or
string.match(value, "^0[1-9][0-9]") ~= nil
end

-- Checks for hour, minute, second
if field_type == "hour" or field_type == "minute" or field_type == "second" then
-- Allow "00" and "01" to "09"
if value == "00" or string.match(value, "^0[1-9]$") then
return false
end

-- Reject values starting with "0" followed by more than one digit
return string.match(value, "^0[0-9][0-9]+$") ~= nil
end

return false
end

--- Checks if a given value is an integer.
-- @param value (string|number) The value to check
-- @return boolean true if the value is a valid integer, false otherwise
local function is_integer(value)
if not value then
return false
end
-- Check if the value is a number first
local num_value = tonumber(value)
if not num_value then
return false
end
-- Check if it's an integer by comparing floor with the original
if math.floor(num_value) ~= num_value then
return false
end
-- For string inputs, check for decimal point to reject values like "7."
if type(value) == "string" then
-- If the string contains a decimal point, it's not an integer
if string.find(value, "%.") then
return false
end
end
return true
end

--- Returns the name of a month based on its numerical representation.
-- @param month_number (number) The month number (1-12)
-- @return string|nil The name of the month, or nil if invalid
local function get_month_name(month_number)
month_number = tonumber(month_number)
return MONTHS[month_number]
end

--- Generates an error message wrapped in HTML.
-- @param message (string) The error message to format
-- @param add_tracking_category (boolean, optional) If false, omits the tracking category
-- @return string An HTML-formatted error message with help link and error category
local function generate_error(message, add_tracking_category)
local category = ERROR_CATEGORY

if add_tracking_category == false then
category = ""
end

-- Get current page title object
local article_title = mw.title.getCurrentTitle()

-- Special case for testcases pages
local is_test_page = article_title.subpageText == "testcases"
local allow_this_test_page = article_title.fullText == "Module talk:Date time/testcases"

-- Remove category if the page is not in a tracked namespace or is any other testcases other than this module
if (not CATEGORY_NAMESPACES[article_title.namespace] and not allow_this_test_page)
or (is_test_page and not allow_this_test_page) then
category = ""
end

return 'Error: ' .. message .. ' ' .. help_link .. category
end

--------------------------
-- Formatting Functions --
--------------------------

--- Formats the time portion of a datetime string.
-- @param hour (string) The hour component
-- @param minute (string) The minute component
-- @param second (string) The second component
-- @return string The formatted time string, or empty string if hour is nil
local function format_time_string(hour, minute, second)
if not hour then
return ""
end

local time_string = string.format("%s:%s", hour, minute)

if second and second ~= "00" and minute ~= "00" then
time_string = string.format("%s:%s", time_string, second)
end

return time_string .. "," .. HTML_SPACE
end

--- Formats the date portion of a datetime string based on the specified format.
-- @param year (string) The year component
-- @param month (string) The month component
-- @param day (string) The day component
-- @param date_format_dmy (string) The date format ("yes" or "y" for day-month-year, otherwise month-day-year)
-- @return string The formatted date string, or empty string if year is nil
local function format_date_string(year, month, day, date_format_dmy)
if not year then
return ""
end

local date_string
if month then
local month_name = get_month_name(month)

if day then
day = tonumber(day)
if date_format_dmy then
date_string = day .. HTML_NBSP .. month_name
else
date_string = month_name .. HTML_NBSP .. day .. ","
end
date_string = date_string .. HTML_NBSP .. year
else
date_string = month_name .. HTML_NBSP .. year
end
else
date_string = year
end

return date_string
end

--- Formats the timezone portion of a datetime string.
-- @param timezone (string) The timezone component
-- @return string The formatted timezone string, or empty string if timezone is nil
local function format_timezone(timezone)
if not timezone then
return ""
end

return HTML_SPACE .. (timezone == "Z" and "(UTC)" or "(" .. timezone .. ")")
end

--- Generates an hCalendar microformat string for the given date-time values.
-- @param date_time_values (table) A table containing date and time components
-- @param classes (string) The CSS classes to apply to the microformat span
-- @return string The HTML for the hCalendar microformat
local function generate_h_calendar(date_time_values, classes)
local parts = {}

if date_time_values.year then
table.insert(parts, date_time_values.year)

if date_time_values.month then
table.insert(parts, "-" .. date_time_values.month)

if date_time_values.day then
table.insert(parts, "-" .. date_time_values.day)
end
end

if date_time_values.hour then
table.insert(parts, "T" .. date_time_values.hour)

if date_time_values.minute then
table.insert(parts, ":" .. date_time_values.minute)

if date_time_values.second then
table.insert(parts, ":" .. date_time_values.second)
end
end
end
end

local h_calendar_content = table.concat(parts) .. (date_time_values.timezone or "")
local class_span = string.format('', classes)

return string.format(
'%s(%s)',
HTML_NBSP,
class_span .. h_calendar_content .. ''
)
end

--- Generates a "time ago" string for age calculation templates.
-- @param date_time_values (table) Table containing date components (year, month, day)
-- @param br (boolean) Whether to include a line break before the time ago text
-- @param p (boolean) Whether to format with parentheses around the time ago text
-- @return string Formatted "time ago" text wrapped in a noprint span
local function get_time_ago(date_time_values, br, p)
-- Build timestamp based on available date components
local timestamp
local min_magnitude

if date_time_values.day then
-- Format with padding for month and day if needed
timestamp = string.format("%d-%02d-%02d",
date_time_values.year,
date_time_values.month,
date_time_values.day)
min_magnitude = "days"
elseif date_time_values.month then
-- Format with padding for month if needed
timestamp = string.format("%d-%02d",
date_time_values.year,
date_time_values.month)

-- Get the current date
local current_date = os.date("*t")

-- Compute the difference in months
local year_diff = current_date.year - date_time_values.year
local month_diff = (year_diff * 12) + (current_date.month - date_time_values.month)

-- If the difference is less than 12 months, use "months", otherwise "years"
if month_diff < 12 then
min_magnitude = "months"
else
min_magnitude = "years"
end
else
timestamp = tostring(date_time_values.year)
min_magnitude = "years"
end

-- Calculate time ago using [[Module:Time]] ago
local m_time_ago = require("Module:Time ago")._main
local time_ago = m_time_ago({timestamp, ["min_magnitude"] = min_magnitude})

-- Format the result based on br and p parameters
if br then
time_ago = p and (" (" .. time_ago .. ")") or ("; " .. time_ago)
else
time_ago = p and (HTML_SPACE .. "(" .. time_ago .. ")") or (";" .. HTML_SPACE .. time_ago)
end

-- Wrap in noprint span
return "" .. time_ago .. ""
end

--------------------------
-- Validation Functions --
--------------------------

--- Validates the date and time values provided.
-- @param args (table) Table containing date and time values and optional parameters
-- @return nil|string Nil if validation passes, or an error message if validation fails
local function _validate_date_time(args)
local template_name = args.template or "start date"
help_link = string.format("[[:Template:%s|(help)]]", template_name)

-- Store and validate date-time values
local date_time_values = {
year = args[1],
month = args[2],
day = args[3],
hour = args[4],
minute = args[5],
second = args[6]
}

-- Validate each value
for key, value in pairs(date_time_values) do
if value then
-- Check for integer and leading zeros
if not is_integer(value) then
return generate_error(ERROR_MESSAGES.integers)
end

if has_leading_zeros(tostring(value), key) then
return generate_error(ERROR_MESSAGES.has_leading_zeros)
end

-- Convert to number
date_time_values[key] = tonumber(value)
end
end

-- Validate date components
if not date_time_values.year then
return generate_error(ERROR_MESSAGES.missing_year)
end

if date_time_values.month and (date_time_values.month < 1 or date_time_values.month > 12) then
return generate_error(ERROR_MESSAGES.invalid_month)
end

if date_time_values.day then
if not date_time_values.month then
return generate_error(ERROR_MESSAGES.missing_month)
end

local max_day = get_days_in_month(date_time_values.year, date_time_values.month)
if date_time_values.day < 1 or date_time_values.day > max_day then
return generate_error(string.format(ERROR_MESSAGES.invalid_day, date_time_values.month, max_day))
end
end

-- Validate time components
if (date_time_values.minute or date_time_values.second) and not date_time_values.hour then
return generate_error(ERROR_MESSAGES.time_without_hour)
end

if date_time_values.hour and (date_time_values.hour < 0 or date_time_values.hour > 23) then
return generate_error(ERROR_MESSAGES.invalid_hour)
end

if date_time_values.minute and (date_time_values.minute < 0 or date_time_values.minute > 59) then
return generate_error(ERROR_MESSAGES.invalid_minute)
end

if date_time_values.second and (date_time_values.second < 0 or date_time_values.second > 59) then
return generate_error(ERROR_MESSAGES.invalid_second)
end

-- Timezone cannot be set without a specific date and hour
if args[7] and not (date_time_values.day and date_time_values.hour) then
return generate_error(ERROR_MESSAGES.timezone_incomplete_date)
elseif args[7] and not is_timezone_valid(args[7]) then
return generate_error(ERROR_MESSAGES.invalid_timezone)
end

-- Validate that there aren't any duplicate parameters
if args.p and args.paren then
return generate_error(string.format(ERROR_MESSAGES.duplicate_parameters, "p", "paren"))
end

-- Validate parameters that use "y" or "yes" for values
local boolean_params = {'df', 'p', 'paren', 'br'}
for _, param_name in ipairs(boolean_params) do
if args[param_name] and not (args[param_name] == "yes" or args[param_name] == "y") then
return generate_error(string.format(ERROR_MESSAGES.yes_value_parameter, param_name))
end
end

return nil
end

----------------------
-- Public Functions --
----------------------

--- Validates date-time values from template arguments.
-- @param frame (table) The MediaWiki frame containing template arguments
-- @return nil|string Result of date-time validation
function p.validate_date_time(frame)
local get_args = require("Module:Arguments").getArgs
local args = get_args(frame)

-- Sanitize inputs
args[7] = fix_timezone(args[7])

return _validate_date_time(args)
end

--- Generates a formatted date string with microformat markup.
-- @param frame (table) The MediaWiki frame containing template arguments
-- @return string A formatted date string, or an error message if validation fails
function p.generate_date(frame)
local get_args = require("Module:Arguments").getArgs
local args = get_args(frame)

-- Sanitize inputs
args[7] = fix_timezone(args[7])

local validation_error = _validate_date_time(args)
if validation_error then
return validation_error
end

local classes = TEMPLATE_CLASSES[args.template or "start date"]
if not classes then
return generate_error(ERROR_MESSAGES.template, false)
end

-- Process date-time values
local date_time_values = {
year = args[1],
month = pad_left_zeros(args[2]),
day = pad_left_zeros(args[3]),
hour = pad_left_zeros(args[4]),
minute = args[5] and pad_left_zeros(args[5]) or "00",
second = args[6] and pad_left_zeros(args[6]) or "00",
timezone = replace_minus_character(args[7], true) -- Restore U+2212 (Unicode minus)
}

-- Generate individual components
local time_string = format_time_string(
date_time_values.hour,
date_time_values.minute,
date_time_values.second
)

local date_string = format_date_string(
date_time_values.year,
date_time_values.month,
date_time_values.day,
args.df
)

local timezone_string = format_timezone(date_time_values.timezone)

local time_ago = ""
if TIME_AGO[args.template] then
time_ago = get_time_ago(
date_time_values,
args.br,
args.p or args.paren
)
end

local h_calendar = generate_h_calendar(date_time_values, classes)

-- Combine components
return time_string .. date_string .. timezone_string .. time_ago .. h_calendar
end

return p

Module:Annotated link

Vigen — Wed, 06 May 2026 13:13:59 GMT

Vigen imported Module:Annotated link from wikipedia:Module:Annotated link (1 revision)

