Herwig Schopper - Revision history

Vigen at 13:13, 14 April 2026

2026-04-14T13:13:40Z

Vigen at 12:54, 14 April 2026

2026-04-14T12:54:11Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:54, 14 April 2026
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	Schopper was born in Lanškroun, Czechoslovakia, on 28 February 1924,<ref name="DESY">[https://desy.de/desy_aktuell/2025/schopper_nachruf/index_ger.html "Herwig Schopper 1924–2025"]. ''desy.de'', 21 August 2025 (in German). Retrieved 21 August 2025.</ref> to a family of Austrian descent; his father was a teacher.<ref name="Munzinger">{{cite encyclopedia \| url = https://www.munzinger.de/register/portrait/biographien/Herwig+Schopper/00/16197 \| title = Herwig Schopper \| encyclopedia = Munizinger Archiv \| language = de \| access-date = 26 August 2025 }}</ref> He grew up in a German-speaking town in the newly founded Czechoslovakia. A few years after Schopper's birth, his parents amicably divorced, and he lived with his mother during the week and with his father on weekends. His parents and relatives encouraged his scientific and musical interests.<ref name="Springer2024">{{Citation\|title=Herwig Schopper: Scientist and Diplomat in a Changing World\|first1=Herwig\|last1=Schopper\|first2=James\|last2=Gillies\|series=Springer Biographies \|year=2024\|publisher=[[Springer Verlag]]\|doi=10.1007/978-3-031-51042-7\|doi-access=free \|bibcode=2024hssd.book.....S \|isbn=978-3-031-51041-0 }}</ref>{{rp\|1-11}}		Schopper was born in Lanškroun, Czechoslovakia, on 28 February 1924,<ref name="DESY">[https://desy.de/desy_aktuell/2025/schopper_nachruf/index_ger.html "Herwig Schopper 1924–2025"]. ''desy.de'', 21 August 2025 (in German). Retrieved 21 August 2025.</ref> to a family of Austrian descent; his father was a teacher.<ref name="Munzinger">{{cite encyclopedia \| url = https://www.munzinger.de/register/portrait/biographien/Herwig+Schopper/00/16197 \| title = Herwig Schopper \| encyclopedia = Munizinger Archiv \| language = de \| access-date = 26 August 2025 }}</ref> He grew up in a German-speaking town in the newly founded Czechoslovakia. A few years after Schopper's birth, his parents amicably divorced, and he lived with his mother during the week and with his father on weekends. His parents and relatives encouraged his scientific and musical interests.<ref name="Springer2024">{{Citation\|title=Herwig Schopper: Scientist and Diplomat in a Changing World\|first1=Herwig\|last1=Schopper\|first2=James\|last2=Gillies\|series=Springer Biographies \|year=2024\|publisher=[[Springer Verlag]]\|doi=10.1007/978-3-031-51042-7\|doi-access=free \|bibcode=2024hssd.book.....S \|isbn=978-3-031-51041-0 }}</ref>{{rp\|1-11}}

	Schopper was advanced one year early into secondary school and took his final exams in 1942, after being taught alone in his last year because his classmates had left school early with an ~~{{ill\|~~emergency diploma~~\|de\|Notabitur}}~~. In 1938, following the annexation of the Sudetenland as a result of the Munich Agreement, Schopper had become a German citizen. After completing school, he was conscripted into the Reich Labour Service and then drafted into the Wehrmacht, where he was assigned to the Luftwaffe's intelligence service. He chose a career as an officer, which meant alternating between training and combat service (twice on the Eastern Front, then in the West during the Ardennes Offensive). At the end of the war, Schopper was taken prisoner by the British in Schleswig-Holstein.<ref name="Springer2024"/>{{rp\|15-29}}		Schopper was advanced one year early into secondary school and took his final exams in 1942, after being taught alone in his last year because his classmates had left school early with an emergency diploma. In 1938, following the annexation of the Sudetenland as a result of the Munich Agreement, Schopper had become a German citizen. After completing school, he was conscripted into the Reich Labour Service and then drafted into the Wehrmacht, where he was assigned to the Luftwaffe's intelligence service. He chose a career as an officer, which meant alternating between training and combat service (twice on the Eastern Front, then in the West during the Ardennes Offensive). At the end of the war, Schopper was taken prisoner by the British in Schleswig-Holstein.<ref name="Springer2024"/>{{rp\|15-29}}

