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'''Wolfgang Ernst Pauli''' (25 April 1900 – 15 December 1958) was an Austrian–Swiss theoretical physicist and a pioneer of quantum mechanics. In 1945, after having been nominated by Albert Einstein,<ref>{{cite web|title=Nomination Database: Wolfgang Pauli |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/show_people.php?id=7042|publisher=Nobel Foundation|access-date=17 November 2015}}</ref> Pauli received the Nobel Prize in Physics "for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also called the Pauli Principle".<ref name="Nobel Prize">{{Cite web|title=Nobel Prize in Physics 1945|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1945/summary/|url-status=live|publisher=Nobel Foundation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011111759/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1945/index.html|archive-date=2008-10-11|access-date=2008-10-09}}</ref> The discovery involved spin theory, which is the basis of a theory of the structure of matter. 

To preserve the conservation of energy in beta decay, Pauli proposed the existence of a small neutral particle, dubbed the "neutrino" by Enrico Fermi, in 1930. Neutrinos were first detected in 1956.

== Early life and family ==
Wolfgang Ernst Pauli was born on 25 April 1900 in Vienna, the son of Wolfgang Josef Pauli (né Pascheles) and Bertha Camilla Schütz. His sister was Hertha Pauli, a writer and actress. His middle name was given in honor of his godfather, physicist Ernst Mach. His paternal grandparents were from prominent Jewish families of Prague; his great-grandfather was the Jewish publisher Wolf Pascheles.<ref>[http://iopscience.iop.org/0143-0807/11/5/001 Ernst Mach and Wolfgang Pauli's ancestors in Prague]</ref> Bertha was raised in her mother's Roman Catholic religion; her father was Jewish writer Friedrich Schütz. Pauli was also raised as a Roman Catholic.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jinfo.org/Physicists.html|title=Jewish Physicists|access-date=30 September 2006}}</ref>

== Education ==
Pauli attended the Döblinger-Gymnasium in Vienna, graduating with distinction in 1918. Two months later, he published his first paper, on Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity. He studied under Arnold Sommerfeld at the University of Munich,<ref name=peierls/> where he received his Ph.D. in 1921 with a thesis on the quantum theory of ionized diatomic hydrogen ({{chem|H|2|+}}).<ref name=mathgene>{{MathGenealogy|id=22421}}</ref><ref name=phd>{{cite thesis |degree=PhD |first=Wolfgang Ernst|last=Pauli |title=Über das Modell des Wasserstoff-Molekülions |publisher=Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München |year=1921}}</ref>

Sommerfeld asked Pauli to review the theory of relativity for the ''Encyclopedia of Mathematical Sciences''. Two months after receiving his doctorate, Pauli completed the article, which came to 237 pages. Einstein praised it and published it as a monograph. It remains a standard reference on the subject.<ref>W. Pauli (1926) [https://archive.org/details/EncyklopdieDerMathematischenWissenschaftennfterBandPhysik/page/n545 Relativitätstheorie] Klein's encyclopedia V.19 via Internet Archive</ref>

Pauli spent a year at the University of Göttingen as an assistant to Max Born,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Max Born|url=https://www.mbi-berlin.de//about-mbi/history/max-born|access-date=9 November 2020|website=Max-Born-Institut|quote=1922...Wolfgang Pauli and Werner Heisenberg are research assistants of Max Born}}</ref> and the following year at the University of Copenhagen.<ref name=peierls/>

== Career ==
From 1923 to 1928, Pauli was a lecturer at the University of Hamburg.<ref>{{cite web |title=Universität Hamburg und DESY gründen Wolfgang Pauli Centre für theoretische Physik |url=https://www.desy.de/infos__services/presse/pressemeldungen/@@news-view?id=5081&lang=ger |website=DESY Hamburg |access-date=14 February 2022 |language=German |date=May 2013 |quote=Benannt ist das Centre nach dem Physik-Nobelpreisträger, der von 1923 bis 1928 Professor in Hamburg war.}}</ref> During this period, he was instrumental in the development of the modern theory of quantum mechanics. In particular, he formulated the exclusion principle and the theory of nonrelativistic spin.