New page

local function pipedLink(name, display) return '[[:'..name..'|'..display..']]' end

local function isEmpty(value) return value == nil or value == '' end

local function notEmpty(value) return not isEmpty(value) end

-- Unescape functionality grabbed from https://stackoverflow.com/a/14899740/1832568
local function unescape(str)
str = string.gsub(str, '&#(%d+);', string.char)
str = string.gsub(str, '&#x(%d+);', function(d) return string.char(tonumber(d, 16)) end)
return str
end

local function hashDelimitedList(list_string) return mw.text.gsplit(unescape(list_string), '%s*#%s*') end

local function alarmingMessage(message)
return '[[Module:Annotated link]] '..message..'.'..
'[[Category:Pages displaying alarming messages about Module:Annotated link]]'
end

local function optionallyVisibleCategory(class, category)
return ''..category..
'[[Category:'..category..' via Module:Annotated link]]'
end

local function handleFirstLetterCase(short_description, case)
return mw.ustring.gsub(short_description, '^([^%d])', function(first_char)
if case == 'upper' then
return mw.ustring.upper(first_char)
end
return mw.ustring.lower(first_char) end
)
end

local mLang = require('Module:Lang')
local function langify(args)
local lang = args.lang
local text = args.text
if isEmpty(lang) or lang == 'en' then
return text
end
return mLang._lang {
lang,
text,
italic = args.italic,
nocat = args.nocat,
size = args.size,
cat = args.cat,
rtl = args.rtl
}
end

local function formatResult(result, dash, description, prefix_parentheses)
if notEmpty(description) then
if prefix_parentheses then
local startIdx = description:find("%(")
if startIdx then
local beforeParens = description:sub(1, startIdx - 2)
local insideParens = description:sub(startIdx, -1)
return result..' '..insideParens..dash..' '..beforeParens
end
end
return result..dash..' '..description
end
return result
end

local function annotatedLink(args)
local name = args.name
if isEmpty(name) then
return alarmingMessage('requires a page name (including namespace)')
end

-- In order to handle an attempt to annotate a template link
-- already formatted with the likes of {{tl|<template name>}};
-- unescape name to make sense of braces in lua patern matching.
name = unescape(name)

if name:match('^{%b{}}$') then
-- The possibility to extract useful data exists here: e.g. {{tl*|Template}}.
return alarmingMessage(
'requires only a page name (including namespace) without markup. '..
'If an attempt is being made to annotate a link to a template, '..
'provide only the template name with namespace e.g. "Template:Example"')
end

-- If a literal link was provided as name;
-- extract the content and apply it to name and display as appropriate.
local wikilink = mw.ustring.match(name, '^%[%[%s*:*%s*(.-)%s*%]%]$')
if wikilink then
local link_name, link_display = unpack(mw.text.split(wikilink, '%s*|%s*'))
if link_name then
name = link_name
end
if link_display and isEmpty(args.display) then
args.display = link_display
end
end

-- Prepare to concatenate.
local result

local is_template = name:match('^Template:(.+)$')
local template_link = args.template_link
if is_template and template_link ~= 'no' then
result = '{{'..pipedLink(name, is_template)..'}}'
if template_link == 'code' then
result = '<code>'..result..'</code>'
end
else
local display = args.display
if isEmpty(display) then
display = name
end
result = langify({
lang = args.link_lang,
text = pipedLink(name, display),
italic = args.link_lang_italic,
nocat = args.link_lang_nocat,
size = args.link_lang_size,
cat = args.link_lang_cat,
rtl = args.link_lang_rtl
})

if notEmpty(args.quote) then
result = '"'..result..'"'
end

local abbr = args.abbr
if notEmpty(abbr) then
result = result..' (<abbr'
local abbr_title = args.abbr_title
if notEmpty(abbr_title) then
result = result..' title="'..abbr_title..'"'
end
result = result..'>'..abbr..'</abbr>)'
end
end

if isEmpty(result) then
return alarmingMessage('could not create a link for "'..name..'"')
end

local aka = args.aka
if notEmpty(aka) then
result = result..', also known as '..langify({
lang = args.aka_lang,
text = aka,
italic = args.aka_lang_italic,
nocat = args.aka_lang_nocat,
size = args.aka_lang_size,
cat = args.aka_lang_cat,
rtl = args.aka_lang_rtl
})
end

local wedge = args.wedge
if notEmpty(wedge) then
result = result..', '..langify({
lang = args.wedge_lang,
text = wedge,
italic = args.wedge_lang_italic,
nocat = args.wedge_lang_nocat,
size = args.wedge_lang_size,
cat = args.wedge_lang_cat,
rtl = args.wedge_lang_rtl
})
end

-- Exclude wikidata fallback for any specified list of link titles,
-- unless explicity instructed that it's okay.
local not_wikidata_for_links_starting_with = args.not_wikidata_for_links_starting_with
if isEmpty(args.wikidata) and notEmpty(not_wikidata_for_links_starting_with) then
for only_explicit in hashDelimitedList(not_wikidata_for_links_starting_with) do
if name:match('^'..only_explicit) then
args.only = 'explicit'
break
end
end
end

-- Get the short description from Module:GetShortDescription.
local short_description = require('Module:GetShortDescription').main({
none_is_valid = args.none_is_valid,
none_is_nil = args.none_is_nil,
lang_italic = args.desc_lang_italic,
lang_nocat = args.desc_lang_nocat,
lang_size = args.desc_lang_size,
lang_cat = args.desc_lang_cat,
lang_rtl = args.desc_lang_rtl,
lang_no = args.desc_lang_no,
prefer = args.prefer,
only = args.only,
name = name
})

local dash = args.dash
if isEmpty(dash) then
dash = ' –'
end

local fallback = args.fallback

if isEmpty(short_description) or short_description.redlink then
return formatResult(result, dash, fallback, args.prefix_parentheses)
end

if short_description.alarm then
return short_description.alarm
end

local maintenance = ''

if short_description.redirected then
maintenance = optionallyVisibleCategory(
'category-annotation-with-redirected-description',
'Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets')
end

local fellback

if short_description.wikidata then
-- if short_description.fellback then
-- fellback = true
-- maintenance = maintenance..optionallyVisibleCategory(
-- 'category-wikidata-fallback-annotation',
-- 'Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback')
-- end
-- short_description = short_description.wikidata
-- Filter against likely rubbish wikidata descriptions.
-- local not_wikidata_descriptions_including = args.not_wikidata_descriptions_including
-- if notEmpty(not_wikidata_descriptions_including) then
-- Case insentive matching.
-- local lower_case_short_description = short_description:lower()
-- for exclusion in hashDelimitedList(not_wikidata_descriptions_including:lower()) do
-- if lower_case_short_description:match(exclusion) then
short_description = ''
-- break
-- end
-- end
-- end
if isEmpty(short_description) then
return formatResult(result, dash, fallback, args.prefix_parentheses)
end
else
short_description = short_description.explicit
end

local lower_case_name = name:lower()

if notEmpty(short_description) and not short_description:match(' ') then
-- Filter against likely rubbish single word descriptions.
local lower_case_short_description = short_description:lower()
local not_single_word = args.not_single_word
if notEmpty(not_single_word) then
-- Case insentive matching.
for single_word in hashDelimitedList(not_single_word:lower()) do
if single_word == lower_case_short_description then
short_description = ''
break
end
end
end
if isEmpty(short_description) or lower_case_name:match(lower_case_short_description) then
return formatResult(result, dash, fallback, args.prefix_parentheses)
end
if isEmpty(args.space_cat) then
maintenance = maintenance..optionallyVisibleCategory(
'category-spaceless-annotation',
'Pages displaying short descriptions with no spaces')
end
end

if lower_case_name == short_description:lower() then
if fellback then
return formatResult(result, dash, fallback, args.prefix_parentheses)
end
maintenance = maintenance..optionallyVisibleCategory(
'category-annotation-matches-name',
'Pages displaying short descriptions matching their page name')
end

-- Short descriptions on en Wikipedia should be formatted with an uppercase first letter, but
-- the typical application of this module will require the first character to be lowercase, but
-- some descriptions may start with proper names and should start with an uppercase letter even if used in an annotaion.
-- By default; this module will not affect the first letter case of descriptions retrieved by Module:GetShortDescription, but
-- the first letter case may be transformed explicitly if required.
local desc_first_letter_case = args.desc_first_letter_case
if desc_first_letter_case == 'upper' or desc_first_letter_case == 'lower' then
short_description = handleFirstLetterCase(short_description, desc_first_letter_case)
end

return formatResult(result, dash, (short_description or fallback)..maintenance, args.prefix_parentheses)
end

local p = {}

function p.main(frame)
local args = require('Module:Arguments' ).getArgs(frame)
if isEmpty(args) then
return alarmingMessage('could not getArgs') -- This really would be alarming.
end
return annotatedLink(args)
end

return p

Module:GetShortDescription

Vigen — Wed, 06 May 2026 13:13:59 GMT

Vigen imported Module:GetShortDescription from wikipedia:Module:GetShortDescription (1 revision)

New page

local function isEmpty(value) return value == nil or value == '' end

local function notEmpty(value) return not isEmpty(value) end

local function isNone(value) return value:lower() == 'none' end

local function alarmingMessage(message, preview)
message = '[[Module:GetShortDescription]] '..message..'.'
if not preview then
message = message..'[[Category:Pages displaying alarming messages about Module:GetShortDescription]]'
end
return message
end

-- Grammatically reasonable concatenation of possible issues into one message per problematic link target.
local function previewWarning(args_name, quantity_of_things)
local message = ''
if quantity_of_things.params > 3 then
message = message..' with extraneous parameters'
end
if quantity_of_things.descriptions > 1 then
message = message..', declaring '..quantity_of_things.descriptions..' short descriptions'
end
if quantity_of_things.templates > 1 or notEmpty(message) then
message = 'has detected that [[:'..args_name..'|'..args_name..']] has '..
quantity_of_things.templates..' {{tlx|short description}}'..message
mw.addWarning(alarmingMessage(message, true))
end
end

local function getWikidataDescription(title, args, fallback)
local wikidata_id = mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForTitle(title)
if isEmpty(wikidata_id) then
return nil
end
local wikidata_description, wikidata_description_lang = mw.wikibase.getDescriptionWithLang(wikidata_id)
if isEmpty(wikidata_description) then
return nil
end
local result = {wikidata = wikidata_description}
if isEmpty(args.lang_no) and notEmpty(wikidata_description_lang) and wikidata_description_lang ~= 'en' then
-- According to the docs this is a possibility...
result.wikidata = require('Module:Lang')._lang{
wikidata_description_lang,
wikidata_description,
italic = args.lang_italic,
nocat = args.lang_nocat,
size = args.lang_size,
cat = args.lang_cat,
rtl = args.lang_rtl
}
end
result.fellback = fallback
return result
end

local function getShortDescriptionTemplates(title_table)
local page_content = title_table:getContent()

-- Assume no content means a nonexistent title because it's cheaper than testing if it exists.
if isEmpty(page_content) then
return {redlink = true}
end

local contents_of_all_short_description_templates = {}

-- Because there could be any number of short description templates, and not all where there should be; get all the templates.
for template in page_content:gmatch('{%b{}}') do
local short_description_content = mw.ustring.match(template, '^{{%s*[Ss]hort description%s*|%s*(.-)%s*}}')
if notEmpty(short_description_content) then
-- Collect the contents of short description templates.
contents_of_all_short_description_templates[#contents_of_all_short_description_templates+1] = short_description_content
end
-- An opportunity for efficiency gain exists - to break if another type of template is found e.g. citation templates,
-- but on an appallingly formatted page, a short description template down by the categories would likely be missed.
end
return contents_of_all_short_description_templates
end

local function getShortDescription(args_name, args_name_title_table, title, title_table, fallback)
local contents_of_all_short_description_templates = {}
local redirected