	==Life and career==		==Life and career==
	In the autumn of 1945, he began studying physics at the University of Hamburg.<ref name="Springer2024"/>{{rp\|31}} It was here where he obtained his diploma in physics (1949) and his doctorate (1951),<ref name="Academia Europaea" /> studying under Wilhelm Lenz and Rudolf Fleischmann. In 1950/51 he was a research assistant with [[Lise Meitner]] at Stockholm and in 1956/57 at the Cavendish Laboratory under Otto Robert Frisch.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Fraser \|first=Gordon \|date=2012 \|title=The Quantum Exodus: Jewish Fugitives, the Atomic Bomb, and the Holocaust\|publisher=Oxford Univ. Press \|page=142 \|isbn=9780199592159}}</ref><ref name=CV_leo>{{cite web\|url=http://www.leopoldina.org/fileadmin/redaktion/Mitglieder/CV_Schopper_Herwig_D.pdf \|title=Curriculum Vitae Professor Dr. Herwig Schopper \|website=Leopoldina \|access-date=1 August 2016 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151218150942/http://www.leopoldina.org/fileadmin/redaktion/Mitglieder/CV_Schopper_Herwig_D.pdf \|archive-date=18 December 2015}}</ref>		In the autumn of 1945, he began studying physics at the University of Hamburg.<ref name="Springer2024"/>{{rp\|31}} It was here where he obtained his diploma in physics (1949) and his doctorate (1951),<ref name="Academia Europaea" /> studying under Wilhelm Lenz and Rudolf Fleischmann. In 1950/51 he was a research assistant with Lise Meitner at Stockholm and in 1956/57 at the Cavendish Laboratory under Otto Robert Frisch.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Fraser \|first=Gordon \|date=2012 \|title=The Quantum Exodus: Jewish Fugitives, the Atomic Bomb, and the Holocaust\|publisher=Oxford Univ. Press \|page=142 \|isbn=9780199592159}}</ref><ref name=CV_leo>{{cite web\|url=http://www.leopoldina.org/fileadmin/redaktion/Mitglieder/CV_Schopper_Herwig_D.pdf \|title=Curriculum Vitae Professor Dr. Herwig Schopper \|website=Leopoldina \|access-date=1 August 2016 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151218150942/http://www.leopoldina.org/fileadmin/redaktion/Mitglieder/CV_Schopper_Herwig_D.pdf \|archive-date=18 December 2015}}</ref>