In 1928, Pauli was appointed Professor of Theoretical Physics at [[ETH Zurich]] in Switzerland.<ref name=peierls/> He was awarded the Lorentz Medal in 1930.<ref>{{cite web |title=Wolfgang Pauli – Biographical |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1945/pauli/biographical/ |website=The Nobel Prize |access-date=29 June 2021}}</ref> He held visiting professorships at the University of Michigan in 1931 and the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton in 1935.

In 1929, Pauli married Käthe Margarethe Deppner, a cabaret dancer;<ref name="Misha2017">{{cite book|author=Shifman Misha|title=Standing Together in Troubled Times: Unpublished Letters Of Pauli, Einstein, Franck And Others|date=2017|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-320-103-3|page=4}}</ref> the marriage was unhappy, ending in divorce after less than a year. He remarried in 1934 to Franziska "Franca" Bertram. She donated Pauli's personal archives  including his Nobel Prize medal, to [[CERN]] in 1960 and 1971.<ref name=CERNOct25>{{cite news|url=https://home.cern/news/news/cern/felix-blochs-nobel-medal-now-display-cern|archive-url=|title=Felix Bloch's Nobel medal now on display at CERN|date=17 October 2025|work=[[CERN]]|accessdate=17 January 2026|archivedate=}}</ref>

== Carl Jung ==
At the end of 1930, immediately after his divorce and his mother's death, Pauli experienced a personal crisis. In January 1932, he consulted psychiatrist and psychotherapist Carl Jung, who also lived near Zurich. Jung immediately began interpreting Pauli's deeply archetypal dreams and Pauli became a collaborator of Jung's. He soon began to critique the epistemology of Jung's theory scientifically, and this contributed to a certain clarification of Jung's ideas, especially about synchronicity. A great many of these discussions are documented in the Pauli/Jung letters, today published as ''Atom and Archetype''. Jung's elaborate analysis of more than 400 of Pauli's dreams is documented in ''Psychology and Alchemy''. In 1933 Pauli published the second part of his book on physics, ''Handbuch der Physik'', which was considered the definitive book on the new field of quantum physics. Robert Oppenheimer called it "the only adult introduction to quantum mechanics."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Von Meyenn|first=Karl|title=Wolfgang Pauli|journal=Physics Today|date=1 February 2001|volume=54|issue=2|pages=43–48|doi=10.1063/1.1359709|bibcode=2001PhT....54b..43M|doi-access=free}}</ref>

== Later life and death ==
The German annexation of Austria in 1938 made Pauli a German citizen, which became a problem for him in 1939 when World War II broke out. In 1940, he tried in vain to obtain Swiss citizenship, which would have allowed him to remain at the ETH.<ref>Charles Paul Enz: ''No Time to be Brief: A Scientific Biography of Wolfgang Pauli'', first published 2002, reprinted 2004, {{ISBN|978-0-19-856479-9}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=c-UJWhBaZBgC&pg=PA338 p. 338]</ref> The same year, he moved to the United States and was appointed Professor of Theoretical Physics at the Institute for Advanced Study. In 1946, he became a naturalized US citizen and returned to Zurich, where he remained for the rest of his life. In 1949, he was granted Swiss citizenship.