-- Check for short description templates on redirect pages.
if title ~= args_name then
contents_of_all_short_description_templates = getShortDescriptionTemplates(args_name_title_table)
if contents_of_all_short_description_templates.redlink then
return contents_of_all_short_description_templates
end
redirected = false
end

if #contents_of_all_short_description_templates < 1 then
contents_of_all_short_description_templates = getShortDescriptionTemplates(title_table)
if notEmpty(redirected) then
redirected = true
end
end

if contents_of_all_short_description_templates.redlink then
return contents_of_all_short_description_templates
end

if #contents_of_all_short_description_templates < 1 then
return nil
end

local quantity_of_things = {
templates = #contents_of_all_short_description_templates,
descriptions = 0,
params = 0
}

local possible_short_descriptions = {}

-- Look through the short description templates:
for template_content_index, short_description_template_contents in ipairs(contents_of_all_short_description_templates) do
-- Split the contents at pipes and trim.
local short_description_template_params = mw.text.split(short_description_template_contents, '%s*|%s*')
if #short_description_template_params > quantity_of_things.params then
quantity_of_things.params = #short_description_template_params
end
possible_short_descriptions[template_content_index] = {}
-- Look through the params:
for i, param in ipairs(short_description_template_params) do
if param == 'noreplace' or mw.ustring.match(param, '^2%s*=%s*noreplace$') then
-- Take note of 'noreplace'-ing for establishment of hierarchy later.
possible_short_descriptions[template_content_index].noreplace = true
else
local has_equals = param:match('=')
if not has_equals or param:match('^1') then
-- Grab the short description.
if has_equals then
param = mw.ustring.gsub(param, '^1%s*=%s*', '')
end
-- If the template has both a numbered and an unnumbered short description;
-- whichever comes last (ltr) will be used by that template, so overwriting works out great.
possible_short_descriptions[template_content_index].description = param
-- And we want to know the total quantity of descriptions being declared.
quantity_of_things.descriptions = quantity_of_things.descriptions + 1
end
end
end
end

local short_descriptions = {}

-- Look through the possible short descriptions for definite short descriptions,
-- and prepare for working out which of possibly multiple short descriptions is actually being applied for the page:
for i, possible_short_description in ipairs(possible_short_descriptions) do
if possible_short_description.description then
-- If a description is 'noreplace'-ing or 'none'; demote it.
if (possible_short_description.noreplace or isNone(possible_short_description.description)) and
#possible_short_descriptions > 1 then
-- But don't demote it if it's already at the bottom.
if i > 1 then
table.insert(short_descriptions, #short_descriptions, possible_short_description)
else
short_descriptions[#short_descriptions+1] = possible_short_description
end
else
short_descriptions[#short_descriptions+1] = possible_short_description
end
end
end

-- Let previewWarning() work out if these numbers are bad.
previewWarning(args_name, quantity_of_things)

if #short_descriptions >= 1 then
-- Pop!
local short_description = short_descriptions[#short_descriptions].description
if notEmpty(short_description) then
return {explicit = short_description, fellback = fallback, redirected = redirected}
end
end
return nil
end

local function isSisterProjectLink(title)
local sister_project_prefixes = {
'wiktionary', 'wikt',
'wikinews', 'n',
'wikibooks', 'b',
'wikiquote', 'q',
'wikisource', 's',
'wikispecies', 'species',
'wikiversity', 'v',
'wikivoyage', 'voy',
'commons', 'c',
'wikidata', 'd',
'mediawikiwiki', 'mw',
'wikimedia', 'foundation', 'wmf',
'meta', 'm',
'incubator',
'phabricator', 'phab'
}
local pre_colon = title:match('^(%a+):')
if pre_colon then
for i, sister in ipairs(sister_project_prefixes) do
if pre_colon == sister then
return true
end
end
end
return false
end

-- Literally testing if title_table.isRedirect can be expensive;
-- processing this way resolves (multiple) redirects without the possibly expensive check.
local function getTitleAndTable(orig_name)
local title_table = mw.title.new(orig_name)
title_table = title_table.redirectTarget or title_table
local title = title_table.prefixedText
if title == orig_name then
return title, title_table
end
return getTitleAndTable(title)
end

local function getDescription(args)
local args_name = args.name
if isEmpty(args_name) then
return {alarm = 'requires a page name (including namespace)'}
end

-- Keep the orginal name, cleaned up, and its title_table for later.
local args_name_title_table = mw.title.new(args_name)
args_name = args_name_title_table.prefixedText

if isSisterProjectLink(args_name) then
return nil
end

local title, title_table = getTitleAndTable(args_name)

if title ~= args_name then
if isSisterProjectLink(title) then
return nil
end
end

local only = args.only
local prefer = args.prefer or 'explicit'

-- Pass args_name to getShortDescription() so previewWarning()s won't be confusing for redirects.

if notEmpty(only) then
if only == 'explicit' then
return getShortDescription(args_name, args_name_title_table, title, title_table)
end
if only == 'wikidata' then
return getWikidataDescription(title, args)
end
return {alarm = 'accepts either "explicit" or "wikidata" as the value of |only='}
end

if notEmpty(prefer) then
if prefer == 'explicit' then
local short_description = getShortDescription(args_name, args_name_title_table, title, title_table)
if notEmpty(short_description) then
-- Assume a Wikidata search would be a bad idea for an assumed nonexistent title.
if short_description.redlink or (not isNone(short_description.explicit) or args.none_is_valid) then
return short_description
end
end
return getWikidataDescription(title, args, true)
end
if prefer == 'wikidata' then
return getWikidataDescription(title, args) or getShortDescription(args_name, args_name_title_table, title, title_table, true)
end
return {alarm = 'accepts either "explicit" or "wikidata" as the value of |prefer='}
end
end

local function main(args)
local result = getDescription(args)
if notEmpty(result) then
if result.alarm then
result.alarm = alarmingMessage(result.alarm)
end
if args.stringify then
if result.alarm then
result = result.alarm
else
result = result.explicit or result.wikidata
if args.none_is_nil and isNone(result) then
result = nil
end
end
elseif not result.alarm and args.none_is_nil then
local description = result.explicit or result.wikidata
if description and args.none_is_nil and isNone(description) then
result = nil
end
end
end
return result
end

local p = {}

function p.main(frame)
local args = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs(frame)
if isEmpty(args) then
return alarmingMessage('could not getArgs') -- This really would be alarming.
end
return main(args)
end

return p

Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics

Vigen — Wed, 06 May 2026 13:13:59 GMT

Vigen imported Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics from wikipedia:Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics (1 revision)

Show changes

Wolf Prize in Physics

Vigen — Wed, 06 May 2026 13:13:55 GMT

Vigen imported Wolf Prize in Physics from wikipedia:Wolf Prize in Physics (1 revision)

New page

{{Short description|One of six awards of the Wolf Foundation}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}

The '''Wolf Prize in Physics''' is awarded once a year by the [[Wolf Foundation]] in [[Israel]]. It is one of the six [[Wolf Prize]]s established by the Foundation and awarded since 1978; the others are in [[Wolf Prize in Agriculture|Agriculture]], [[Wolf Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]], [[Wolf Prize in Mathematics|Mathematics]], [[Wolf Prize in Medicine|Medicine]] and [[Wolf Prize in Arts|Arts]].

The Wolf Prizes in Physics and Chemistry are often considered the second-most prestigious awards in those fields, after the Nobel Prize.<ref>[http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/18884 "Wolf prize goes to particle theorists"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217193544/http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/18884 |date=2012-02-17 }} ''Physicsworld.com'' January 20, 2004</ref><ref name="gongs_away">{{cite journal
|last=Harris
|first=Margaret
|date=November 2010
|title=Gongs away
|journal=[[Physics World]]
|location=Bristol
|volume=23
|issue=11
|pages=46–47
|doi=10.1088/2058-7058/23/11/46
|bibcode=2010PhyW...23k..46H
}}</ref><ref>Basolo, F: ''From Coello to Inorganic Chemistry: A Lifetime of Reactions'', page 65, Springer, 2002</ref> The prize in physics has gained a reputation for identifying future winners of the Nobel Prize – from the 26 prizes awarded between 1978 and 2010, fourteen winners have gone on to win the Nobel Prize, five of those in the following year.<ref name=gongs_away/>