	During these fellowships, Schopper worked on nuclear physics and contributed substantially to the evidence of parity violation in weak interactions. He measured the circular polarization of gamma rays following a beta decay, thought unfeasible by Lee and Yang,<ref>{{cite journal \|last=Schopper \|first=Herwig \|date=14 March 1957 \|title=Circular polarisation of gamma-rays: Further proof for parity failure in beta decay \|journal=Philosophical Magazine \|volume=2 \|issue=17 \|pages=710–713 \|doi= 10.1080/14786435708242717\|bibcode=1957PMag....2..710S }}</ref> and showed in the same experiment that the [[Helicity (particle physics)\|helicities]] of neutrino and antineutrino are opposite. Later, he was involved in an experiment to test time reversal symmetry.~~<!--~~<ref name=courier_swiss>{{cite journal \|date=December 2015 \|title=Swiss Physical Society honours Herwig Schopper \|url=http://cerncourier.com/cws/article/cern/63159 \|journal=CERN Courier \|volume=55 \|issue=10 \|pages=33–34 \|access-date=1 August 2016}}</ref~~> --~~> In 1956, he followed Fleischmann to the University of Erlangen where he continued to do research in optics and solid-state physics, with emphasis on thin metal layers, which he had started at Hamburg. Also he developed, along with Clausnitzer, the first source of polarised protons.<ref>{{cite journal \|last1= Clausnitzer \|first1=G. \|last2= Fleischmann \|first2=R. \|last3= Schopper \|first3=H. \|date=August 1956 \|title= Erzeugung eines Wasserstoffatomstrahles mit gleichgerichteten Kernspins \|journal= Zeitschrift für Physik \|volume=144 \|issue=4 \|pages=336–342 \|doi= 10.1007/BF01340806\|bibcode=1956ZPhy..144..336C \|s2cid=120961803 }}</ref> In 1957 he became Privatdozent at the University of Erlangen.<ref name=CV_leo />		During these fellowships, Schopper worked on nuclear physics and contributed substantially to the evidence of parity violation in weak interactions. He measured the circular polarization of gamma rays following a beta decay, thought unfeasible by Lee and Yang,<ref>{{cite journal \|last=Schopper \|first=Herwig \|date=14 March 1957 \|title=Circular polarisation of gamma-rays: Further proof for parity failure in beta decay \|journal=Philosophical Magazine \|volume=2 \|issue=17 \|pages=710–713 \|doi= 10.1080/14786435708242717\|bibcode=1957PMag....2..710S }}</ref> and showed in the same experiment that the [[Helicity (particle physics)\|helicities]] of neutrino and antineutrino are opposite. Later, he was involved in an experiment to test time reversal symmetry.<ref name=courier_swiss>{{cite journal \|date=December 2015 \|title=Swiss Physical Society honours Herwig Schopper \|url=http://cerncourier.com/cws/article/cern/63159 \|journal=CERN Courier \|volume=55 \|issue=10 \|pages=33–34 \|access-date=1 August 2016}}</ref> In 1956, he followed Fleischmann to the University of Erlangen where he continued to do research in optics and solid-state physics, with emphasis on thin metal layers, which he had started at Hamburg. Also he developed, along with Clausnitzer, the first source of polarised protons.<ref>{{cite journal \|last1= Clausnitzer \|first1=G. \|last2= Fleischmann \|first2=R. \|last3= Schopper \|first3=H. \|date=August 1956 \|title= Erzeugung eines Wasserstoffatomstrahles mit gleichgerichteten Kernspins \|journal= Zeitschrift für Physik \|volume=144 \|issue=4 \|pages=336–342 \|doi= 10.1007/BF01340806\|bibcode=1956ZPhy..144..336C \|s2cid=120961803 }}</ref> In 1957 he became Privatdozent at the University of Erlangen.<ref name=CV_leo />

	From 1958 to 1961, Schopper was an associate professor at the University of Mainz where he established the Institute for Experimental Nuclear Physics. In 1960 and 1961 he worked under Robert R. Wilson at Cornell University to be introduced to elementary particle physics, namely the use of electron scattering to study the structure of the proton and neutron.<ref>{{cite speech \|title=Scientific Day Address \|author=Prof. Herwig Schopper \|date=24 October 2004 \|location=The Cyprus Institute \|url=http://www.cyi.ac.cy/index.php/in-focus/%E2%80%9Cscientific-day%E2%80%9D-in-honor-of-prof-herwig-schopper%E2%80%99s-90th-birthday.html \|access-date=1 August 2016}}</ref>		From 1958 to 1961, Schopper was an associate professor at the University of Mainz where he established the Institute for Experimental Nuclear Physics. In 1960 and 1961 he worked under Robert R. Wilson at Cornell University to be introduced to elementary particle physics, namely the use of electron scattering to study the structure of the proton and neutron.<ref>{{cite speech \|title=Scientific Day Address \|author=Prof. Herwig Schopper \|date=24 October 2004 \|location=The Cyprus Institute \|url=http://www.cyi.ac.cy/index.php/in-focus/%E2%80%9Cscientific-day%E2%80%9D-in-honor-of-prof-herwig-schopper%E2%80%99s-90th-birthday.html \|access-date=1 August 2016}}</ref>
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	At CERN, he was a research associate in 1966–67, became division leader of the Nuclear Physics Division in 1970, member of the directorate responsible for the co-ordination of the experimental programme until 1973 and chairman of the ISR Committee from 1973 to 1976.<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://press.cern/biographies/herwig-franz-schopper-b1924 \|title=Herwig Franz Schopper \|website=CERN Media and Press Relations \|publisher=CERNpress \|access-date=1 August 2016 }}</ref>		At CERN, he was a research associate in 1966–67, became division leader of the Nuclear Physics Division in 1970, member of the directorate responsible for the co-ordination of the experimental programme until 1973 and chairman of the ISR Committee from 1973 to 1976.<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://press.cern/biographies/herwig-franz-schopper-b1924 \|title=Herwig Franz Schopper \|website=CERN Media and Press Relations \|publisher=CERNpress \|access-date=1 August 2016 }}</ref>