In 1958, Pauli was awarded the Max Planck Medal. The same year, he fell ill with pancreatic cancer. When his last assistant, Charles Enz, visited him at the Rotkreuz hospital in Zurich, Pauli asked him, "Did you see the room number?" It was 137. Throughout his life, Pauli had been preoccupied with the question of why the fine-structure constant, a dimensionless fundamental constant, has a value nearly equal to 1/137.<ref>Sherbon, M.A. Wolfgang Pauli and the Fine-Structure Constant. Journal of Science. Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 148–154 (2012).</ref> Pauli died in that room on 15 December 1958.<ref name="Enz 2009 p95">"By a 'cabalistic' coincidence, Wolfgang Pauli died in room 137 of the Red-Cross hospital at Zurich on 15 December 1958." – Of Mind and Spirit, Selected Essays of Charles Enz, Charles Paul Enz, World Scientific, 2009, {{ISBN|978-981-281-900-0}}, p. 95.</ref><ref name="Enz 1983 p887">{{cite journal|last=Enz|first=Charles P.|journal=Helvetica Physica Acta|title=In memoriam Wolfgang Pauli (1900–1958)|url=https://www.e-periodica.ch/cntmng?pid=hpa-001:1983:56::1311}}</ref>

== Research ==
Pauli made many important contributions as a physicist, primarily in the field of quantum mechanics. He seldom published papers, preferring lengthy correspondences with colleagues such as Niels Bohr from the University of Copenhagen in Denmark and Werner Heisenberg, with whom he had close friendships. Many of his ideas and results were never published and appeared only in his letters, which were often copied and circulated by their recipients. In 1921 Pauli worked with Bohr to create the Aufbau Principle, which described building up electrons in shells based on the German word for building up, as Bohr was also fluent in German.

Pauli proposed in 1924 a new quantum degree of freedom (or quantum number) with two possible values, to resolve inconsistencies between observed molecular spectra and the developing theory of quantum mechanics. He formulated the Pauli exclusion principle, perhaps his most important work, which stated that no two electrons could exist in the same quantum state, identified by four quantum numbers including his new two-valued degree of freedom. The idea of spin originated with Ralph Kronig. A year later, George Uhlenbeck and Samuel Goudsmit identified Pauli's new degree of freedom as electron spin, in which Pauli for a very long time wrongly refused to believe.<ref>{{cite web|last=Goudsmit|first=S.A.|author2=translated by van der Waals, J.H. |title=The discovery of the electron spin|url=https://ilorentz.org/history/spin/goudsmit.html}}</ref>

In 1926, shortly after Heisenberg published the matrix theory of modern quantum mechanics, Pauli used it to derive the observed spectrum of the hydrogen atom. This result was important in securing credibility for Heisenberg's theory.

Pauli introduced the 2×2 Pauli matrices as a basis of spin operators, thus solving the nonrelativistic theory of spin. This work, including the Pauli equation, is sometimes said to have influenced Paul Dirac in his creation of the Dirac equation for the relativistic electron, though Dirac said that he invented these same matrices himself independently at the time. Dirac invented similar but larger (4x4) spin matrices for use in his relativistic treatment of fermionic spin.

In 1930, Pauli considered the problem of beta decay. In a letter of 4 December to Lise Meitner ''et al.'', beginning, "Dear radioactive ladies and gentlemen", he proposed the existence of a hitherto unobserved neutral particle with a small mass, no greater than 1% the mass of a proton, to explain the continuous spectrum of beta decay. In 1934, Enrico Fermi incorporated the particle, which he called a neutrino, "little neutral one" in Fermi's native Italian, into his theory of beta decay. The neutrino was first confirmed experimentally in 1956 by Frederick Reines and Clyde Cowan, two and a half years before Pauli's death. On receiving the news, he replied by telegram: "Thanks for message. Everything comes to him who knows how to wait. Pauli."<ref>{{cite journal|last=Enz|first=Charles|author2=Meyenn, Karl von|title=Wolfgang Pauli, A Biographical Introduction|journal=Writings on Physics and Philosophy|publisher=Springer-Verlag|page=19|year=1994}}</ref>

In 1940, Pauli re-derived the spin-statistics theorem, a critical result of quantum field theory that states that particles with half-integer spin are fermions, while particles with integer spin are bosons.

In 1949, he published a paper on Pauli–Villars regularization: regularization is the term for techniques that modify infinite mathematical integrals to make them finite during calculations, so that one can identify whether the intrinsically infinite quantities in the theory (mass, charge, wavefunction) form a finite and hence calculable set that can be redefined in terms of their experimental values, which criterion is termed renormalization, and which removes infinities from quantum field theories, but also importantly allows the calculation of higher-order corrections in perturbation theory.