== Laureates ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan=2 | Year
! colspan=2 | Laureate
! rowspan=2 | Country{{Efn|The country in which the laureate's academic affiliation is based, according to the [https://wolffund.org.il/the-wolf-prize/ Wolfe Foundation website].}}
! rowspan=2 | Citation
! rowspan=2 | {{Reference column heading}}
|-
! Image
! Name
|-
| 1978
| [[File:Chien-shiung Wu (1912-1997) (cropped).jpg|80px]]
| [[Chien-Shiung Wu]]
| {{Flag|United States}}
| "For her persistent and successful exploration of the [[weak interaction]] which helped establish the precise form and the non conservation of [[Parity (physics)|parity]] for this new natural force."
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Chien-Shiung Wu|url=https://wolffund.org.il/chien-shiung-wu/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="lightgrey"
| colspan=6 |
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1979
| [[File:George E Uhlenbeck.jpg|80px]]
| [[George E. Uhlenbeck]]
| {{Flag|United States}}
| "For his discovery, jointly with the late Samuel A .Goudsmit, of the electron [[Spin (physics)|spin]]."
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=George E. Uhlenbeck|url=https://wolffund.org.il/george-e-uhlenbeck/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Occhialini.jpg|80px]]
| [[Giuseppe Occhialini]]
| {{Flag|Italy}}
| "For his contributions to the discovery of [[electron pair]] production and of the charged [[pion]]."
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Giuseppe Occhialini|url=https://wolffund.org.il/giuseppe-occhialini/|url-status=live|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250815053442/https://wolffund.org.il/giuseppe-occhialini/|archive-date=2025-08-15|access-date=2025-11-28}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="lightgrey"
| colspan=6 |
|-
| rowspan=3 | 1980
| colspan=2 align=center | [[Kenneth G. Wilson]]
| rowspan=3 | {{Flag|United States}}
| rowspan=3 | "For path breaking developments culminating in the general theory of the critical behavior at [[Phase transition|transitions]] between the different thermodynamic phases of matter."
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Kenneth G. Wilson|url=https://wolffund.org.il/kenneth-g-wilson/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Professor Leo Kadanoff.jpg|80px]]
| [[Leo P. Kadanoff]]
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Leo P. Kadanoff|url=https://wolffund.org.il/leo-p-kadanoff/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref>
|-
| colspan=2 align=center | [[Michael E. Fisher]]
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Michael E. Fisher|url=https://wolffund.org.il/michael-e-fisher/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="lightgrey"
| colspan=6 |
|-
| rowspan=3 | 1981
| [[File:Freeman Dyson at Harvard cropped.jpg|80px]]
| [[Freeman J. Dyson]]
| {{Flag|United States}}
| rowspan=3 | "For their outstanding contributions to theoretical physics, especially in the development and application of the quantum theory of, fields."
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Freeman J. Dyson|url=https://wolffund.org.il/freeman-j-dyson/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:GerardtHooft.jpg|80px]]
| [[Gerard 't Hooft]]
| {{Flag|Netherlands}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Gerard T. Hooft|url=https://wolffund.org.il/gerard-t-hooft/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:VictorWeisskopft-LosAlamos.jpg|80px]]
| [[Victor F. Weisskopf]]
| {{Flag|United States}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Victor J. Weisskopf|url=https://wolffund.org.il/victor-j-weisskopf/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="lightgrey"
| colspan=6 |
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1982
| [[File:Leon M. Lederman 1988.jpg|80px]]
| [[Leon M. Lederman]]
| rowspan=2 | {{Flag|United States}}
| rowspan=2 | "For their experimental discovery of unexpected new particles establishing a third generation [[quark]]s and [[lepton]]s."
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Leon M. Lederman|url=https://wolffund.org.il/leon-m-lederman/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Martin Perl - tau.jpg|80px]]
| [[Martin L. Perl]]
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Martin L. Perl|url=https://wolffund.org.il/martin-m-perl/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="lightgrey"
| 1983
| colspan=5 align=center | ''No award''
|-
| rowspan=3 | 1984
| colspan=2 align=center | [[Erwin L. Hahn]]
| {{Flag|United States}}
| "For his discovery of nuclear [[spin echo]]es and for the phenomenon of self-induced transparency."
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Erwin L. Hahn|url=https://wolffund.org.il/eewin-l-hahn/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref>
|-
| colspan=2 align=center | [[Peter B. Hirsch]]
| {{Flag|United Kingdom}}
| "For his development of the utilization of the [[transmission electron microscope]] as a universal instrument to study the structure of crystalline matter."
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Peter B. Hirsch|url=https://wolffund.org.il/sir-peter-b-hirsh/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Maiman with the first laser.jpg|80px]]
| [[Theodore H. Maiman]]
| {{Flag|United States}}
| "For his realization of the first operating [[laser]], the pulsed three level [[ruby laser]]."
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Theodore H. Maiman|url=https://wolffund.org.il/theodore-h-maiman/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="lightgrey"
| colspan=6 |
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1985
| [[File:Conyers Herring.jpg|80px]]
| [[Conyers Herring]]
| {{Flag|United States}}
| rowspan=2 | "For their major contributions to the fundamental theory of solids, especially of the behavior of electrons in metals."
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Conyers Herring|url=https://wolffund.org.il/conyers-herring/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref>
|-
| colspan=2 align=center | [[Philippe Nozières]]
| {{Flag|France|1974}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Philippe Nozières|url=https://wolffund.org.il/philippe-nozireres/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="lightgrey"
| colspan=6 |
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1986
| colspan=2 align=center | [[Albert J. Libchaber]]
| rowspan=2 | {{Flag|United States}}
| "For his brilliant experimental demonstration of the transition to turbulence and [[Chaos theory|chaos]] in dynamical systems."
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Albert J. Libchaber|url=https://wolffund.org.il/albert-j-libchaber/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref>
|-
| colspan=2 align=center | [[Mitchell J. Feigenbaum]]
| "For his pioneering theoretical studies demonstrating the universal character of [[non-linear system]]s, which has made possible the systematic study of chaos."
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Mitchell J. Feigenbaum|url=https://wolffund.org.il/mitchell-j-feigenbaum/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="lightgrey"
| colspan=6 |
|-
| rowspan=3 | 1987
| [[File:Rossi-bruno b.jpg|80px]]
| [[Bruno B. Rossi]]
| rowspan=3 | {{Flag|United States}}
| rowspan=2 | "For the discovery of [[Astrophysical X-ray source|extra-solar X-ray sources]] and the elucidation of their physical processes."
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Bruno B. Rossi|url=https://wolffund.org.il/bruno-b-rossi/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:RiccardoGiacconi.jpg|80px]]
| [[Riccardo Giacconi]]
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Riccardo Giacconi|url=https://wolffund.org.il/riccardo-giacconi/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref>
|-
| colspan=2 align=center | [[Herbert Friedman]]
| "For pioneering investigations in solar X-rays."
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Herbert Friedman|url=https://wolffund.org.il/herbert-friedman/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="lightgrey"
| colspan=6 |
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1988
| [[File:Roger Penrose, 1978 Sept (portion B).jpg|80px]]
| [[Roger Penrose]]
| rowspan=2 | {{Flag|United Kingdom}}
| rowspan=2 | "For their brilliant development of the theory of [[general relativity]], in which they have shown the necessity for [[cosmological singularities]] and have elucidated the physics of [[black hole]]s. In this work they have greatly enlarged our understanding of the origin and possible fate of the Universe."
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Roger Penrose|url=https://wolffund.org.il/roger-penrose/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Stephen Hawking.StarChild.jpg|80px]]
| [[Stephen W. Hawking]]
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Stephen W. Hawking|url=https://wolffund.org.il/stephen-w-hawking/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="lightgrey"
| 1989
| colspan=5 align=center | ''No award''
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1990
| [[File:DavidThouless 1995 UW.jpg|80px]]
| [[David J. Thouless]]
| {{Flag|United States}}
| rowspan=2 | "For a wide variety of pioneering contributions to our understanding of the organization of complex condensed matter systems, de Gennes especially for his work on macromolecular matter and [[liquid crystal]]s and Thouless for his on disordered and low-dimensional systems."
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=David J. Thouless|url=https://wolffund.org.il/david-j-thouless/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Pierre-Gilles crop (cropped).jpg|80px]]
| [[Pierre-Gilles de Gennes]]
| {{Flag|France|1974}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Pierre-Gilles de Gennes|url=https://wolffund.org.il/pierre-gilles-de-gennes/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="lightgrey"
| colspan=6 |
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1991
| [[File:2000 BNL Maurice Goldhaber.jpg|80px]]
| [[Maurice Goldhaber]]
| {{Flag|United States}}
| rowspan=2 | "For their separate seminal contributions to nuclear and particle physics, particularly those concerning the [[weak interaction]]s involving [[lepton]]s."
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Maurice Goldhaber|url=https://wolffund.org.il/maurice-goldhaber/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:ETH-BIB-Telegdi, Valentine (1922-2006)-Portr 10203.tif|80px]]
| [[Valentine L. Telegdi]]
| {{Flag|Switzerland}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Valentine L. Telegdi|url=https://wolffund.org.il/valentine-l-telegdi/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="lightgrey"
| colspan=6 |
|-
| 1992
| [[File:2008JosephTaylor.jpg|80px]]
| [[Joseph H. Taylor Jr.]]
| {{Flag|United States}}
| "For his discovery of [[Hulse–Taylor pulsar|an orbiting radio pulsar]] and its exploitation to verify the general theory of relativity to high precision."
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Joseph H. Taylor Jr.|url=https://wolffund.org.il/joseph-h-taylor-jr/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="lightgrey"
| colspan=6 |
|-
| 1993
| [[File:Benoit Mandelbrot mg 1804-d.jpg|80px]]
| [[Benoit B. Mandelbrot]]
| {{Flag|United States}}
| "By recognizing the widespread occurrence of [[fractal]]s and developing mathematical tools for describing them, he has changed our view of nature."
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Benoit B. Mandelbrot|url=https://wolffund.org.il/benoit-b-mandelbrot/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="lightgrey"
| colspan=6 |
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1994/5
| [[File:Виталий Лазаревич Гинзбург.jpg|80px]]
| [[Vitaly L. Ginzburg]]
| {{Flag|Russia}}
| "For his contributions to the theory of [[superconductivity]] and to the theory of high-energy processes in astrophysics."
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Vitaly L. Ginzburg|url=https://wolffund.org.il/vitaly-l-ginzburg/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:YoichiroNambu (cropped).jpg|80px]]
| [[Yoichiro Nambu]]
| {{Flag|United States}}
| "For his contribution to elementary particle theory, including recognition of the role played by [[Spontaneous symmetry breaking|spontaneous symmetry-breaking]] in analogy with superconductivity theory, and the discovery of the color symmetry of the [[strong interaction]]s."
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Yoichiro Nambu|url=https://wolffund.org.il/yoichiro-nambu/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="lightgrey"
| colspan=6 |
|-
| 1996/7
| [[File:John Archibald Wheeler signed.jpg|80px]]
| [[John A. Wheeler]]
| {{Flag|United States}}
| "For his seminal contributions to black holes physics, to [[quantum gravity]], and to the theories of nuclear scattering and [[nuclear fission]]."
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=John A. Wheeler|url=https://wolffund.org.il/john-a-wheeler/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="lightgrey"
| colspan=6 |
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1998
| [[File:Michael Berry, Yerevan - Ashtarak, Armenia, FOP-2014, 03.09.2014 (cropped).jpg|80px]]
| [[Michael V. Berry]]
| {{Flag|United Kingdom}}
| rowspan=2 | "For the discovery of quantum topological and geometrical phases, specifically the [[Aharonov-Bohm effect]], the [[Berry phase]], and their incorporation into many fields of physics"
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Michael V. Berry|url=https://wolffund.org.il/sir-michael-v-berry/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref>
|-
| colspan=2 align=center | [[Yakir Aharonov]]
| {{Flag|Israel}} {{Flag|United States}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Yakir Aharonov|url=https://wolffund.org.il/yakir-aharonov/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="lightgrey"
| colspan=6 |
|-
| 1999
| [[File:Nobel Prize 2011-Nobel interviews KVA-DSC 8049.jpg|80px]]
| [[Dan Shechtman]]
| {{Flag|Israel}}
| "For the experimental discovery of [[quasi-crystal]]s, non periodic solids having long-range order, which inspired the exploration of a new fundamental state of matter."
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Dan Shechtman|url=https://wolffund.org.il/dan-shechtman/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="lightgrey"
| colspan=6 |
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2000
| [[File:Masatoshi Koshiba 2002.jpg|80px]]
| [[Masatoshi Koshiba]]
| {{Flag|Japan}}
| rowspan=2 | "For their pioneering observations of astronomical phenomena by detection of [[neutrino]]s, thus creating the emerging field of [[neutrino astronomy]]."
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Masatoshi Koshiba|url=https://wolffund.org.il/masatoshi-koshiba/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Raymond Davis, Jr 2001.jpg|80px]]
| [[Raymond Davis Jr.]]
| {{Flag|United States}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Raymond Davis Jr.|url=https://wolffund.org.il/raymond-davis-jr/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="lightgrey"
| 2001
| colspan=5 align=center | ''No award''
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2002/3
| [[File:Nobel Laureate Sir Anthony James Leggett in 2007.jpg|80px]]
| [[Anthony J. Leggett]]
| rowspan=2 | {{Flag|United States}}
| rowspan=2 | "For key insights into the broad range of condensed matter physics: Leggett on [[superfluidity]] of the light helium isotope and [[macroscopic quantum phenomena]]; and Halperin on two- dimensional melting, disordered systems and strongly interacting electrons."
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Anthony J. Leggett|url=https://wolffund.org.il/anthony-j-leggett/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Bert Halperin.JPG|80px]]
| [[Bertrand Halperin]]
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Bertrand Halperin|url=https://wolffund.org.il/bertrand-i-halperin/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="lightgrey"
| colspan=6 |
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2004
| [[File:Francois Englert.jpg|80px]]
| [[François Englert]]
| {{Flag|Belgium}}
| rowspan=3 | "For pioneering work that has led to the insight of mass generation, whenever a local [[Gauge theory|gauge]] symmetry is realized asymmetrically in the world of sub-atomic particles."
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=François Englert|url=https://wolffund.org.il/francois-englert/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Higgs, Peter (1929)3.jpg|80px]]
| [[Peter Higgs]]
| {{Flag|United Kingdom}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Peter Higgs|url=https://wolffund.org.il/peter-w-higgs/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Robert Brout (3x4 cropped).jpg|80px]]
| [[Robert Brout]]
| {{Flag|Belgium}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Robert Brout|url=https://wolffund.org.il/robert-brout/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="lightgrey"
| colspan=6 |
|-
| 2005
| colspan=2 align=center | [[Daniel Kleppner]]
| {{Flag|United States}}
| "For groundbreaking work in atomic physics of hydrogenic systems, including research on the [[hydrogen maser]], [[Rydberg atom]]s and [[Bose-Einstein condensation]]."
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Daniel Kleppner|url=https://wolffund.org.il/daniel-kleppner/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="lightgrey"
| colspan=6 |
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2006/7
| [[File:Fert-002 (cropped).jpg|80px]]
| [[Albert Fert]]
| {{Flag|France|1974}}
| rowspan=2 | "For their independent discovery of the [[giant magnetoresistance]] phenomenon (GMR), thereby launching a new field of research and applications known as [[spintronics]], which utilizes the spin of the electron to store and transport information."
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Albert Fert|url=https://wolffund.org.il/albert-fert/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Peter Gruenberg 01.jpg|80px]]
| [[Peter Grünberg]]
| {{Flag|Germany}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Peter Grünberg|url=https://wolffund.org.il/peter-gruenberg/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="lightgrey"
| 2008
| colspan=5 align=center | ''No award''
|- bgcolor="lightgrey"
| 2009
| colspan=5 align=center | ''No award''
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2010
| [[File:Alain-Aspect-ForMemRS (cropped).jpg|80px]]
| [[Alain Aspect]]
| {{Flag|France|1974}}
| rowspan=3 | "For their fundamental conceptual and experimental contributions to the foundations of quantum physics, specifically an increasingly sophisticated series of tests of Bell’s inequalities or extensions there of using [[entangled quantum states]]."
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Alain Aspect|url=https://wolffund.org.il/alain-aspect/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Anton Zeilinger blackboard (profile cropped).jpg|80px]]
| [[Anton Zeilinger]]
| {{Flag|Austria}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Anton Zeilinger|url=https://wolffund.org.il/anton-zeilinger/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:John Francis Clauser (cropped).jpg|80px]]
| [[John F. Clauser]]
| {{Flag|United States}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=John F. Clauser|url=https://wolffund.org.il/john-f-clauser/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="lightgrey"
| colspan=6 |
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2011
| [[File:Harald Rose Dresden 2009-2.jpg|80px]]
| [[Harald Rose]]
| rowspan=3 | {{Flag|Germany}}
| rowspan=3 | "For their development of [[aberration-corrected electron microscopy]], allowing the observation of individual atoms with picometer precision, thus revolutionizing materials science."
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Harald Rose|url=https://wolffund.org.il/harald-rose/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:The 2020 Kavli Prize Laureate Knut Urban signing the protocol (2022) (52337039956) (cropped).jpg|80px]]
| [[Knut Urban]]
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Knut Urban|url=https://wolffund.org.il/knut-urban/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:The 2020 Kavli Prize Laureate Maximilian Haider signing the protocol (2022) (52337040506) (cropped).jpg|80px]]
| [[Maximilian Haider]]
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Maximilian Haider|url=https://wolffund.org.il/maximilian-haider/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="lightgrey"
| colspan=6 |
|-
| 2012
| [[File:Bekenstein100 (cropped).JPG|80px]]
| [[Jacob Bekenstein]]
| {{Flag|Israel}}
| "For his work on astronomical super-massive objects called ‘[[black hole]]s’ that showed they can possess a statistical-thermodynamic property called [[entropy]] even though the internal dynamics could not be known. This work created an entire field of black hole dynamics which has become a cornerstone in the important theoretical physics areas of quantum gravity and strings."
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Jacob Bekenstein|url=https://wolffund.org.il/jacob-bekenstein/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="lightgrey"
| colspan=6 |
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2013
| [[File:Prof Cirac office klein (cropped).jpg|80px]]
| [[Juan Ignacio Cirac]]
| {{Flag|Germany}}
| rowspan=2 | "For groundbreaking theoretical contributions to quantum information processing, [[quantum optics]] and the physics of quantum gases."
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Juan Ignacio Cirac|url=https://wolffund.org.il/juan-ignacio-cirac/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Zoller Peter.jpg|80px]]
| [[Peter Zoller]]
| {{Flag|Austria}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Peter Zoller|url=https://wolffund.org.il/peter-zoller/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="lightgrey"
| 2014
| colspan=5 align=center | ''No award''
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2015
| [[File:James Bjorken.jpg|80px]]
| [[James D. Bjorken]]
| rowspan=2 | {{Flag|United States}}
| "For predicting scaling in [[deep inelastic scattering]], leading to identification of [[nucleon]]’s pointlike constituents."
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=James D. Bjorken|url=https://wolffund.org.il/peter-zoller/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:RobertKirshnerIMG 2728x.jpg|80px]]
| [[Robert P. Kirshner]]
| "For forging the path to [[supernova]] cosmology through his observations and insights."
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Robert P. Kirshner|url=https://wolffund.org.il/robert-p-kirshner/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="lightgrey"
| colspan=6 |
|-
| 2016
| [[File:Professor Joe Imry.jpg|80px]]
| [[Yoseph Imry]]
| {{Flag|Israel}}
| "For pioneering studies of the physics of [[mesoscopic]] and random systems."
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Yoseph Imry|url=https://wolffund.org.il/imry-yoseph/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="lightgrey"
| colspan=6 |
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2017
| [[File:Queloz profile (cropped).jpg|80px]]
| [[Didier Queloz]]
| {{Flag|Switzerland}} {{Flag|United Kingdom}}
| rowspan=2 | "For the first discovery of an [[exoplanet]] orbiting [[51 Pegasi|a solar-type star]]."
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Didier Queloz|url=https://wolffund.org.il/didier-queloz/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Michel Mayor, 2012 (cropped).jpg|80px]]
| [[Michel Mayor]]
| {{Flag|Switzerland}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Michel Mayor|url=https://wolffund.org.il/michael-mayor/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="lightgrey"
| colspan=6 |
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2018
| [[File:Dr. Charles Bennett IBM Fellow (cropped).jpg|80px]]
| [[Charles H. Bennett (physicist)|Charles H. Bennett]]
| {{Flag|United States}}
| rowspan=2 | "For founding and advancing the fields of [[Quantum Cryptography]] and [[Quantum Teleportation]]."
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Charles H. Bennett|url=https://wolffund.org.il/charles-h-bennett/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Gilles Brassard (2019) (cropped).jpg|80px]]
| [[Gilles Brassard]]
| {{Flag|Canada}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Gilles Brassard|url=https://wolffund.org.il/gilles-brassard/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="lightgrey"
| 2019
| colspan=5 align=center | ''No award''
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2020
| colspan=2 align=center | [[Rafi Bistritzer]]
| {{Flag|Israel}}
| rowspan=3 | "For pioneering theoretical and experimental work on twisted [[bilayer graphene]]."
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Rafi Bistritzer|url=https://wolffund.org.il/rafi-bistritzer/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Pablo Jarillo-Herrero (born 1976) giving the 2024 Segré Lecture Magic Angle Graphene.png|80px]]
| [[Pablo Jarillo-Herrero]]
| rowspan=2 | {{Flag|United States}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Pablo Jarillo-Herrero|url=https://wolffund.org.il/pablo-jarillo-herrero/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Allan MacDonald.jpg|80px]]
| [[Allan H. MacDonald]]
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Allan H. MacDonald|url=https://wolffund.org.il/allan-h-macdonald/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="lightgrey"
| colspan=6 |
|-
| 2021
| [[File:Parisi Giorgio (3x4 cropped).jpg|80px]]
| [[Giorgio Parisi]]
| {{Flag|Italy}}
| "For ground-breaking discoveries in disordered systems, particle physics and statistical physics."
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Giorgio Parisi|url=https://wolffund.org.il/giorgio-parisi/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="lightgrey"
| colspan=6 |
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2022
| [[File:Anne LHuiller 01.JPG|80px]]
| [[Anne L'Huillier]]
| {{Flag|Sweden}}
| rowspan=3 | "For pioneering contributions to ultrafast laser science and [[attosecond physics]]."
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Anne L'Huillier|url=https://wolffund.org.il/anne-lhuillier/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref>
|-
| colspan=2 align=center | [[Paul Corkum]]
| {{Flag|Canada}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Paul Corkum|url=https://wolffund.org.il/paul-corkum/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Ferenc Krausz (cropped).jpg|80px]]
| [[Ferenc Krausz]]
| {{Flag|Germany}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Ferenc Krausz|url=https://wolffund.org.il/ferenc-krausz/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="lightgrey"
| 2023
| colspan=5 align=center | ''No award''
|-
| 2024
| [[File:Official portrait of Lord Rees of Ludlow crop 2.jpg|80px]]
| [[Martin Rees]]
| {{Flag|United Kingdom}}
| "For fundamental contributions to [[high-energy astrophysics]], galaxies and structure formation, and [[cosmology]]."
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Martin Rees|url=https://wolffund.org.il/martin-rees/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="lightgrey"
| colspan=6 |
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2025
| [[File:Jainendra Jain.jpg|80px]]
| [[Jainendra K. Jain]]
| {{Flag|United States}}
| rowspan=3 | "For advancing our understanding of the surprising properties of [[two-dimensional electron system]]s in strong magnetic fields"
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Jainendra K. Jain|url=https://wolffund.org.il/jainendra-k-jain/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref>
|-
| colspan=2 align=center | [[Mordehai Heiblum]]
| {{Flag|Israel}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Mordehai (Moty) Heiblum|url=https://wolffund.org.il/mordehai-moty-heiblum/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref>
|-
| colspan=2 align=center | [[James P. Eisenstein]]
| {{Flag|United States}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=James P. Eisenstein|url=https://wolffund.org.il/james-p-eisenstein/|publisher=[[Wolf Foundation]]|access-date=2026-03-13}}</ref>
|}