	In 1973 Schopper became professor at the University of Hamburg and the chairman of the directorate of DESY, serving until end of 1980.<ref name=CV /> He was responsible for the installation of the [[ARGUS (experiment)\|ARGUS]] detector at DORIS which later resulted in the first evidence of B – B bar mixing.<ref>{{cite report \|author=Walter Schmidt-Parzefall \|date=9 November 2007 \|title=Proceedings of the ARGUS - Symposium: 20 years of B meson mixing 1987-2007 - The Discovery of B - B bar mixing \|url=http://www-library.desy.de/preparch/desy/proc/proc08-01.pdf \|publisher=Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron, DESY \|pages=33–58 \|access-date=1 August 2016 }}</ref> Also, by establishing HASYLAB at DORIS synchrotron light science became an important branch of research at DESY. He proposed and completed the construction of the electron-positron collider PETRA which led to the discovery and study of the gluon.~~<!--~~<ref>{{cite journal \|last=Ellis \|first=John \|date=July 2009 \|title=Those were the days: discovering the gluon \|url=http://cerncourier.com/cws/article/cern/39747 \|journal=CERN Courier \|volume=49 \|issue=6 \|pages=15–18 \|access-date=1 August 2016}}</ref~~> ref lost--~~><ref>{{cite journal \|last=Barber \|first=D. P.\|display-authors=etal \|date=17 September 1979 \|title=Discovery of Three-Jet Events and a Test of Quantum Chromodynamics at PETRA \|journal=Physical Review Letters \|volume=43 \|issue=12 \|pages=830–833 \|doi= 10.1103/PhysRevLett.43.830\|bibcode=1979PhRvL..43..830B\|s2cid=13903005}}</ref> During his mandate, DESY, a national laboratory became as far as science was concerned an international particle physics laboratory. This included the start of the first collaboration with China.<ref name="DESY" />		In 1973 Schopper became professor at the University of Hamburg and the chairman of the directorate of DESY, serving until end of 1980.<ref name=CV /> He was responsible for the installation of the [[ARGUS (experiment)\|ARGUS]] detector at DORIS which later resulted in the first evidence of B – B bar mixing.<ref>{{cite report \|author=Walter Schmidt-Parzefall \|date=9 November 2007 \|title=Proceedings of the ARGUS - Symposium: 20 years of B meson mixing 1987-2007 - The Discovery of B - B bar mixing \|url=http://www-library.desy.de/preparch/desy/proc/proc08-01.pdf \|publisher=Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron, DESY \|pages=33–58 \|access-date=1 August 2016 }}</ref> Also, by establishing HASYLAB at DORIS synchrotron light science became an important branch of research at DESY. He proposed and completed the construction of the electron-positron collider PETRA which led to the discovery and study of the gluon.<ref>{{cite journal \|last=Ellis \|first=John \|date=July 2009 \|title=Those were the days: discovering the gluon \|url=http://cerncourier.com/cws/article/cern/39747 \|journal=CERN Courier \|volume=49 \|issue=6 \|pages=15–18 \|access-date=1 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \|last=Barber \|first=D. P.\|display-authors=etal \|date=17 September 1979 \|title=Discovery of Three-Jet Events and a Test of Quantum Chromodynamics at PETRA \|journal=Physical Review Letters \|volume=43 \|issue=12 \|pages=830–833 \|doi= 10.1103/PhysRevLett.43.830\|bibcode=1979PhRvL..43..830B\|s2cid=13903005}}</ref> During his mandate, DESY, a national laboratory became as far as science was concerned an international particle physics laboratory. This included the start of the first collaboration with China.<ref name="DESY" />

