Vigen: Created page with "{{short description|Code used to identify references in certain astronomical data systems}} {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}} The '''bibcode''' (also known as the '''refcode''') is a compact identifier used by several astronomical data systems to uniquely specify literature references. == Adoption == The Bibliographic Reference Code (refcode) was originally{{when|date=December 2025}} developed to be used in SIMBAD and the NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database (NED..."

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Created page with "{{short description|Code used to identify references in certain astronomical data systems}} {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}} The '''bibcode''' (also known as the '''refcode''') is a compact identifier used by several astronomical data systems to uniquely specify literature references. == Adoption == The Bibliographic Reference Code (refcode) was originally{{when|date=December 2025}} developed to be used in SIMBAD and the NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database (NED..."

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{{short description|Code used to identify references in certain astronomical data systems}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
The '''bibcode''' (also known as the '''refcode''') is a compact identifier used by several astronomical data systems to uniquely specify literature references.

== Adoption ==
The Bibliographic Reference Code (refcode) was originally{{when|date=December 2025}} developed to be used in [[SIMBAD]] and the [[NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database]] (NED), but it became a de facto standard and is now used more widely, for example, by the NASA [[Astrophysics Data System]], which coined and prefers the term "bibcode".<ref name="a">{{cite book |last1=Schmitz |first1=M. |url=http://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/refcode/refcode-paper.html |title=Information & On-Line Data in Astronomy |last2=Helou |first2=G. |last3=Dubois |first3=P. |last4=LaGue |first4=C. |last5=Madore |first5=B. F. |last6=Corwin |first6=H. G. Jr. |last7=Lesteven |first7=S. |date=1995 |publisher=[[Kluwer Academic Publishers]] |isbn=0-7923-3659-3 |editor-last=Egret |editor-first=Daniel |chapter=NED and SIMBAD Conventions for Bibliographic Reference Coding |access-date=22 June 2011 |editor-last2=Albrecht |editor-first2=Miguel A. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607153038/http://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/refcode/refcode-paper.html |archive-date=7 June 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="b">{{cite web |title=The ADS Data, help page |url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs_doc/help_pages/data.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014195855/http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs_doc/help_pages/data.html |archive-date=14 October 2007 |access-date=5 November 2007 |publisher=NASA ADS}}</ref>

== Format ==
The code has a fixed length of 19 characters and has the form
{{block indent|<code>YYYYJJJJJVVVVMPPPPA</code>}}
where <code>YYYY</code> is the four-digit year of the reference and <code>JJJJJ</code> is a code indicating where the reference was published. In the case of a journal reference, <code>VVVV</code> is the volume number, <code>M</code> indicates the section of the journal where the reference was published (e.g., <code>L</code> for a letters section), <code>PPPP</code> gives the starting page number, and <code>A</code> is the first letter of the last name of the first author. Periods (<code>.</code>) are used to fill unused fields and to pad fields out to their fixed length if too short; padding is done on the right for the publication code and on the left for the volume number and page number.<ref name=a /><ref name=b /> Page numbers greater than 9999 are continued in the <code>M</code> column. The 6-digit article ID numbers (in lieu of page numbers) used by the Physical Review publications since the late 1990s are treated as follows: The first two digits of the article ID, corresponding to the issue number, are converted to a lower-case letter (01 = a, etc.) and inserted into column <code>M</code>. The remaining four digits are used in the page field.<ref name=b />

As many publishers are moving away from page numbers and using electronic identifiers more and more frequently, the page field is no longer guaranteed to be numeric. Often an identifier of more than 5 digits is truncated, and there may be letters, periods, dashes, or other characters in the page field as well. The volume field may also contain non-numeric characters. Modern bibcodes are likely to be deprecated in the future, and users should not depend on semantic meaning represented in the bibcode. For the most current information on bibcodes, see the help text<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 February 2015 |title=Bibcodes |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/help/actions/bibcode |access-date=28 October 2025 |website=ADS news, blogs, and help pages}}</ref> for ADS.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Astrophysics Data System |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/ |access-date=28 October 2025 |website=ui.adsabs.harvard.edu}}</ref>