=== Number of laureates per country ===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right;"
!align="center" style="background-color:#ABCDEF" |Country
!align="center" style="background-color:#ABCDEF" |Number
|-
| align="left" | {{USA}} || 36
|-
| align="left" | {{GBR}} || 7
|-
| align="left" | {{DEU}} || 6
|-
| align="left" | {{ISR}} || 6
|-
| align="left" | {{FRA}} || 4
|-
| align="left" | {{CHE}} || 3
|-
| align="left" | {{AUT}} || 2
|-
| align="left" | {{BEL}} || 2
|-
| align="left" | {{CAN}} || 2
|-
| align="left" | {{ITA}} || 2
|-
| align="left" | {{JPN}} || 1
|-
| align="left" | {{NLD}} || 1
|-
| align="left" | {{RUS}} || 1
|-
| align="left" | {{SWE}} || 1
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of physics awards]]

== Notes ==
{{Noteslist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* [https://wolffund.org.il/home-page/ List of Wolf Prize laureates], Wolf Foundation
* {{cite web | title=Placido Domingo Wins Israel Wolf Prize | work=Huffington Post | date=2012-01-10
| url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/01/10/placido-domingo-israel-wolf-prize_n_1196509.html}}
* {{cite web | title=Eight foreign standouts to receive Wolf Prize |url=https://www.jpost.com/Health/Article.aspx?id=298237|work=Jerusalem Post|date=2013-01-03}}
* [https://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Health/Wolf-Prizes-in-the-sciences-and-arts-presented-to-nine-North-Americans-389466 Wolf Prizes 2015]
* [https://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Weizmann-professor-among-7-Wolf-Prize-laureates-441464 Jerusalempost - Wolf Prizes 2016]
* [https://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Culture/Wolf-Prize-to-be-awarded-to-eight-laureates-from-US-UK-and-Switzerland-477364 Jerusalempost - Wolf Prizes 2017]
* [https://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Culture/Paul-McCartney-among-9-Wolf-Prize-recipients-542404 Jerusalempost - Wolf Prizes 2018]

{{Wolf Prizes}}
{{Wolf Prize in Physics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wolf Prize in Physics}}
[[Category:Wolf Prizes|Physics]]
[[Category:Physics awards]]
[[Category:Lists of Israeli award winners]]
[[Category:Awards established in 1978]]
[[Category:Israeli science and technology awards]]
[[Category:1978 establishments in Israel]]

Template:Anl

Vigen — Wed, 06 May 2026 13:13:50 GMT

Vigen imported Template:Anl from wikipedia:Template:Anl (1 revision)

New page

#REDIRECT [[template:annotated link]]
{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from template shortcut}}
}}

Template:Branches of physics

Vigen — Wed, 06 May 2026 13:13:50 GMT

Vigen imported Template:Branches of physics from wikipedia:Template:Branches of physics (1 revision)