	From 1977 to 1979, Schopper was chairman of the Association of the German Large Research Centres (now Helmholtz Association) and member of various advisory bodies of the Federal Ministry of Research, the Deutsche Forschungs Gemeinschaft and the Max Planck Society.<ref name=CV_leo />		From 1977 to 1979, Schopper was chairman of the Association of the German Large Research Centres (now Helmholtz Association) and member of various advisory bodies of the Federal Ministry of Research, the Deutsche Forschungs Gemeinschaft and the Max Planck Society.<ref name=CV_leo />
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	==Later life and work==		==Later life and work==
	[[File:Conference on RACIP2 Group Photo.jpg\|alt=Schopper seated in a group at the Second International Conference on Research and Communications in Physics\|thumb\|Schopper at the Second International Conference on Research and Communications in Physics]]
	Schopper was professor at the University of Hamburg from 1973 and professor emeritus from 1989.<ref name=CV /><ref name="Academia Europaea" /> From 1992 to 1994, he was president of the German Physical Society and president of the European Physical Society in 1995–97.<ref>{{cite journal \|last=Schopper \|first=Herwig \|date=July–August 2008 \|title=A New Home for the EPS \|url=https://www.europhysicsnews.org/articles/epn/pdf/2008/04/epn2008-39-4.pdf \|journal=Europhysics News \|volume=39 \|issue=4 \|pages=10–11 \|access-date=2 August 2016}}</ref> For many years he was member of the scientific council of the [[Joint Institute for Nuclear Research]] in Dubna and of the board of trustees of the Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics in Garching.<ref name="DESY" />		Schopper was professor at the University of Hamburg from 1973 and professor emeritus from 1989.<ref name=CV /><ref name="Academia Europaea" /> From 1992 to 1994, he was president of the German Physical Society and president of the European Physical Society in 1995–97.<ref>{{cite journal \|last=Schopper \|first=Herwig \|date=July–August 2008 \|title=A New Home for the EPS \|url=https://www.europhysicsnews.org/articles/epn/pdf/2008/04/epn2008-39-4.pdf \|journal=Europhysics News \|volume=39 \|issue=4 \|pages=10–11 \|access-date=2 August 2016}}</ref> For many years he was member of the scientific council of the [[Joint Institute for Nuclear Research]] in Dubna and of the board of trustees of the Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics in Garching.<ref name="DESY" />

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	{{s-bus}}		{{s-bus}}
	{{s-bef\|before=[[Léon Van Hove]] and [[John Adams (physicist)\|John Adams]] (co-directors)}}		{{s-bef\|before=[[Léon Van Hove]] and [[John Adams (physicist)\|John Adams]] (co-directors)}}
	{{s-ttl\|title= [[List of ~~Directors General~~ of CERN~~\|CERN Director General~~]]\|years= 1981–1988}}		{{s-ttl\|title= [[List of directors general of CERN]]\|years= 1981–1988}}
	{{s-aft\|after=[[Carlo Rubbia]]}}		{{s-aft\|after=[[Carlo Rubbia]]}}
	{{s-end}}		{{s-end}}
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	[[Category:1924 births]]		[[Category:1924 births]]
	[[Category:2025 deaths]]		[[Category:2025 deaths]]
	~~[[Category:People from Lanškroun]]~~
	[[Category:20th-century German physicists]]		[[Category:20th-century German physicists]]
	~~[[Category:People associated with CERN]]~~
	~~[[Category:Commanders Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]]~~
	~~[[Category:Experimental particle physics]]~~
	[[Category:German nuclear physicists]]		[[Category:German nuclear physicists]]
	[[Category:~~International Centre for Synchrotron-Light for Experimental Science Applications in the Middle East people]]~~		[[Category:Directors general of CERN]]
	~~[[Category:Members~~ of ~~the European Academy of Sciences and Arts~~]]		[[Category:Administrators]]
	[[Category:~~Members of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences~~]]		[[Category:Experimental physicists]]
	[[Category:~~UNESCO Niels Bohr Medal recipients]]~~
	~~[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Hamburg]]~~
	~~[[Category:German expatriates in Sweden]]~~
	~~[[Category:German expatriate academics in the United Kingdom]]~~
	~~[[Category:Presidents of the European Physical Society]]~~
	~~[[Category:Presidents of the German Physical Society]]~~
	~~[[Category:Fellows of the American Physical Society]]~~
	~~[[Category:Academic staff of the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology]]~~
	~~[[Category:German men centenarians~~]]