Pauli made repeated criticisms of the modern synthesis of evolutionary biology,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Pauli|first=W.|title=Naturwissenschaftliche und erkenntnistheoretische Aspekte der Ideen vom Unbewussten|journal=Dialectica|volume=8|issue=4|pages=283–301|doi= 10.1111/j.1746-8361.1954.tb01265.x|year=1954}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Atmanspacher|first=H.|author2=Primas, H.|title=Pauli's ideas on mind and matter in the context of contemporary science|journal=Journal of Consciousness Studies|volume=13|issue=3|pages=5–50|year=2006|url=http://www.igpp.de/english/tda/pdf/paulijcs8.pdf|access-date=12 February 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090319155642/http://www.igpp.de/english/tda/pdf/paulijcs8.pdf|archive-date=19 March 2009}}</ref> and his contemporary admirers point to modes of epigenetic inheritance as supporting his arguments.<ref>[http://www.solid.ethz.ch/pauli-conference/thematic.htm Conference on Wolfgang Pauli's Philosophical Ideas and Contemporary Science] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140910103419/http://www.solid.ethz.ch/pauli-conference/thematic.htm|date=10 September 2014}} organised by [[ETH]] 20–25 May 2007. The abstract of a paper discussing this by Richard Jorgensen is here [http://www.solid.ethz.ch/pauli-conference/abstracts.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924103559/http://www.solid.ethz.ch/pauli-conference/abstracts.htm|date=24 September 2015}}</ref>

Paul Drude in 1900 proposed the first theoretical model for a classical electron moving through a metallic solid. Drude's classical model was also augmented by Pauli and other physicists.  Pauli realized that the free electrons in metal must obey the Fermi–Dirac statistics.  Using this idea, he developed the theory of paramagnetism in 1926. Pauli said, "Festkörperphysik ist eine Schmutzphysik"—solid-state physics is the physics of dirt.<ref name="AIP Publishing 2018 p.">{{cite journal | title=Commentary: Condensed matter's image problem | journal=Physics Today | publisher=AIP Publishing | date=19 December 2018 | issn=1945-0699 | doi=10.1063/pt.6.3.20181219a | article-number=30800 | last1=Natelson | first1=Douglas | issue=12 | bibcode=2018PhT..2018l0800N }}</ref>

==Personality and friendships==
The Pauli effect was named after his anecdotal bizarre ability to break experimental equipment simply by being in its vicinity. Pauli was aware of his reputation and was delighted whenever the Pauli effect manifested. These strange occurrences were in line with his controversial investigations into the legitimacy of parapsychology, particularly his collaboration with C. G. Jung on synchronicity.<ref>Harald Atmanspacher and Hans Primas (1996) "The Hidden Side of Wolfgang Pauli: An Eminent Physicist's Extraordinary Encounter With Depth Psychology'", Journal of Consciousness Studies 3: 112–126.</ref> Max Born considered Pauli "only comparable to Einstein himself... perhaps even greater". Einstein declared Pauli his "spiritual heir".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Schucking|first=Engelbert|url=https://www.phy.bnl.gov/~diwan/talks/talks/virginia%20colloquium/sps/july30_teachers/pauli_physics_today.html|title=Wolfgang Pauli|date=30 July 2001}}</ref>

Pauli was famously a perfectionist. This extended not just to his own work, but also to that of his colleagues. As a result, he became known in the physics community as the "conscience of physics", the critic to whom his colleagues were accountable. He could be scathing in his dismissal of any theory he found lacking, often labelling it ''ganz falsch'', "utterly wrong".