New page

{{Navbox
| name = Branches of physics
| state = {{{state|}}}
| title = Major [[branches of physics]]
| listclass = hlist
| group10 = Divisions
| list10 =
* [[Basic research|Pure]]
* [[Applied physics|Applied]]
** [[Engineering physics|Engineering]]
| group20 = Approaches
| list20 =
* [[Experimental physics|Experimental]]
* [[Theoretical physics|Theoretical]]
** [[Computational physics|Computational]]
| group30 = [[Classical physics|Classical]]
| list30 =
* [[Classical mechanics]]
** [[Newton's laws of motion|Newtonian]]
** [[Analytical mechanics|Analytical]]
** [[Celestial mechanics|Celestial]]
** [[Continuum mechanics|Continuum]]
* [[Acoustics]]
* [[Classical electromagnetism]]
* [[Classical optics]]
** [[Geometrical optics|Ray]]
** [[Physical optics|Wave]]
* [[Thermodynamics|Thermodynamics]]
** [[Statistical mechanics|Statistical]]
** [[Non-equilibrium thermodynamics|Non-equilibrium]]
| group40 = [[Modern physics|Modern]]
| list40 =
* [[Relativistic mechanics]]
** [[Special relativity|Special]]
** [[General relativity|General]]
* [[Nuclear physics]]
* [[Particle physics]]
* [[Quantum mechanics]]
* [[Atomic, molecular, and optical physics]]
** [[Atomic physics|Atomic]]
** [[Molecular physics|Molecular]]
** [[Optics#Modern_optics|Modern optics]]
* [[Condensed matter physics]]
**[[Solid-state physics]]
**[[Crystallography]]
| group50 = [[:Category:Applied and interdisciplinary physics|Interdisciplinary]]
| list50 =
* [[Astrophysics]] ([[Outline of astrophysics|outline]])
* [[Atmospheric physics]]
* [[Biophysics]]
* [[Chemical physics]]
* [[Geophysics]]
* [[Materials science]]
* [[Mathematical physics]]
* [[Medical physics]]
* [[Physical oceanography|Ocean physics]]
* [[Quantum information science]]
| group60 = Related
| list60 =
* [[History of physics]]
* [[Nobel Prize in Physics]]
* [[Philosophy of physics]]
* [[Physics education]]
** [[Physics education research|research]]
* [[Timeline of fundamental physics discoveries|Timeline of physics discoveries]]
}}<noinclude>

{{Documentation
| content =
{{Collapsible option}}
}}
[[Category:Physics navigational boxes| ]]
{{Roster maintenance | header = Navigation maintenance}}
</noinclude>

Template:Nobel Prizes

Vigen — Wed, 06 May 2026 13:13:49 GMT

Vigen imported Template:Nobel Prizes from wikipedia:Template:Nobel Prizes (1 revision)

New page

{{#invoke:Navbox|navbox
| name = Nobel Prizes
| state = {{{state|{{{1|<includeonly>collapsed</includeonly>}}}}}}
| bodyclass = hlist
| title = [[Nobel Prize]]s
| image = [[File:Nobel Prize.png|100px]]
| groupstyle = line-height:1.2em
| abovestyle = hlist
| belowstyle = hlist

| above =
* [[Lists of Nobel laureates]]
* [[Nobel Prize medal]]
| group1 = Prizes
| list1 =
* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]]
* [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences|Economics]]{{sup|1}}
* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]]
* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]]
* [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]]
* [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]]

| group2 = [[List of Nobel laureates|Laureates]]
| list2 = child
| 2_list1 =
* by occupation
** [[List of heads of state and government Nobel laureates|Heads of state and government]]
* [[List of Nobel laureates|by year]]

| 2_groupstyle=font-weight:normal;
| 2_group2 = by subject
| 2_list2 =
* [[List of Nobel laureates in Chemistry|Chemistry]]
* [[List of Nobel Memorial Prize laureates in Economic Sciences|Economics]]{{sup|1}}
* [[List of Nobel laureates in Literature|Literature]]
* [[List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates|Peace]]
* [[List of Nobel laureates in Physics|Physics]]
* [[List of Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]]

| 2_group3 = by population group
| 2_list3 = child
| 2_3_list1 =
* [[List of Bengali Nobel laureates|Bengali]]
* [[List of black Nobel laureates|Black]]
* [[List of Christian Nobel laureates|Christian]]
* [[List of female Nobel laureates|Female]]
* [[List of Jewish Nobel laureates|Jewish]]
* [[List of Latin American Nobel laureates|Latin American]]
* [[List of nonreligious Nobel laureates|Non-religious]]

| 2_3_groupstyle=font-weight:normal;
| 2_3_group2 = by continent and [[List of Nobel laureates by country|nationality]]
| 2_3_list2 =
* [[List of African Nobel laureates|African]]
** [[List of Egyptian Nobel laureates and nominees|Egyptian]]
** [[List of South African Nobel laureates and nominees|South African]]
* [[List of Asian Nobel laureates|Asian]]
** [[List of Armenian Nobel laureates|Armenian]]
** [[List of Chinese Nobel laureates|Chinese]]
** [[List of Nobel laureates and nominees in the Philippines|Filipino]]
** [[List of Indian Nobel laureates|Indian]]
** [[List of Israeli Nobel laureates|Israeli]]
** [[List of Japanese Nobel laureates and nominees|Japanese]]
** [[List of Korean Nobel laureates and nominees|Korean]]
** [[List of Pakistani Nobel laureates|Pakistani]]
** [[List of Turkish Nobel laureates|Turkish]]
** [[List of Vietnamese Nobel laureates and nominees|Vietnamese]]
* European
** [[List of Belgian Nobel laureates|Belgian]]
** [[List of Danish Nobel laureates|Danish]]
** [[List of German Nobel laureates|German]]
** [[List of Greek Nobel laureates and nominees|Greek]]
** [[List of Hungarian Nobel laureates|Hungarian]]
** [[List of Irish Nobel laureates and nominees|Irish]]
** [[List of Italian Nobel laureates|Italian]]
** [[List of Polish Nobel laureates|Polish]]
** [[List of Romanian Nobel laureates and nominees|Romanian]]
** [[List of Russian Nobel laureates|Russian]]
** [[List of Spanish Nobel laureates|Spanish]]
** [[List of Swedish Nobel laureates|Swedish]]
** [[List of Swiss Nobel laureates|Swiss]]
** [[List of Welsh Nobel laureates|Welsh]]
* Oceanian
** [[List of Australian Nobel laureates|Australian]]
* North American
** [[List of American Nobel laureates|American]]
** [[List of Mexican Nobel laureates and nominees|Mexican]]
* South American
** [[List of Argentine Nobel laureates|Argentine]]
** [[List of Brazilian Nobel laureates and nominees|Brazilian]]
** [[List of Venezuelan Nobel laureates|Venezuelan]]

| 2_group4 = [[List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation|by university]]
| 2_list4 =
* [[List of Nobel laureates affiliated with the City University of New York as alumni or faculty|City University of New York]]
* [[List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Columbia University as alumni or faculty|Columbia University]]
* [[List of ETH Zurich people#Nobel Prize winners|ETH Zurich]]
* [[List of Harvard University people#Nobel laureates|Harvard University]]
* [[List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Princeton University as alumni or faculty|Princeton University]]
* [[List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Washington University in St. Louis as alumni or faculty|Washington University in St. Louis]]

| group4 = Nominees
| list4 = child
| 4_list1 =
* [[List of Catholic priests and religious awarded the Nobel Prize|Catholic priests and religious]]
* [[List of heads of state and government Nobel nominees|Heads of state and government]]
* [[List of couples awarded the Nobel Prize|Couples]]
* Women
** [[List of female nominees for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]]
** [[List of female nominees for the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences|Economics]]{{sup|1}}
** [[List of female nominees for the Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]]
** [[List of female nominees for the Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]]
** [[List of female nominees for the Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]]
** [[List of female nominees for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]]

| 4_groupstyle=font-weight:normal;
| 4_group2 = by subject
| 4_list2 =
* Chemistry
** [[List of nominees for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry|1901–1999]]
* Economics{{sup|1}}
** [[List of nominees for the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences|1901–1999]]
* Literature
** [[List of nominees for the Nobel Prize in Literature (1901–1999)|1901–1999]]
** [[List of nominees for the Nobel Prize in Literature (2000–present)|2000–present]]
* Peace
** Individuals
*** [[List of individuals nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize (1900–1999)|1900–1999]]
*** [[List of individuals nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize (2000–present)|2000–present]]
** [[List of organizations nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize|Organizations]]
* Physics
** [[List of nominees for the Nobel Prize in Physics|1901–1999]]
* Physiology or Medicine
** [[List of nominees for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1901–1999)|1901–1999]]

| 4_group3 = by groups
| 4_list3 = child
| 4_3_list1 =
* Peace
** [[List of American Friends Service Committee Nobel nominees|AFSC Nobel nominees]]
** [[PRIO Director's Shortlist]]
| 4_3_groupstyle=font-weight:normal;
| 4_3_group2 = by [[Clarivate Citation Laureates|Clarivate]]
| 4_3_list2 =
** [[List of female Clarivate Citation laureates|Female]]
* [[List of Clarivate Citation laureates in Chemistry|Chemistry]]
* [[List of Clarivate Citation laureates in Economic Sciences|Economics]]{{sup|1}}
* [[List of Clarivate Citation laureates in Physics|Physics]]
* [[List of Clarivate Citation laureates in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]]

| group5 = Organisations
| list5 =
* [[Nobel Foundation]]
* [[Nobel Committee]]s
** [[Nobel Committee for Chemistry|Chemistry]]
** [[Committee for the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel|Economics]]{{sup|1}}
** [[Nobel Committee for Literature|Literature]]
** [[Nobel Committee for Physics|Physics]]
** [[Nobel Committee for Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]]
** [[Norwegian Nobel Committee]]
* [[Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute]]

| group6 = Related
| list6 =
* [[Nobel Prize controversies|Controversies]]
** [[Nobel Prize in Literature controversies|Literature]]
** [[Nobel Prize in Physics controversies|Physics]]
** [[Nobel Peace Prize controversies|Peace]]
* [[Alfred Nobel]]
* [[Björkborn Manor]]
* [[Nobel Banquet]]
* [[Nobel Laboratory]]
* [[Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings]]
* [[Nobel Monument]]
* [[World Summit of Nobel Peace Laureates]]
* [[List of prizes known as the Nobel or the highest honors of a field|Prizes known as the "Nobel" of their fields]]

| below = {{sup|1}} Nobel Memorial Prize (not one of the original Nobel Prizes). 
}}<noinclude>

{{documentation
|content=
{{collapsible option |statename=optional |default=collapsed}}

== See also ==
* [[Template:Nobel laureates in economics]]
* [[Template:Nobel Peace Prize]]
* [[Template:Nobel Prize in Chemistry]]
* [[Template:Nobel Prize in Literature]]
* [[Template:Nobel Prize in Physics]]
* [[Template:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]
}}
[[Category:Nobel Prize navigational boxes| ]]
</noinclude>

Module:Portal/images/o

Vigen — Wed, 06 May 2026 13:13:48 GMT

Vigen imported Module:Portal/images/o from wikipedia:Module:Portal/images/o (1 revision)

New page

--[==[ This is the "O" list of portal image names. It contains a list of portal images for use with [[Module:Portal]]
-- for portal names that start with the letter "O". For aliases to existing portal names, and for portal names that
-- start with other letters, please use the appropriate page from the following list:

-- [[Module:Portal/images/a]] - for portal names beginning with "A".
-- [[Module:Portal/images/b]] - for portal names beginning with "B".
-- [[Module:Portal/images/c]] - for portal names beginning with "C".
-- [[Module:Portal/images/d]] - for portal names beginning with "D".
-- [[Module:Portal/images/e]] - for portal names beginning with "E".
-- [[Module:Portal/images/f]] - for portal names beginning with "F".
-- [[Module:Portal/images/g]] - for portal names beginning with "G".
-- [[Module:Portal/images/h]] - for portal names beginning with "H".
-- [[Module:Portal/images/i]] - for portal names beginning with "I".
-- [[Module:Portal/images/j]] - for portal names beginning with "J".
-- [[Module:Portal/images/k]] - for portal names beginning with "K".
-- [[Module:Portal/images/l]] - for portal names beginning with "L".
-- [[Module:Portal/images/m]] - for portal names beginning with "M".
-- [[Module:Portal/images/n]] - for portal names beginning with "N".
-- [[Module:Portal/images/p]] - for portal names beginning with "P".
-- [[Module:Portal/images/q]] - for portal names beginning with "Q".
-- [[Module:Portal/images/r]] - for portal names beginning with "R".
-- [[Module:Portal/images/s]] - for portal names beginning with "S".
-- [[Module:Portal/images/t]] - for portal names beginning with "T".
-- [[Module:Portal/images/u]] - for portal names beginning with "U".
-- [[Module:Portal/images/v]] - for portal names beginning with "V".
-- [[Module:Portal/images/w]] - for portal names beginning with "W".
-- [[Module:Portal/images/x]] - for portal names beginning with "X".
-- [[Module:Portal/images/y]] - for portal names beginning with "Y".
-- [[Module:Portal/images/z]] - for portal names beginning with "Z".
-- [[Module:Portal/images/other]] - for portal names beginning with any other letters. This includes numbers,
-- letters with diacritics, and letters in non-Latin alphabets.
-- [[Module:Portal/images/aliases]] - for adding aliases for existing portal names. Use this page for variations
-- in spelling and diacritics, etc., no matter what letter the portal begins with.