Vigen at 20:02, 10 April 2026

2026-04-10T20:02:07Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:02, 10 April 2026
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	From 1977 to 1979, Schopper was chairman of the Association of the German Large Research Centres (now Helmholtz Association) and member of various advisory bodies of the Federal Ministry of Research, the Deutsche Forschungs Gemeinschaft and the Max Planck Society.<ref name=CV_leo />		From 1977 to 1979, Schopper was chairman of the Association of the German Large Research Centres (now Helmholtz Association) and member of various advisory bodies of the Federal Ministry of Research, the Deutsche Forschungs Gemeinschaft and the Max Planck Society.<ref name=CV_leo />

	~~[[File:Prof. Herwig Schopper was the Director General of CERN (1981-1988).jpg\|thumb\|Schopper in 1982]]~~
	After being member of the Scientific Policy Committee at CERN, Schopper was elected director general and served from 1981 to 1988.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last1=Schopper \|first1=Herwig \|last2=Gillies \|first2=James \|date=2024 \|title=Herwig Schopper \|journal=Springer Biographies \|language=en \|doi=10.1007/978-3-031-51042-7 \|issn=2365-0613\|doi-access=free \|isbn=978-3-031-51041-0 }}</ref><ref name=CV>{{cite web \|url=http://www.ae-info.org/ae/Member/Schopper_Herwig/CV \|title=Herwig Schopper - Curriculum Vitae \|date=7 June 2010 \|website=Academia Europaea \|access-date=1 August 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Lohrmann \|first=E. \|year=1981 \|title=Herwig Schopper — neuer Generaldirektor von CERN \|journal=Physikalische Blätter \|language=en \|volume=37 \|issue=4 \|pages=98 \|doi=10.1002/phbl.19810370407 \|issn=0031-9279\|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=CV_leo /> His first task was to unite the two CERN laboratories existing at that time under two Directors General. The [[Large Electron–Positron Collider]] (LEP) was also proposed and constructed under his leadership. This facility allowed the verification of the standard model of particle physics, namely that it is a renormalizable field theory, leading to the award of the Nobel Prize to the theoreticians Veltman and t'Hooft. Furthermore, it enabled the precise determination of fundamental parameters of the electroweak force, such as the W± and Z masses, and proved the existence of three neutrino families.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Schopper \|first=Herwig \|date=2009 \|title=LEP The Lord of the Collider Rings at CERN 1980-2000: What Have We Learned from LEP? - Physics Results \|location= Geneva, Switzerland \|publisher=Springer \|pages=113–142 \|isbn=978-3-540-89300-4\|doi=10.1007/978-3-540-89301-1_8 \|chapter=What Have We Learned from LEP? – Physics Results }}</ref> Thus, this particle accelerator transformed high energy physics into a field of precision measurements and provided estimates to the mass of the top quark, Higgs boson and other supersymmetric and hypothetical particles. LEP was approved under the condition of a reduced and constant budget with the consequence that some unique activities at CERN (e.g. ISR) had to be abandoned. Schopper was obliged to introduce a new way of international collaboration for the four LEP experiments since CERN could not provide funds for them. The experiments became rather independent activities organised in a rather democratic way bringing together hundreds of scientists from many universities and national organisations.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Schopper \|first=Herwig \|date=2009 \|title=LEP The Lord of the Collider Rings at CERN 1980-2000: The Approval, or How to Persuade Governments \|location= Geneva, Switzerland \|publisher=Springer \|pages=19–30 \|isbn=978-3-540-89300-4\|doi=10.1007/978-3-540-89301-1_3 \|chapter=The Approval, or How to Persuade Governments }}</ref> The LEP experiments became a model for the later [[Large Hadron Collider\|LHC]] experiments, shaping the way this organization works today. He contributed to the globalisation of research at CERN and was also responsible for the return of Spain and Portugal in the CERN's member states.<ref name="Wagner" /><ref name=courier_pt>{{cite web \|date=27 October 2014 \|title=Scientific Day honours Schopper's 90th \|url=https://www.cyi.ac.cy/index.php/in-focus/%E2%80%9Cscientific-day%E2%80%9D-in-honor-of-prof-herwig-schopper%E2%80%99s-90th-birthday.html \|work=[[The Cyprus Institute]] \|access-date=26 August 2025}}</ref>		After being member of the Scientific Policy Committee at CERN, Schopper was elected director general and served from 1981 to 1988.