But this was not his most severe criticism, which he reserved for theories or theses so unclearly presented as to be untestable or unevaluatable and thus not properly belonging within the realm of science, even though posing as such. They were worse than wrong because they could not be proved wrong. Famously, he once said of such an unclear paper: "It is not even wrong!"<ref name=peierls>{{Cite journal | last1 = Peierls | first1 = Rudolf | author-link1 = Rudolf Peierls | year = 1960 | title = Wolfgang Ernst Pauli 1900–1958 | journal = Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society | volume = 6 | pages =  174–192| publisher = Royal Society | doi = 10.1098/rsbm.1960.0014  | doi-access = free| s2cid = 62478251 }}</ref>

His supposed remark when meeting another leading physicist, Paul Ehrenfest, illustrates this notion of an arrogant Pauli. The two met at a conference for the first time. Ehrenfest was familiar with Pauli's papers and quite impressed with them. After a few minutes of conversation, Ehrenfest remarked, "I think I like your Encyclopedia article [on relativity theory] better than I like you," to which Pauli retorted, "That's strange. With me, regarding you, it is just the opposite."<ref>Oskar Klein, cited in {{cite book |last1=Mehra |first1=Jagdish |author-link1=Jagdish Mehra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8tUVMSsC9wAC&pg=PA488 |title=The Historical Development of Quantum Theory |last2=Rechenberg |first2=Helmut |author-link2=Helmut Rechenberg |publisher=Springer |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-387-95175-1 |page=488}}</ref> The two became very good friends from then on.

A somewhat warmer picture emerges from this story, which appears in the article on Dirac:

<blockquote>Werner Heisenberg [in ''Physics and Beyond'', 1971] recollects a friendly conversation among young participants at the 1927 Solvay Conference, about Einstein and Planck's views on religion. Wolfgang Pauli, Heisenberg, and Dirac took part in it. Dirac's contribution was a poignant and clear criticism of the political manipulation of religion, that was much appreciated for its lucidity by Bohr, when Heisenberg reported it to him later. Among other things, Dirac said: "I cannot understand why we idle discussing religion. If we are honest – and as scientists honesty is our precise duty – we cannot help but admit that any religion is a pack of false statements, deprived of any real foundation. The very idea of God is a product of human imagination. [ ... ] I do not recognize any religious myth, at least because they contradict one another. [ ... ]" Heisenberg's view was tolerant. Pauli had kept silent, after some initial remarks. But when finally he was asked for his opinion, jokingly he said: "Well, I'd say that also our friend Dirac has got a religion and the first commandment of this religion is 'God does not exist and Paul Dirac is his prophet'". Everybody burst into laughter, including Dirac.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Heisenberg |first1=Werner |title=Physics and Beyond: Encounters and Conversations |url=https://archive.org/details/physicsbeyond00wern |url-access=limited |date=1971 |publisher=Harper and Row |isbn=978-0-06-131622-7 |page=[https://archive.org/details/physicsbeyond00wern/page/n105 87]}}</ref></blockquote>

Many of Pauli's ideas and results were never published and appeared only in his letters, which were often copied and circulated by their recipients. Pauli may have been unconcerned that much of his work thus went uncredited, but when it came to Heisenberg's world-renowned 1958 lecture at Göttingen on their joint work on a unified field theory, and the press release calling Pauli a mere "assistant to Professor Heisenberg", Pauli became offended, denouncing Heisenberg's physics prowess. The deterioration of their relationship resulted in Heisenberg ignoring Pauli's funeral, and writing in his autobiography that Pauli's criticisms were overwrought, though ultimately the field theory was proved untenable, validating Pauli's criticisms.<ref>{{cite web|title=The strange friendship of Pauli and Jung – Part 6|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OoX7RnLezx8| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211117/OoX7RnLezx8| archive-date=17 November 2021 | url-status=live|work=CERN|publisher=University College London|author=Arthur I. Miller|author-link=Arthur I. Miller|pages=4–6:00,8:10–8:50|format=flv|date=10 December 2009|quote=" ... a press release that read, most offensively to Pauli, 'Professor Heisenberg and his assistant W. Pauli ... "}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