-- When adding entries, please use alphabetical order. The format of the images table entries is as follows:
-- ["portal name"] = "image.svg",
-- The portal name should be the name of your portal, in lower case. For example, the portal name for
-- "Portal:United Kingdom" would be "united kingdom". The image name should be capitalised normally, and the "File:"
-- namespace prefix should be omitted.
]==]

return {
["oceania"] = "大洋.png|alt=icon",
["oceans"] = "Waves in pacifica 1.jpg|alt=icon",
["odisha"] = "Seal of Odisha.png|link=|alt=seal",
["ohio"] = "Flag of Ohio.svg|link=|alt=flag",
["oklahoma"] = "Flag of Oklahoma.svg|border|link=|alt=flag",
["olympic games"] = "Olympic Rings.svg|link=|alt=",
["oman"] = "Flag of Oman.svg|border|alt=flag",
["ontario"] = "Flag of Ontario.svg|border|link=|alt=flag",
["opera"] = "Operalogo.svg|alt=icon",
["oregon"] = "Flag of Oregon.svg|border|link=|alt=flag",
["organized labour"] = "Syndicalism.svg|alt=icon",
["osaka university"] = "Toyonaka stone.png|alt=icon",
["ossetian"] = "Idioma osetio.png|border|alt=map",
["ottawa"] = "Flag of Ottawa, Ontario.svg|border|link=|alt=flag",
["outlines"] = "Global thinking.svg|link=|alt=",
["oxfordshire"] = "EnglandOxfordshire.png|alt=icon",
["oz"] = "Oz flag.svg|alt=icon",
}

Module:Spoken Wikipedia/styles.css

Vigen — Wed, 06 May 2026 13:13:48 GMT

Vigen imported Module:Spoken Wikipedia/styles.css from wikipedia:Module:Spoken Wikipedia/styles.css (1 revision)

New page

/* {{pp|small=y}} */
.spoken-wikipedia {
border: 1px solid #a2a9b1;
background-color: var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa);
margin: 0.5em 0;
padding: 0.2em;
line-height: 1.5em;
font-size: 90%;
}

.spoken-wikipedia-header {
text-align: center;
}

.spoken-wikipedia-listen-to {
font-weight: bold;
}

.spoken-wikipedia-files {
text-align: center;
margin-top: 10px;
margin-bottom: 0.4em;
}

.spoken-wikipedia-icon {
float: left;
margin-left: 5px;
margin-top: 10px;
}

.spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer {
margin-left: 60px;
margin-top: 10px;
font-size: 95%;
line-height: 1.4em;
}

.spoken-wikipedia-footer {
margin-top: 10px;
text-align: center;
}

@media (min-width: 720px) {
.spoken-wikipedia {
width: 20em;
/* @noflip */
float: right;
/* @noflip */
clear: right;
/* @noflip */
margin-left: 1em;
}
}

Module:Spoken Wikipedia/configuration

Vigen — Wed, 06 May 2026 13:13:48 GMT

Vigen imported Module:Spoken Wikipedia/configuration from wikipedia:Module:Spoken Wikipedia/configuration (1 revision)

New page

return {
templatestyles = 'Module:Spoken Wikipedia/styles.css',
i18n = {
this_article = 'this article',
this_page = 'this page',
minute = 'minute',
minutes = 'minutes',
hour = 'hour',
hours = 'hours',
listento = 'Listen to %s',
one_file_disclaimer = '[[:File:%s|This audio file]] was created from a revision of %s dated %s, and does not reflect subsequent edits.',
-- first %s in n_files_disclaimer is a dummy
n_files_disclaimer = '%sThese audio files were created from a revision of %s dated %s, and do not reflect subsequent edits.',
one_file_length = ' (%s)',
n_files_length = ' (%s parts, %s)',
one_file = '[[File:%s|200px|center]]',
n_files = '\n# [[File:%s|180px|Part %d]]',
topicon_multiwikilink = 'Wikipedia:WikiProject Spoken Wikipedia',
icon = '[[File:Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg|45px|alt=Spoken Wikipedia icon|link=|Spoken Wikipedia]]',
footer = '([[Project:Media help|Audio help]] · [[Project:Spoken articles|More spoken articles]])',
err = {
no_filename = 'Error: no filename provided',
no_date = 'Error: no date provided'
},
cat = {
no_filename = '[[Category:Spoken Wikipedia without file]]',
no_date = '[[Category:Spoken Wikipedia without date]]',
articles = '[[Category:Articles with hAudio microformats]][[Category:Spoken articles]]'
},
class = {
err = 'error',
box = 'spoken-wikipedia noprint haudio',
header = 'spoken-wikipedia-header',
listento = 'spoken-wikipedia-listen-to',
icon = 'spoken-wikipedia-icon',
files = 'spoken-wikipedia-files',
disclaimer = 'spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer',
footer = 'spoken-wikipedia-footer'
}
}
}

Module:Spoken Wikipedia

Vigen — Wed, 06 May 2026 13:13:48 GMT

Vigen imported Module:Spoken Wikipedia from wikipedia:Module:Spoken Wikipedia (1 revision)

New page

local getArgs = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs
local yesno = require('Module:Yesno')
local Date = require('Module:Date')._Date
local lang = mw.language.new('en')
local cfg = mw.loadData('Module:Spoken Wikipedia/configuration')

p = {}

local function wikiError(message)
local ret = mw.html.create('div')
:addClass(cfg.i18n.class.err)
:wikitext(message)
:done()
return tostring(ret)
end

local function category(c, nocat)
if nocat then
return ''
else
return c
end
end

local function formatPageText(page)
if page then
return '[[' .. page .. ']]'
end
if mw.title.getCurrentTitle().namespace == 0 then
return cfg.i18n.this_article
else
return cfg.i18n.this_page
end
end

local function formatFileLength(filenames)
local length = 0
for _, filename in ipairs(filenames) do
local fileTitle = mw.title.new(filename, 'Media')
if fileTitle and fileTitle.file and fileTitle.file.exists then
length = length + fileTitle.file.length
end
end

-- Add 30 to offset the rounding down
local intervals = lang:getDurationIntervals(length + 30, { 'hours', 'minutes' })
local ret = string.format(
'%s %s',
intervals.minutes or 0,
intervals.minutes == 1 and cfg.i18n.minute or cfg.i18n.minutes
)
if intervals.hours then
ret = string.format(
'%s %s and %s',
intervals.hours,
intervals.hours == 1 and cfg.i18n.hour or cfg.i18n.hours,
ret
)
end
return '' .. ret .. ''
end

local function formatHeader(filenames, page)
local listento = mw.html.create('span')
:addClass(cfg.i18n.class.listento)
:wikitext(string.format(
cfg.i18n.listento,
formatPageText(page)
))
:done()

local file_length
if #filenames > 1 then
file_length = string.format(
cfg.i18n.n_files_length,
tostring(#filenames),
formatFileLength(filenames)
)
else
file_length = string.format(
cfg.i18n.one_file_length,
formatFileLength(filenames)
)
end
return mw.html.create('div')
:addClass(cfg.i18n.class.header)
:node(listento)
:wikitext(file_length)
:done()
end

local function formatIcon()
return mw.html.create('div')
:addClass(cfg.i18n.class.icon)
:wikitext(cfg.i18n.icon)
:done()
end

local function formatFiles(filenames, nocat)
if #filenames == 0 then
return wikiError(cfg.i18n.err.no_filename) ..
category(cfg.i18n.cat.no_filename, nocat)
end

-- TODO: the else branch really wants to be a mw.html <ol> object rather than wikitext
-- version of the same, so that we can style the numbers nicer
local files = {}
if #filenames == 1 then
table.insert(files, string.format(cfg.i18n.one_file, filenames[1]))
else
for i, filename in ipairs(filenames) do
table.insert(files, string.format(cfg.i18n.n_files, filename, i))
end
end

return mw.html.create('div')
:addClass(cfg.i18n.class.files)
:wikitext(table.concat(files))
:done()
:newline()
end

local function formatDateText(frame, dateArg, nocat)
local d = dateArg and Date(dateArg) or nil
return d and frame:expandTemplate{
title = 'Start date', args = {
d.year,
d.month,
d.day,
df='y'
}
} or (wikiError(cfg.i18n.err.no_date) .. category(cfg.i18n.cat.no_date, nocat))
end

local function formatDisclaimer(frame, filenames, page, dateArg, nocat)
local thisFileText = ''
local disclaimer
if #filenames == 1 then
thisFileText = filenames[1]
disclaimer = cfg.i18n.one_file_disclaimer
else
disclaimer = cfg.i18n.n_files_disclaimer
end
return mw.html.create('div')
:addClass(cfg.i18n.class.disclaimer)
:wikitext(string.format(
disclaimer,
thisFileText,
formatPageText(page),
formatDateText(frame, dateArg, nocat)
))
:done()
end

local function formatFooter()
return mw.html.create('div')
:addClass(cfg.i18n.class.footer)
:wikitext(cfg.i18n.footer)
:done()
end

local function formatTopicon(frame, filenames)
local wikilink
if #filenames > 0 then
wikilink = 'File:' .. filenames[1]
else
wikilink = cfg.i18n.topicon_multiwikilink
end
return frame:expandTemplate{
title = "Top icon",
args = {
imagename = 'Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg',
wikilink = wikilink,
text = 'Listen to this article',
id = 'spoken-icon'
}
}
end

local function extractFilenames(args)
local filenames = {}
for key, rawValue in ipairs(args) do
local value = mw.text.trim(rawValue)
if type(key) == "number" and value ~= '' then
table.insert(filenames, value)
end
end
return filenames
end

local function sidebox(nodes)
root = mw.html.create('div')
:addClass(cfg.i18n.class.box)
for _, node in ipairs(nodes) do
root:node(node)
end
return root
end

function main(frame)
local args = getArgs(frame)

-- Mandatory parameters
local filenames = extractFilenames(args)
local dateArg = args['date']
-- Optional parameters
local page = args['page']
local nocat = yesno(args['nocat'], false) or false

local root = sidebox({
formatHeader(filenames, page),
formatFiles(filenames, nocat),
formatIcon(),
formatDisclaimer(frame, filenames, page, dateArg, nocat),
formatFooter()
})

if mw.title.getCurrentTitle().namespace == 0 then
root:wikitext(formatTopicon(frame, filenames))
root:wikitext(category(cfg.i18n.cat.articles, nocat))
end

return frame:extensionTag{
name = 'templatestyles', args = { src = cfg.templatestyles }
} .. tostring(root)
end

p.main = main

return p

Template:Spoken Wikipedia

Vigen — Wed, 06 May 2026 13:13:48 GMT

Vigen imported Template:Spoken Wikipedia from wikipedia:Template:Spoken Wikipedia (1 revision)