== Examples ==
Some examples of bibcodes are:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Bibcode
! Reference
|-
| <code>[https://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1974AJ.....79..819H 1974AJ.....79..819H]</code>
| {{cite journal |last=Heintz |first=W. D. |date=1974 |title=Astrometric study of four visual binaries |journal=[[The Astronomical Journal]] |volume=79 |pages=819–825 |bibcode=1974AJ.....79..819H |doi=10.1086/111614}}
|-
| <code>[https://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1924MNRAS..84..308E 1924MNRAS..84..308E]</code>
| {{cite journal |last=Eddington |first=A. S. |date=1924 |title=On the relation between the masses and luminosities of the stars |journal=[[Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society]] |volume=84 |issue=5 |pages=308–332 |bibcode=1924MNRAS..84..308E |doi=10.1093/mnras/84.5.308 |doi-access=free}}
|-
| <code>[https://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1970ApJ...161L..77K 1970ApJ...161L..77K]</code>
| {{cite journal |last1=Kemp |first1=J. C. |last2=Swedlund |first2=J. B. |last3=Landstreet |first3=J. D. |last4=Angel |first4=J. R. P. |date=1970 |title=Discovery of circularly polarized light from a white dwarf |journal=[[The Astrophysical Journal Letters]] |volume=161 |pages=L77–L79 |bibcode=1970ApJ...161L..77K |doi=10.1086/180574}}
|-
| <code>[https://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004PhRvL..93o0801M 2004PhRvL..93o0801M]</code>
| {{cite journal |last1=Mukherjee |first1=M. |last2=Kellerbauer |first2=A. |last3=Beck |first3=D. |last4=Blaum |first4=K. |last5=Bollen |first5=G. |last6=Carrel |first6=F. |last7=Delahaye |first7=P. |last8=Dilling |first8=J. |last9=George |first9=S. |last10=Guénaut |first10=C. |last11=Herfurth |first11=F. |last12=Herlert |first12=A. |last13=Kluge |first13=H.-J. |last14=Köster |first14=U. |last15=Lunney |first15=D. |display-authors=3 |date=2004 |title=The Mass of <sup>22</sup>Mg |url=https://cds.cern.ch/record/798313/files/PhysRevLett.93.150801.pdf |journal=[[Physical Review Letters]] |volume=93 |issue=15 |bibcode=2004PhRvL..93o0801M |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.150801 |pmid=15524861 |article-number=150801 |last16=Schwarz |first16=S. |last17=Schweikhard |first17=L. |last18=Yazidjian |first18=C.}}
|-
| <code>[https://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008AgrJ..100.-166S 2008AgrJ..100.-166S]</code>
| {{cite journal |last1=Schillinger |first1=William F. |last2=Papendick |first2=Robert I. |date=2008 |title=Then and Now: 125 Years of Dryland Wheat Farming in the Inland Pacific Northwest |journal=[[Agronomy Journal]] |volume=100 |issue=S3 |pages=S166–S182 |bibcode=((2008AgrJ..100.-166S)) |doi=10.2134/agronj2007.0027c |issn=0002-1962|doi-access=free }}{{efn|This valid bibcode example contains a hyphen, which [[Help talk:CS1 errors#Bibcode validation code needs updating|Wikipedia incorrectly parses as an error]]. Refer also to the last paragraph in {{section link||Format}}.}}
|}

== See also ==
* [[Digital object identifier]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Portal bar|Literature|Astronomy|Stars|Science}}

[[Category:Index (publishing)]]
[[Category:Identifiers]]
[[Category:Electronic documents]]
[[Category:Computational astronomy]]

W:Bibcode - Revision history