George Gamow wrote that "it is just as difficult to find the branch of modern physics in which the Pauli Principle is not used as to find a man as gifted, amiable, and amusing as Wolfgang Pauli was."<ref>{{cite book| last=Gamow| first=George| author-link=George Gamow| title=Thirty Years That Shook Physics| date=1966| page=79}}</ref>

== Philosophy and religion ==
In his discussions with Carl Jung, Pauli developed an ontological theory that has been dubbed the "Pauli–Jung Conjecture" and has been seen as a kind of dual-aspect theory. The theory holds that there is "a psychophysically neutral reality" and that mental and physical aspects are derivative of this reality.<ref name="Atmanspacher pp. 527–549">{{cite journal | last=Atmanspacher | first=Harald | title=The Pauli–Jung Conjecture and Its Relatives: A Formally Augmented Outline | journal=Open Philosophy | volume=3 | issue=1 | date=1 January 2020 | doi=10.1515/opphil-2020-0138 | pages=527–549| s2cid=222005552 | doi-access=free | hdl=20.500.11850/448478 | hdl-access=free }}</ref> Pauli thought that elements of quantum physics pointed to a deeper reality that might explain the mind/matter gap and wrote, "we must postulate a cosmic order of nature beyond our control to which ''both'' the outward material objects ''and'' the inward images are subject."<ref name=":0">Burns, Charlene (2011). ''[https://www.metanexus.net/wolfgang-pauli-carl-jung-and-acausal-connecting-principle-case-study-transdisciplinarity/ Wolfgang Pauli, Carl Jung, and the Acausal Connecting Principle: A Case Study in Transdisciplinarity],'' Disciplines in Dialogue.</ref>

Pauli and Jung held that this reality was governed by common principles ("archetypes") that appear as psychological phenomena or as physical events.<ref name=":1">Atmanspacher, Harald and Primas, Hans (1995) ''The Hidden Side of Wolfgang Pauli.'' Journal of Consciousness Studies, 3, No. 2, 1996, pp. 112–26.</ref> They also held that synchronicities might reveal some of this underlying reality's workings.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />

Pauli is considered to have been a deist and a mystic. In ''No Time to Be Brief: A Scientific Biography of Wolfgang Pauli'', he is quoted as writing to science historian Shmuel Sambursky, "In opposition to the monotheist religions – but in unison with the mysticism of all peoples, including the Jewish mysticism – I believe that the ultimate reality is not personal."<ref>{{cite book|title=No Time to Be Brief: A Scientific Biography of Wolfgang Pauli|year=2002|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-856479-9|author=Charles Paul Enz|quote=At the same time Pauli writes on 11 October 1957 to the science historian Shmuel Sambursky whom he had met on his trip to Israel (see Ref. [7], p. 964): 'In opposition to the monotheist religions – but in unison with the mysticism of all peoples, including the Jewish mysticism – I believe that the ultimate reality is not personal.'}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Physics and Philosophy: The Revolution in Modern Science|url=https://archive.org/details/physicsphilosoph00heis_128|url-access=limited|year=2007|publisher=HarperCollins|isbn=978-0-06-120919-2|pages=[https://archive.org/details/physicsphilosoph00heis_128/page/n225 214]–215|author=Werner Heisenberg|quote=Wolfgang shared my concern. ... "Einstein's conception is closer to mine. His God is somehow involved in the immutable laws of nature. Einstein has a feeling for the central order of things. He can detect it in the simplicity of natural laws. We may take it that he felt this simplicity very strongly and directly during his discovery of the theory of relativity. Admittedly, this is a far cry from the contents of religion. I don't believe Einstein is tied to any religious tradition, and I rather think the idea of a personal God is entirely foreign to him."}}</ref>

