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The school was originally titled, the '''CERN Schools of Physics''', later the the '''International JINR-CERN School on High-energy Physics''' and more recently the '''European School of High-Energy Physics'''.
The original CERN Schools of Physics had their origin in a decision of the CERN [[Emulsion Experiment Committee|Emulsion Experiments Committee]] in 1961, when it was agreed to organize a course for both young students and senior physicists engaged in using the emulsion technique in connection with the CERN [[Proton Synchrotron|PS]] and [[Synchro-Cyclotron (CERN)|SC]] machines. A one-week School was held in 1962 in St. Cergue, Switzerland, at which the main emphasis was on various aspects of the nuclear emulsion technique.<ref>1962 Easter School for Physicists Using the Nuclear Emulsion Technique in Conjunction with the CERN Proton Synchrotron and Synchro-Cyclotron, Eds. Niels T. Doble and William Owen Lock, 8–18 April 1962, St. Cergue, Switzerland, doi:[http://dx.doi.org/10.5170/CERN-1963-003 10.5170/CERN-1963-003].</ref> The 1963 School also took place at St. Cergue, but this time the emphasis was on physics rather than on techniques.<ref>1963 Easter School for Physicists Using the Nuclear Emulsion Technique in Conjunction with the CERN Proton Synchrotron and Synchro-Cyclotron, Eds. D. Evans and William Owen Lock, 20–27 March 1963, St. Cergue, Switzerland, doi:[http://dx.doi.org/10.5170/CERN-1964-006 10.5170/CERN-1964-006].</ref>
The original CERN Schools of Physics had their origin in a decision of the CERN [[Emulsion Experiment Committee|Emulsion Experiments Committee]] in 1961, when it was agreed to organize a course for both young students and senior physicists engaged in using the emulsion technique in connection with the CERN [[Proton Synchrotron|PS]] and [[Synchro-Cyclotron (CERN)|SC]] machines. A one-week School was held in 1962 in St. Cergue, Switzerland, at which the main emphasis was on various aspects of the nuclear emulsion technique.<ref>1962 Easter School for Physicists Using the Nuclear Emulsion Technique in Conjunction with the CERN Proton Synchrotron and Synchro-Cyclotron, Eds. Niels T. Doble and William Owen Lock, 8–18 April 1962, St. Cergue, Switzerland, doi:[http://dx.doi.org/10.5170/CERN-1963-003 10.5170/CERN-1963-003].</ref> The 1963 School also took place at St. Cergue, but this time the emphasis was on physics rather than on techniques.<ref>1963 Easter School for Physicists Using the Nuclear Emulsion Technique in Conjunction with the CERN Proton Synchrotron and Synchro-Cyclotron, Eds. D. Evans and William Owen Lock, 20–27 March 1963, St. Cergue, Switzerland, doi:[http://dx.doi.org/10.5170/CERN-1964-006 10.5170/CERN-1964-006].</ref>


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Following discussions between the Directors-General of CERN and of [[JINR]], it was agreed that CERN should organize the 1970 School in collaboration with JINR, in Finland, which at that time was not a Member State of either CERN or of JINR.<ref>1970 CERN School of Physics, 21 June–5 July 1970, Loma-Koli, Finland, doi:[http://dx.doi.org/10.5170/CERN-1971-007 10.5170/CERN-1971-007].</ref> In 1971, JINR organized a School in Bulgaria in collaboration with CERN, following which it was decided to hold joint Schools every two years.<ref>International JINR-CERN School on High-energy Physics, 1971 Black Sea Summer School, 13– 27 June 1971, Varna, Bulgaria, vol. 1 JINR-E2-5813, vol. 2 JINR-E2-6157. </ref> This practice continued up to and including 1991 when the last JINR–CERN School took place in the Crimea, USSR.
Following discussions between the Directors-General of CERN and of [[JINR]], it was agreed that CERN should organize the 1970 School in collaboration with JINR, in Finland, which at that time was not a Member State of either CERN or of JINR.<ref>1970 CERN School of Physics, 21 June–5 July 1970, Loma-Koli, Finland, doi:[http://dx.doi.org/10.5170/CERN-1971-007 10.5170/CERN-1971-007].</ref> In 1971, JINR organized a School in Bulgaria in collaboration with CERN, following which it was decided to hold joint Schools every two years.<ref>International JINR-CERN School on High-energy Physics, 1971 Black Sea Summer School, 13– 27 June 1971, Varna, Bulgaria, vol. 1 JINR-E2-5813, vol. 2 JINR-E2-6157. </ref> This practice continued up to and including 1991 when the last JINR–CERN School took place in the Crimea, USSR.