New page

{{#invoke:Spoken Wikipedia|main|1={{{1|<noinclude>example.ogg</noinclude>}}}|date={{{date|<noinclude>{{CURRENTYEAR}}-{{CURRENTMONTH}}-{{CURRENTDAY2}}</noinclude>}}}}}<noinclude>
{{documentation}}
</noinclude>

Template:Cite arXiv

Vigen — Wed, 06 May 2026 13:13:48 GMT

Vigen imported Template:Cite arXiv from wikipedia:Template:Cite arXiv (1 revision)

New page

<noinclude>{{pp-template|small=yes}}</noinclude><includeonly>{{#ifexpr:
{{#expr:{{#if:{{{title|}}}|1|0}}*
{{#if:{{{last1|{{{last|{{{author1|{{{author|{{{vauthors|{{{surname|{{{surname1|}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}|1|0}}*
{{#if:{{{arxiv|{{{eprint|}}}}}}
|{{#iferror:{{#ifexpr:{{padleft:|4|{{{arxiv|{{{eprint|}}}}}}}}>0|1|0}}
|1
|{{#if:{{{class|}}}|1|0}}
}}
|0
}}
}}=0
|{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation|CitationClass=arxiv}} A bot will complete this citation soon. [http://tools.wmflabs.org/citations/doibot.php?page={{FULLPAGENAMEE}} Click here to jump the queue]{{#if:{{{nocat|}}}||{{#switch:{{lc:{{NAMESPACE}}}}||draft|template|wikipedia=[[Category:Articles with missing Cite arXiv inputs|{{PAGENAME}}]]|#default=}}}}
|{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation|CitationClass=arxiv}}
}}</includeonly><noinclude>
{{documentation}}
</noinclude>

Template:Annotated link

Vigen — Wed, 06 May 2026 13:13:47 GMT

Vigen imported Template:Annotated link from wikipedia:Template:Annotated link (1 revision)

New page

<includeonly>{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}#invoke:Annotated link | main

| wikidata = {{{ wikidata |}}}
| not_wikidata_for_links_starting_with = List of # Index of # Glossary of # Outline of # Timeline of # History of
| not_wikidata_descriptions_including = wikimedia # mediawiki # wikipedia # list # index # glossary # outline # overview

| space_cat = {{{ space_cat | {{{ space-cat |}}} }}}
| not_single_word = organization # organisation # term

| none_is_valid = yes
| none_is_nil = yes

| name = {{{ 1 | {{{ name | {{{ title |}}} }}} }}}
| display = {{{ 2 | {{{ display | {{{ disp |}}} }}} }}}
| dash = {{{ 3 | {{{ dash | {{{ comma |}}} }}} }}}

| template_link = {{{ template_link | {{{ template-link | {{{ tl |}}} }}} }}}

| link_lang = {{{ link_lang | {{{ link-lang | {{{ ll |}}} }}} }}}
| link_lang_italic = {{{ link_lang_italic | {{{ link-lang-italic | {{{ lli |}}} }}} }}}
| link_lang_nocat = {{{ link_lang_nocat | {{{ link-lang-nocat | {{{ llnc |}}} }}} }}}
| link_lang_size = {{{ link_lang_size | {{{ link-lang-size | {{{ lls |}}} }}} }}}
| link_lang_cat = {{{ link_lang_cat | {{{ link-lang-cat | {{{ llc |}}} }}} }}}
| link_lang_rtl = {{{ link_lang_rtl | {{{ link-lang-rtl | {{{ llr |}}} }}} }}}

| quote = {{{ quote | {{{ quote_link | {{{ quote-link | {{{ ql |}}} }}} }}} }}}

| abbr = {{{ abbr | {{{ abbreviation |}}} }}}
| abbr_title = {{{ abbr_title | {{{ abbr-title | {{{ abbreviation_title | {{{ abbreviation-title | {{{ at |}}} }}} }}} }}} }}}

| aka = {{{ aka |}}}
| aka_lang = {{{ aka_lang | {{{ aka-lang | {{{ al |}}} }}} }}}
| aka_lang_italic = {{{ aka_lang_italic | {{{ aka-lang-italic | {{{ ali |}}} }}} }}}
| aka_lang_nocat = {{{ aka_lang_nocat | {{{ aka-lang-nocat | {{{ alnc |}}} }}} }}}
| aka_lang_size = {{{ aka_lang_size | {{{ aka-lang-size | {{{ als |}}} }}} }}}
| aka_lang_cat = {{{ aka_lang_cat | {{{ aka-lang-cat | {{{ alc |}}} }}} }}}
| aka_lang_rtl = {{{ aka_lang_rtl | {{{ aka-lang-rtl | {{{ alr |}}} }}} }}}

| wedge = {{{ wedge | {{{ insert | {{{ extra |}}} }}} }}}
| wedge_lang = {{{ wedge_lang | {{{ wedge-lang | {{{ insert_lang | {{{ insert-lang | {{{ extra_lang | {{{ extra-lang | {{{ wl |}}} }}} }}} }}} }}} }}} }}}
| wedge_lang_italic = {{{ wedge_lang_italic | {{{ wedge-lang-italic | {{{ insert_lang_italic | {{{ insert-lang-italic | {{{ extra_lang_italic | {{{ extra-lang-italic | {{{ wli |}}} }}} }}} }}} }}} }}} }}}
| wedge_lang_nocat = {{{ wedge_lang_nocat | {{{ wedge-lang_nocat | {{{ insert_lang_nocat | {{{ insert-lang-nocat | {{{ extra_lang_nocat | {{{ extra-lang-nocat | {{{ wlnc |}}} }}} }}} }}} }}} }}} }}}
| wedge_lang_size = {{{ wedge_lang_size | {{{ wedge-lang-size | {{{ insert_lang_size | {{{ insert-lang-size | {{{ extra_lang_size | {{{ extra-lang-size | {{{ wls |}}} }}} }}} }}} }}} }}} }}}
| wedge_lang_cat = {{{ wedge_lang_cat | {{{ wedge-lang-cat | {{{ insert_lang_cat | {{{ insert-lang-cat | {{{ extra_lang_cat | {{{ extra-lang-cat | {{{ wlc |}}} }}} }}} }}} }}} }}} }}}
| wedge_lang_rtl = {{{ wedge_lang_rtl | {{{ wedge-lang-rtl | {{{ insert_lang_rtl | {{{ insert-lang-rtl | {{{ extra_lang_rtl | {{{ extra-lang-rtl | {{{ wlr |}}} }}} }}} }}} }}} }}} }}}

| desc_first_letter_case = {{{ desc_first_letter_case | {{{ desc-first-letter-case | {{{ desc_case | {{{ desc-case | {{{ case | {{{ dflc |}}} }}} }}} }}} }}} }}}

| only = {{{ only |}}}
| prefer = {{{ prefer |}}}
| fallback = {{{ fallback |}}}

| desc_lang_italic = {{{ desc_lang_italic | {{{ desc-lang-italic | {{{ dli |}}} }}} }}}
| desc_lang_nocat = {{{ desc_lang_nocat | {{{ desc-lang-nocat | {{{ dlnc |}}} }}} }}}
| desc_lang_size = {{{ desc_lang_size | {{{ desc-lang-size | {{{ dls |}}} }}} }}}
| desc_lang_cat = {{{ desc_lang_cat | {{{ desc-lang-cat | {{{ dlc |}}} }}} }}}
| desc_lang_rtl = {{{ desc_lang_rtl | {{{ desc-lang-rtl | {{{ dlr |}}} }}} }}}
| desc_lang_no = {{{ desc_lang_no | {{{ desc-lang-no | {{{ dlno |}}} }}} }}}

}}</includeonly><noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude>

Module:Wikidata

Vigen — Wed, 06 May 2026 13:13:47 GMT

Vigen imported Module:Wikidata from wikipedia:Module:Wikidata (1 revision)

Show changes

Template:Start date

Vigen — Wed, 06 May 2026 13:13:47 GMT

Vigen imported Template:Start date from wikipedia:Template:Start date (1 revision)

New page

<includeonly>{{#invoke:Date time|generate_date}}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown={{Main other|[[Category:Pages using start date with unknown parameters|_VALUE_]]}}|preview=Page using [[Template:Start date]] with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|showblankpositional=1| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | df }}</includeonly><noinclude>
{{documentation}}
</noinclude>

Module:Is infobox in lead

Vigen — Wed, 06 May 2026 13:13:46 GMT

Vigen imported Module:Is infobox in lead from wikipedia:Module:Is infobox in lead (1 revision)

New page

local p = {}

function p.main (frame)
return p._main (frame.args[1])
end

function p._main (searchString)
local content = mw.title.getCurrentTitle():getContent()
local offset = string.find(content, "==", 1 , true)
if offset then
local lead = string.sub(content, 1, offset-1)
if (string.find(lead, searchString)) then
lead = lead
:gsub( "{{%s-[Ii]nfobox%s-mapframe", "") --don't check for infobox mapframe
:gsub( "{{%s-[Ii]nfobo[^}]-%|%s-embed%s-=%s-yes", "") --don't check for embeded infoboxes
:gsub( "{{%s-[Ii]nfobo[^}]-%|%s-child%s-=%s-yes", "") --don't check for child infoboxes
local iter = string.gmatch(lead, "{{%s-[Ii]nfobox")
iter()
if not iter() then --if able to find two infoboxes in the lead, then don't return true
local iter2 = string.gmatch(content, searchString)
iter2()
if not iter2() then --if able to find two of the specific infobox in the article, then don't return true
return true
end
end
end
end
end

return p

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:14, 21 May 2026
(3 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 2:		Line 2:

	'''Anybody is free to:'''		'''Anybody is free to:'''
	* Read and print our articles and other media free of charge		* Read and print our articles and other media free of charge.
	* Share and reuse our articles and other media under free and open licenses		* Share and reuse our articles and other media under free and open licenses.

	'''Anybody with a CERN computing account is free to:'''		'''Anybody with a CERN computing account is free to:'''
	* Contribute content and edit material		* Contribute content and edit material.

	'''Under the following conditions:'''		'''Under the following conditions:'''
Line 12:		Line 12:
	* Civility — Contributors support a civil environment and do not harass other users.		* Civility — Contributors support a civil environment and do not harass other users.
	* Lawful behavior — Contributors do not violate copyright, post illegal content, or violate other applicable laws that follow human rights principles and CERN regulations.		* Lawful behavior — Contributors do not violate copyright, post illegal content, or violate other applicable laws that follow human rights principles and CERN regulations.
	* No ~~Harm~~ — Contributors do not harm our technology infrastructure and follow the policies for the infrastructure [https://cds.cern.ch/record/2842993/files/OC%205%20Rev1%20.pdf].		* No harm — Contributors do not harm our technology infrastructure and follow the policies for the infrastructure [https://cds.cern.ch/record/2842993/files/OC%205%20Rev1%20.pdf].
	* Terms of use and policies — Contributors adhere to the below Terms of Use, to the CERN Code of Conduct [https://repository.cern/records/fe7kx-e4a22/preview/BrochureCodeofConductEN.pdf], and to the applicable community policies.		* Terms of use and policies — Contributors adhere to the below Terms of Use, to the CERN Code of Conduct [https://repository.cern/records/fe7kx-e4a22/preview/BrochureCodeofConductEN.pdf], and to the applicable community policies.

Line 19:		Line 19:
	* No professional advice — The content of articles on CERNipedia is for informational purposes only and does not constitute professional advice.		* No professional advice — The content of articles on CERNipedia is for informational purposes only and does not constitute professional advice.

	~~---~~Terms of Use~~---~~		== Terms of Use ==
	The Terms of Use for ~~Wikipedia~~ are the same as for Wikimedia [https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policy:Terms_of_Use], unless CERN regulations are stricter.		The Terms of Use for CERNipedia are the same as for Wikimedia [https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policy:Terms_of_Use], unless CERN regulations are stricter.