== Recognition ==
As a Foreign Member, Pauli was elected to the Royal Society in 1953<ref>{{Cite web|title=Search Results|url=https://catalogues.royalsociety.org/CalmView/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Persons&id=NA588&pos=1|url-status=live|website=catalogues.royalsociety.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250712002215/https://catalogues.royalsociety.org/CalmView/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Persons&id=NA588&pos=1|archive-date=2025-07-12|access-date=2026-04-19}}</ref> and the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1958.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wolfgang Ernst Pauli (1900-1958)|url=https://dwc.knaw.nl/biografie/biografisch-apparaat/pmknaw/?pagetype=authorDetail&aId=PE00002258|url-status=live|website=dwc.knaw.nl|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709202435/https://dwc.knaw.nl/biografie/biografisch-apparaat/pmknaw/?pagetype=authorDetail&aId=PE00002258|archive-date=2023-07-09|access-date=2015-07-26}}</ref>
=== Awards ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Organization
! Award
! Citation
! {{Reference column heading}}
|-
| 1931
| {{Flagicon|Netherlands}} Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
| Lorentz Medal
| align=center | —
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Laureates - Lorentz Medal|url=https://www.knaw.nl/en/awards/laureates/lorentzmedaille/overzicht|url-status=dead|website=www.knaw.nl|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305011712/https://www.knaw.nl/en/awards/laureates/lorentzmedaille/overzicht|archive-date=2016-03-05|access-date=2016-06-18}}</ref>
|-
| 1945
| {{Flagicon|Sweden}} Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
| Nobel Prize in Physics
| "For the discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also called the Pauli Principle."
| <ref name="Nobel Prize"/>
|-
| 1952
| {{Flagicon|US|1912}} Franklin Institute
| Franklin Medal
| "For work in the understanding of atomic physics and the formulation of exclusion principle."
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Wolfgang Pauli|url=https://fi.edu/en/awards/laureates/wolfgang-pauli|url-status=live|publisher=Franklin Institute|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605110103/https://fi.edu/en/awards/laureates/wolfgang-pauli|archive-date=2024-06-05|access-date=2026-04-19}}</ref>
|-
| 1956
| {{Flagicon|Italy}} Accademia dei XL
| Matteucci Medal
| align=center | —
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Medaglie|url=https://www.accademiaxl.it/attivita/medaglie/|website=www.accademiaxl.it|language=it|access-date=2025-11-04}}</ref>
|-
| 1958
| {{Flagicon|West Germany}} German Physical Society
| Max Planck Medal
| align=center | —
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Preisträgerinnen und Preisträger|url=https://www.dpg-physik.de/auszeichnungen/dpg-preise/max-planck-medaille/preistraeger|url-status=live|website=www.dpg-physik.de|language=de|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251009202127/https://www.dpg-physik.de/auszeichnungen/dpg-preise/max-planck-medaille/preistraeger|archive-date=2025-10-09|access-date=2021-03-23}}</ref>
|}

== Publications ==
*Pauli W, ''General Principles of Quantum Mechanics'', Springer, 1980.
*Pauli W, ''Lectures on Physics'', 6 vols, Dover, 2000.<br>Vol 1: ''Electrodynamics''<br>Vol 2: ''Optics and the Theory of Electrons''<br>Vol 3: ''Thermodynamics and the Kinetic Theory of Gases''<br>Vol 4: ''Statistical Mechanics''<br>Vol 5: ''Wave Mechanics''<br>Vol 6: ''Selected Topics in Field Quantization''
*Pauli W, ''Meson Theory of Nuclear Forces'', 2nd ed, Interscience Publishers, 1948.
*Pauli W, ''Theory of Relativity'', Dover, 1981.
* {{cite book|last=Pauli|first=Wolfgang|author2=Jung, C. G.|year=1955|title=The Interpretation of Nature and the Psyche|publisher=Ishi Press|isbn=978-4-87187-713-8}}
* {{cite book|last=Pauli|first=Wolfgang|author2=Jung, C. G.|year=2001|title=Atom and Archetype, The Pauli/Jung Letters, 1932–1958|editor=C. A. Meier|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, NJ|isbn=978-0-691012-07-0}}


== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book|last=Enz|first=Charles P.|year=2002|title=No Time to be Brief: A Scientific Biography of Wolfgang Pauli|publisher=Oxford Univ. Press | isbn=978-0-19-856479-9 }}
* {{cite book|last=Enz|first=Charles P.|chapter=Rationales und Irrationales im Leben Wolfgang Paulis|editor=H. Atmanspacher|year=1995|title=Der Pauli-Jung-Dialog|publisher=Springer-Verlag|location=Berlin|display-editors=etal}}
* {{cite book|last=Fischer|first=Ernst Peter|author-link= Ernst Peter Fischer|year=2004|title=Brücken zum Kosmos. Wolfgang Pauli – Denkstoffe und Nachtträume zwischen Kernphysik und Weltharmonie|publisher=Libelle|isbn=978-3-909081-44-8}}
* {{cite book|last=Gieser|first=Suzanne|year=2005|title=The Innermost Kernel. Depth Psychology and Quantum Physics. Wolfgang Pauli's Dialogue with C.G. Jung|publisher=Springer Verlag | isbn=978-3-540-20856-3 }}
* {{cite book|last=Jung|first=C.G.|year=1980|title=Psychology and Alchemy|publisher=Princeton Univ. Press|location=Princeton, New Jersey}}
* {{cite book|last=Keve|first=Tom|year=2000|title=Triad: the physicists, the analysts, the kabbalists|publisher=Rosenberger & Krausz|location=London| isbn=978-0-9536219-0-3 }}
* {{cite book|last=Lindorff|first=David|year=1994|title=Pauli and Jung: The Meeting of Two Great Minds|publisher=Quest Books | isbn=978-0-8356-0887-9 }}
* {{cite book|last=Pais|author-link=Abraham Pais|first=Abraham|year=2000|title=The Genius of Science|url=https://archive.org/details/geniusofsciencea00pais|url-access=registration|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-850614-0 }}
* {{Cite book|editor-last1=Enz|editor-first1=P.|editor-last2=von Meyenn|editor-first2=Karl|translator-last=Schlapp|translator-first=Robert|year=1994|title=Wolfgang Pauli – Writings on Physics and Philosophy|publisher=Springer Verlag|location=Berlin|isbn=978-3-540-56859-9}}
* {{cite book|last=Laurikainen|first=K. V.|year=1988|title=Beyond the Atom – The Philosophical Thought of Wolfgang Pauli|publisher=Springer Verlag|location=Berlin|isbn=978-0-387-19456-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Casimir|first=H. B. G.|author-link=Hendrik Casimir|year=1983|title=Haphazard Reality: Half a Century of Science|publisher=Harper & Row|location=New York|isbn=978-0-06-015028-0|url=https://archive.org/details/haphazardreality00casi}}
* {{cite book|last=Casimir|first=H. B. G.|year=1992|title=Het toeval van de werkelijkheid: Een halve eeuw natuurkunde|publisher=Meulenhof|location=Amsterdam|isbn=978-90-290-9709-3}}
* {{cite book|last=Miller|first=Arthur I.|author-link=Arthur I. Miller|year=2009|title=Deciphering the Cosmic Number: The Strange Friendship of Wolfgang Pauli and Carl Jung|publisher=W.W. Norton & Co.|location=New York|isbn=978-0-393-06532-9|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780393065329}}
* Remo, F. Roth: ''Return of the World Soul, Wolfgang Pauli, C.G. Jung and the Challenge of Psychophysical Reality [unus mundus], Part 1: The Battle of the Giants''. Pari Publishing, 2011, {{ISBN|978-88-95604-12-1}}.
* Remo, F. Roth: ''Return of the World Soul, Wolfgang Pauli, C.G. Jung and the Challenge of Psychophysical Reality [unus mundus], Part 2: A Psychophysical Theory''. Pari Publishing, 2012, {{ISBN|978-88-95604-16-9}}.



{{DEFAULTSORT:Pauli, Wolfgang}}
[[Category:1900 births]]
[[Category:1958 deaths]]