With the changes in the political scene in Europe, and after discussions and an exchange of letters in 1991 between the Directors-General of CERN and of JINR, it was agreed that future Schools would be organized jointly every year, and that the title should change to the "'''European School for High-Energy Physics'''". In each four-year period, three Schools would take place in a CERN Member State and the fourth in a JINR Member State. In 1992, the last CERN School proper was held in Germany, with a few students from JINR Member States participating. Then in 1993, the first European School took place, most appropriately, in Zakopane, Poland, a country which was a member both of CERN and of JINR.
With the changes in the political scene in Europe, and after discussions and an exchange of letters in 1991 between the Directors-General of CERN and of JINR, it was agreed that future Schools would be organized jointly every year, and that the title should change to the "European School for High-Energy Physics". In each four-year period, three Schools would take place in a CERN Member State and the fourth in a JINR Member State. In 1992, the last CERN School proper was held in Germany, with a few students from JINR Member States participating. Then in 1993, the first European School took place, most appropriately, in Zakopane, Poland, a country which was a member both of CERN and of JINR.<ref>European School of High-Energy Physics, Zakopane, Poland, 12–25 September 1993, Ed. Nick Ellis and M.B. Gavela, doi:[https://doi.org/10.5170/CERN-1994-004 10.5170/CERN-1994-004].</ref>
 
For more information, see https://physicsschool.web.cern.ch/eshep-history.


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 14:38, 6 February 2026

The school was originally titled, the CERN Schools of Physics, later the the International JINR-CERN School on High-energy Physics and more recently the European School of High-Energy Physics.

The original CERN Schools of Physics had their origin in a decision of the CERN Emulsion Experiments Committee in 1961, when it was agreed to organize a course for both young students and senior physicists engaged in using the emulsion technique in connection with the CERN PS and SC machines. A one-week School was held in 1962 in St. Cergue, Switzerland, at which the main emphasis was on various aspects of the nuclear emulsion technique.[1] The 1963 School also took place at St. Cergue, but this time the emphasis was on physics rather than on techniques.[2]

The year 1964 marked a significant change in the organization of the CERN Schools. Firstly, it was decided to hold the courses outside of Switzerland and, secondly, the programme was extended to cover two weeks, including bubble-chamber as well as emulsion techniques. The 1964 CERN School took place at Herceg-Novi at the invitation of the Yugoslav Federal Nuclear-Energy Commission.[3] By the time of the 1965 School in Bad Kreuznach (Germany) emphasis was placed on teaching theoretical elementary-particle physics to young experimentalists; and it was further decided that the School should rotate among the CERN Member States.[4]

Following discussions between the Directors-General of CERN and of JINR, it was agreed that CERN should organize the 1970 School in collaboration with JINR, in Finland, which at that time was not a Member State of either CERN or of JINR.[5] In 1971, JINR organized a School in Bulgaria in collaboration with CERN, following which it was decided to hold joint Schools every two years.[6] This practice continued up to and including 1991 when the last JINR–CERN School took place in the Crimea, USSR.

With the changes in the political scene in Europe, and after discussions and an exchange of letters in 1991 between the Directors-General of CERN and of JINR, it was agreed that future Schools would be organized jointly every year, and that the title should change to the "European School for High-Energy Physics". In each four-year period, three Schools would take place in a CERN Member State and the fourth in a JINR Member State. In 1992, the last CERN School proper was held in Germany, with a few students from JINR Member States participating. Then in 1993, the first European School took place, most appropriately, in Zakopane, Poland, a country which was a member both of CERN and of JINR.[7]

For more information, see https://physicsschool.web.cern.ch/eshep-history.

References

  1. ↑ 1962 Easter School for Physicists Using the Nuclear Emulsion Technique in Conjunction with the CERN Proton Synchrotron and Synchro-Cyclotron, Eds. Niels T. Doble and William Owen Lock, 8–18 April 1962, St. Cergue, Switzerland, doi:10.5170/CERN-1963-003.
  2. ↑ 1963 Easter School for Physicists Using the Nuclear Emulsion Technique in Conjunction with the CERN Proton Synchrotron and Synchro-Cyclotron, Eds. D. Evans and William Owen Lock, 20–27 March 1963, St. Cergue, Switzerland, doi:10.5170/CERN-1964-006.
  3. ↑ 1964 Easter School for Physicists Using the CERN Proton Synchrotron and Synchro-Cyclotron, Eds. Derek J. Hudson, L. Jauneau, D. Morellet, B. Ronne, and A.E. Werbrouck, 18–31 May 1964, Herceg-Novi, Yugoslavia, vol. 1 doi:10.5170/CERN-1964-013-V-1, vol. 2 doi:10.5170/CERN-1964-013-V-2, vol.3 doi:10.5170/CERN-1964-013-V-3, vol. 4 doi:10.5170/CERN-1964-013-V-4.
  4. ↑ 1965 Easter School for Physicists using the CERN Proton Synchrotron and Synchro-Cyclotron, Eds. Norbert Schmitz, Hartmut Pilkuhn, and Alan M. Wetherell, 1–15 April 1965, Bad Kreuznach, Germany, vol. 1 doi:10.5170/CERN-1965-024-V-1, vol. 2 doi:10.5170/CERN-1965-024-V-2, vol. 3 doi:10.5170/CERN-1965-024-V-3.
  5. ↑ 1970 CERN School of Physics, 21 June–5 July 1970, Loma-Koli, Finland, doi:10.5170/CERN-1971-007.
  6. ↑ International JINR-CERN School on High-energy Physics, 1971 Black Sea Summer School, 13– 27 June 1971, Varna, Bulgaria, vol. 1 JINR-E2-5813, vol. 2 JINR-E2-6157.
  7. ↑ European School of High-Energy Physics, Zakopane, Poland, 12–25 September 1993, Ed. Nick Ellis and M.B. Gavela, doi:10.5170/CERN-1994-004.
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