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last1=Schopper \|first1=Herwig \|last2=Gillies \|first2=James \|date=2024 \|title=Herwig Schopper \|journal=Springer Biographies \|language=en \|doi=10.1007/978-3-031-51042-7 \|issn=2365-0613\|doi-access=free \|isbn=978-3-031-51041-0 }}</ref><ref name=CV>{{cite web \|url=http://www.ae-info.org/ae/Member/Schopper_Herwig/CV \|title=Herwig Schopper - Curriculum Vitae \|date=7 June 2010 \|website=Academia Europaea \|access-date=1 August 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Lohrmann \|first=E. \|year=1981 \|title=Herwig Schopper — neuer Generaldirektor von CERN \|journal=Physikalische Blätter \|language=en \|volume=37 \|issue=4 \|pages=98 \|doi=10.1002/phbl.19810370407 \|issn=0031-9279\|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=CV_leo /> His first task was to unite the two CERN laboratories existing at that time under two Directors General. The [[Large Electron–Positron Collider]] (LEP) was also proposed and constructed under his leadership. This facility allowed the verification of the standard model of particle physics, namely that it is a renormalizable field theory, leading to the award of the Nobel Prize to the theoreticians Veltman and t'Hooft. Furthermore, it enabled the precise determination of fundamental parameters of the electroweak force, such as the W± and Z masses, and proved the existence of three neutrino families.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Schopper \|first=Herwig \|date=2009 \|title=LEP The Lord of the Collider Rings at CERN 1980-2000: What Have We Learned from LEP? - Physics Results \|location= Geneva, Switzerland \|publisher=Springer \|pages=113–142 \|isbn=978-3-540-89300-4\|doi=10.1007/978-3-540-89301-1_8 \|chapter=What Have We Learned from LEP? – Physics Results }}</ref> Thus, this particle accelerator transformed high energy physics into a field of precision measurements and provided estimates to the mass of the top quark, Higgs boson and other supersymmetric and hypothetical particles. LEP was approved under the condition of a reduced and constant budget with the consequence that some unique activities at CERN (e.g. ISR) had to be abandoned. Schopper was obliged to introduce a new way of international collaboration for the four LEP experiments since CERN could not provide funds for them. The experiments became rather independent activities organised in a rather democratic way bringing together hundreds of scientists from many universities and national organisations.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Schopper \|first=Herwig \|date=2009 \|title=LEP The Lord of the Collider Rings at CERN 1980-2000: The Approval, or How to Persuade Governments \|location= Geneva, Switzerland \|publisher=Springer \|pages=19–30 \|isbn=978-3-540-89300-4\|doi=10.1007/978-3-540-89301-1_3 \|chapter=The Approval, or How to Persuade Governments }}</ref> The LEP experiments became a model for the later [[Large Hadron Collider\|LHC]] experiments, shaping the way this organization works today. He contributed to the globalisation of research at CERN and was also responsible for the return of Spain and Portugal in the CERN's member states.<ref name="Wagner" /><ref name=courier_pt>{{cite web \|date=27 October 2014 \|title=Scientific Day honours Schopper's 90th \|url=https://www.cyi.ac.cy/index.php/in-focus/%E2%80%9Cscientific-day%E2%80%9D-in-honor-of-prof-herwig-schopper%E2%80%99s-90th-birthday.html \|work=[[The Cyprus Institute]] \|access-date=26 August 2025}}</ref>

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wikipedia>Citation bot: Altered template type. Add: date, journal, isbn, bibcode, series, authors 1-1. Removed URL that duplicated identifier. Removed access-date with no URL. Removed parameters. Some additions/deletions were parameter name changes. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | Suggested by Headbomb | #UCB_toolbar

2026-01-13T06:56:21Z

Altered template type. Add: date, journal, isbn, bibcode, series, authors 1-1. Removed URL that duplicated identifier. Removed access-date with no URL. Removed parameters. Some additions/deletions were parameter name changes. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | Suggested by Headbomb | #UCB_toolbar

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